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Razzaghi A, Afshari A, Shahsavarinia K, Yazdani M, Nouri A. Distraction and related risk factors among professional and non-professional drivers. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31530. [PMID: 38828322 PMCID: PMC11140615 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Distraction is one of the main driver's behavioral factors that reduces the performance of the drivers and might increase the accident risk. Distraction while driving holds significant importance, especially among professional drivers, and failure to address this matter may result in adverse implications for traffic safety. The present study was conducted to investigate distraction and related risk factors between two groups of private vehicle drivers and taxi drivers. Methods This analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in Tabriz, Iran in 2022. The total sample size in this study was 701 taxi drivers, professional drivers, and private vehicle drivers. The independent samples t-test was used to determine the statistically significant difference between groups and its sub-scales between the two studied groups. Moreover, the multivariable linear regression analysis was used to determine the predictors that affect distraction score. The test's level of significance was considered at 0.05. Results The mean distraction score among taxi drivers surpasses that of private vehicle drivers (2.82 vs. 2.32, p-value<0.05). The drivers with negative scores, over the past year, among private vehicle drivers and taxi drivers were 2.5 % and 5.2 %, respectively (p-value<0.05). A group of taxi drivers exhibits a higher level of distraction while driving and the mean distraction score for private vehicle drivers is lower than that of taxi drivers (β = -0.11, CI 95 %: 0.17, -0.05). Also, a history of damage or injury accidents has a significant impact on distraction while driving (β = 0.12, CI 95 %; 0.06-0.17). Conclusions The results indicate that distraction while driving is high amongst taxi drivers rather than private vehicle drivers. To have effective driver safety promotion interventions, it is recommended to consider driver distraction based on professional and non-professional drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Razzaghi
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran/ Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Afshari
- Departments of Civil Engineering, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran
| | - Kavous Shahsavarinia
- Emergency and Trauma Care Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mirbahador Yazdani
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adel Nouri
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Sullivan KA, Guo F, Klauer SG. Effects of executive load on crashes and near-crashes for young versus older drivers. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2024; 201:107539. [PMID: 38608508 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing use of infotainment systems in vehicles, secondary tasks requiring executive demand may increase crash risk, especially for young drivers. Naturalistic driving data were examined to determine if secondary tasks with increasing executive demand would result in increasing crash risk. Data were extracted from the Second Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study, where vehicles were instrumented to record driving behavior and crash/near-crash data. executive and visual-manual tasks paired with a second executive task (also referred to as dual executive tasks) were compared to the executive and visual-manual tasks performed alone. Crash/near-crash odds ratios were computed by comparing each task condition to driving without the presence of any secondary task. Dual executive tasks resulted in greater odds ratios than those for single executive tasks. The dual visual-manual task odds ratios did not increase from single task odds ratios. These effects were only found in young drivers. The study shows that dual executive secondary task load increases crash/near-crash risk in dual task situations for young drivers. Future research should be conducted to minimize task load associated with vehicle infotainment systems that use such technologies as voice commands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Sullivan
- Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Feng Guo
- Virginia Tech Transportation Insitute, 3500 Transportation Research Plaza, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sheila G Klauer
- Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Virginia Tech Transportation Insitute, 3500 Transportation Research Plaza, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Arca AA, Mouloua M, Hancock PA. Individual differences, ADHD diagnosis, and driving performance: effects of traffic density and distraction type. ERGONOMICS 2024; 67:288-304. [PMID: 37267092 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2023.2221417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the impact of individual differences, attention, and memory deficits on distracted driving. Drivers with ADHD are more susceptible to distraction which results in more frequent collisions, violations, and licence suspensions. Consequently, the present investigation had 36 participants complete preliminary questionnaires, memory tasks, workload indices, and four, 4-min simulated driving scenarios to evaluate such impact. It was hypothesised ADHD diagnosis, type of cellular distraction, and traffic density would each differentially and substantively impact driving performance. Results indicated traffic density and distraction type significantly affected the objective driving facets measured, as well as subjective and secondary task performance. ADHD diagnosis directly impacted secondary task performance. Results further showed significant interactions between distraction type and traffic density on both brake pressure and steering wheel angle negatively impacting lateral and horizontal vehicle control. Altogether, these findings provide substantial empirical evidence for the deleterious effect of cellphone use on driving performance.Practitioner summary: This study examined how ADHD diagnosis, traffic density, and distraction type affect driver behaviour. Participants completed driving behaviour questionnaires, memory tasks, workload indices, and driving scenarios. Results showed that ADHD diagnosis impacted secondary task performance, while traffic and distractions significantly impacted driving performance as well secondary task performance and workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A Arca
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Mustapha Mouloua
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Peter A Hancock
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Pang Q, Chen S, Ma Y, Qiao F, Zhu Y. Influence of distracted driving of online car-hailing drivers on overall driving performance. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2024; 31:138-147. [PMID: 37873686 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2023.2272242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The distraction affects driving performance and induces serious safety issues. To better understand distracted driving, this study examines the influence of distracted driving on overall driving performance. This paper analyzes the distraction behavior (mobile phone use, entertainment activities, and passenger interference) under three driving tasks. The statistical results show that viewing or sending messages is common during driving. Smoking, phone calls, and talking to passengers are evident in cruising, ride request and drop-off, respectively. Then, overall driving performance is proposed based on velocity, longitudinal acceleration (longacc) and yaw_rate. It is divided into three categories, high, medium, and low, by k-means algorithms. The average speed increases from low to high performance; however, the longacc and yaw_rate decrease. Finally, the influence of distracted driving on overall driving performance is analyzed using C4.5 algorithm. The result shows that when time is peak, the probability of high performance (HP) is higher than off-peak. The possibility of HP increases with the increase of duration; the number of, talking to passengers, listening to music or radio, eating; the duration of, viewing or sending messages, phone calls; but reduces with the increase of the number of phone calls. These findings provide theoretical support for driving performance evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Pang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban ITS, School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Modem Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuyan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban ITS, School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Modem Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongfeng Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban ITS, School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Modem Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengxiang Qiao
- Innovative Transportation Research Institute, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban ITS, School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Modem Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Castro C, Pablo Doncel P, Ledesma RD, Montes SA, Daniela Barragan D, Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Bianchi A, Kauer N, Qu W, Padilla JL. Measurement invariance of the driving inattention scale (ARDES) across 7 countries. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2024; 195:107412. [PMID: 38043215 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The Attention-Related Driving Errors Scale (ARDES) is a self-report measure of individual differences in driving inattention. ARDES was originally developed in Spanish (Argentina), and later adapted to other countries and languages. Evidence supporting the reliability and validity of ARDES scores has been obtained in various different countries. However, no study has been conducted to specifically examine the measurement invariance of ARDES measures across countries, thus limiting their comparability. Can different language versions of ARDES provide comparable measures across countries with different traffic regulations and cultural norms? To what extent might cultural differences prevent researchers from making valid inferences based on ARDES measures? Using Alignment Analysis, the present study assessed the approximate invariance of ARDES measures in seven countries: Argentina (n = 603), Australia (n = 378), Brazil (n = 220), China (n = 308). Spain (n = 310), UK (n = 298), and USA (n = 278). The three-factor structure of ARDES scores (differentiating driving errors occurring at Navigation, Manoeuvring and Control levels) was used as the target theoretical model. A fixed alignment analysis was conducted to examine approximate measurement invariance. 12.3 % of the intercepts and 0.8 % of the item-factor loadings were identified as non-invariant, averaging 8.6 % of non-invariance. Despite substantial differences among the countries, sample recruitment or representativeness, study results support resorting to ARDES measures to make comparisons across the country samples. Thus, the range of cultures, laws and collision risk across these 7 countries provides a demanding assessment for a cultural-free inattention while-driving. The alignment analysis results suggest that ARDES measures reach near equivalence among the countries in the study. We hope this study will serve as a basis for future cross-cultural research on driving inattention using ARDES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida Castro
- CIMCYC (Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre), Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - P Pablo Doncel
- CIMCYC (Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre), Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Rubén D Ledesma
- IPSIBAT, Instituto de Psicología Básica, Aplicada y Tecnología, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council) and Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Silvana A Montes
- IPSIBAT, Instituto de Psicología Básica, Aplicada y Tecnología, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council) and Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Weina Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioural Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jose-Luis Padilla
- CIMCYC (Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre), Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Spain
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Smith AK, Vicencio-Moreira R, Friedrich TE, Flath ME, Gutwin C, Elias LJ. Lateral spatial biases in naturalistic and simulated driving: Does pseudoneglect influence performance? Laterality 2024; 29:97-116. [PMID: 37962492 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2023.2278824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Whereas a rightward bump is more likely than a leftward bump when walking through a doorway, investigations into potential similar asymmetries for drivers are limited. The research presented here aims to determine the influence of innate lateral spatial biases when driving. Data from the Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study (SHRP 2 NDS) and a driving simulation were used to address our research questions. Data points from SHRP 2 were aggregated within relevant variables (e.g., left/right obstacles). In the simulation, participants drove in ways that were consistent with their everyday driving in urban and rural environments. Collision frequency, collision severity and average lateral lane position were analyzed with rightward biases throughout both analyzes. SHRP 2 data indicated greater likelihoods of collisions when vehicles crossed the right line/edge of the road and when making a right turn. There were more collisions with obstacles on the right side, which were also more severe, and greater rightward lane deviations in the driving simulation, contrasted with more severe collisions on the left side in SHRP 2 data, possibly because of the presence of traffic. These findings suggest that previously observed rightward biases in distant space when walking are also present when driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austen K Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | | | - Meghan E Flath
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Carl Gutwin
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Lorin J Elias
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Truelove V, Nicolls M, Stefanidis KB, Oviedo-Trespalacios O. Road rule enforcement and where to find it: An investigation of applications used to avoid detection when violating traffic rules. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2023; 87:431-445. [PMID: 38081715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2023.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the primary countermeasures in place to prevent road rule violations is legal enforcement, yet there are numerous applications that can undermine such efforts by notifying drivers of enforcement locations. However, the capabilities of these applications and how they can impact offending behavior is currently unknown. METHOD Two studies were conducted to understand which of these applications are being used by drivers and how these applications are impacting road rule violations. Study 1 consisted of a content analysis that involved searching the Google Play Store and Apple iTunes Store for applications that could be used to avoid road rule violations using pre-determined keywords. Meanwhile, Study 2 consisted of 468 licensed Australian drivers (54.5% males) over the age of 17 years (Mage = 35 years) who completed a survey. RESULTS A total of 73 applications were identified for Study 1, with most of the applications displaying speed camera locations. It was found that applications that notify drivers of traffic enforcement locations are widely prevalent, can be used on a variety of interfaces and include numerous additional features. Study 2 found that those who use the applications were more willing to speed than those who do not use the applications, while there was no difference in phone use while driving between those who do and do not use the applications. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The findings have important implications for stakeholders, policy, and future research. For example, it is suggested that specific functions of these applications need to be regulated to reduce road rule violations and crash risk. Meanwhile, enforcement initiatives need to evolve at a faster rate to keep up to date with the changing technology that can undermine them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity Truelove
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia.
| | - Michelle Nicolls
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Kayla B Stefanidis
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Section of Safety and Security Science, Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX Delft, The Netherlands
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Bradish T, Locker L, Ryan RG, Wilson JH. The Smartphone Addiction Measure (SAM): Subscales, Validity, and Reliability. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231219791. [PMID: 38032006 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231219791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Dependence on smartphones continues to grow, with young adults showing the highest usage. In fact, reliance on smartphones may indicate a behavioral addiction, a concept gaining interest in both research and clinical practice. However, valid and reliable assessments of smartphone addiction are needed. To this end, we developed the Smartphone Addiction Measure (SAM) with an initial sample (113 participants; 32 males, 81 females) and assessed the validity and reliability of this new measure. Principle components analysis with an additional sample (286 participants; 78 males, 207 females, 1 other) revealed four factors generally associated with addiction, including salience, mood modification, withdrawal, and conflict, thus providing support for the SAM as a valid measure of addictive behavior related to smartphone use. Analyses also revealed good validity and reliability (221 participants; 38 males, 179 females, 4 other) that sufficiently support the SAM as a psychometrically sound assessment for smartphone addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Bradish
- Department of Psychology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Lawrence Locker
- Department of Psychology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca G Ryan
- Department of Psychology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Janie H Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
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Demir B, Du J, Hansma BJ, Chen HYW, Gu H, Donmez B. Cell phone-related driver distraction: Habits predict behavior over and above the theory of planned behavior variables. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2023; 192:107200. [PMID: 37531854 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Habits have often been overlooked in studies investigating cell phone-related driver distractions. This paper examines the association between habits and cell phone-related driver distractions within a mediation model based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Additionally, it explores potential differences in behaviors across urban and rural driving environments and between males and females. METHOD We conducted an online survey in China with 1,016 respondents, measuring attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, self-reported behavior, and habits associated with cell phone use while driving. RESULTS Data was analyzed using a two-stage structural equation modeling approach. Results indicate that the measurement model provided a good fit to the data and was invariant across urban and rural driving environments, as well as across genders. The latent path model investigating mediation also demonstrated a good fit and revealed that TPB variables (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) partially mediated the relationship between cell phone-related habits and cell phone use while driving. The structural model was invariant across driving environments but not across genders, for which the extent of the differences were limited. Moreover, habits were strongly associated with subjective norms and perceived behavioral control, emerging as the strongest predictor of cell phone-related distractions. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that habits should be considered in research on phone-related distracted driving behaviors and in the development of intervention designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basar Demir
- University of Toronto, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; Final International University, Department of Psychology, Kyrenia via Mersin 10, Turkey.
| | - Junmin Du
- Beihang University, School of Transportation Science and Engineering Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Braden Joseph Hansma
- University of Toronto, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
| | - Huei-Yen Winnie Chen
- University at Buffalo, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Bell Hall, Amherst, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Haoshu Gu
- Beihang University, School of Transportation Science and Engineering Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Birsen Donmez
- University of Toronto, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
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Michelaraki E, Katrakazas C, Kaiser S, Brijs T, Yannis G. Real-time monitoring of driver distraction: State-of-the-art and future insights. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2023; 192:107241. [PMID: 37549597 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Driver distraction and inattention have been found to be major contributors to a large number of serious road crashes. It is evident that distraction reduces to a great extent driver perception levels as well as their decision making capability and the ability of drivers to control the vehicle. An effective way to mitigate the effects of distraction on crash probability, would be through monitoring the mental state of drivers or their driving behaviour and alerting them when they are in a distracted state. Towards that end, in recent years, several inexpensive and effective detection systems have been developed in order to cope with driver inattention. This study endeavours to critically review and assess the state-of-the-art systems and platforms measuring driver distraction or inattention. A thorough literature review was carried out in order to compare and contrast technologies that can be used to detect, monitor or measure driver's distraction or inattention. The systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The results indicated that in most of the identified studies, driver distraction was measured with respect to its impact to driver behaviour. Real-time eye tracking systems, cardiac sensors on steering wheels, smartphone applications and cameras were found to be the most frequent devices to monitor and detect driver distraction. On the other hand, less frequent and effective approaches included electrodes, hand magnetic rings and glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Michelaraki
- National Technical University of Athens, Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, 5 Heroon Polytechniou Str., GR-15773 Athens, Greece.
| | - Christos Katrakazas
- National Technical University of Athens, Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, 5 Heroon Polytechniou Str., GR-15773 Athens, Greece
| | - Susanne Kaiser
- KFV, Austrian Road Safety Board, Schleiergasse 18, 1100 Wien, Austria
| | - Tom Brijs
- UHasselt, School for Transportation Sciences, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - George Yannis
- National Technical University of Athens, Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, 5 Heroon Polytechniou Str., GR-15773 Athens, Greece
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Monk C, Sall R, Lester BD, Stephen Higgins J. Visual and cognitive demands of manual and voice-based driving mode implementations on smartphones. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2023; 187:107033. [PMID: 37099998 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mobile phone apps and operating systems are increasingly adopting driving mode functions that attempt to reduce driver visual and cognitive demand by limiting functionality, using larger buttons and icons, and adding voice-based interactions. The present study assessed the visual and cognitive demands and the subjective level of distraction from two driving mode implementations (voice or manual) on an Android™ mobile phone using Google Assistant™, compared to a typical mobile phone operating system experience. While driving on a test track, participants performed several trials of five tasks on each of three interfaces: A mobile operating system interface, a manual driving mode interface, and a voice driving mode interface. Visual demand was measured with eye-gaze recordings, cognitive load was measured with the detection response task, and a Likert scale was used to rate the perceived level of distraction. The voice driving mode resulted in the lowest visual attention demand and lowest subjective ratings of distraction. The manual driving mode condition also reduced visual demand and subjective ratings of distraction relative to the mobile operating system condition. The cognitive load results were inconsistent across the task and interaction mode conditions. Overall, the results of this study provide positive evidence in support of voice-based driving mode implementations for reducing visual demand and subjective levels of distraction from mobile devices while driving. Moreover, the results suggest that manual driving mode implementations also have the potential to reduce visual demand and subjective levels of distraction, relative to the mobile operating system condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Monk
- Exponent, Inc, 1150 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
| | - Robert Sall
- Exponent, Inc, 23445 North 19th Ave, Phoenix, AZ 85027, USA
| | | | - J Stephen Higgins
- Google, Inc, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
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Pfeifer C, Leinen P, Puhl J, Panzer S. Visual behavior and road traffic hazard situations when using a bike computer on a racing bike: An eye movement study. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2023; 112:104070. [PMID: 37307770 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bike computers are an important equipment, especially on race bikes where athletes can monitor output parameters. The purpose of the present experiment was to determine the effect of visually monitoring the cadence of a bike computer and to perceive hazard traffic situations in a virtual environment. In a within subject-design individuals (N = 21) were instructed to perform the riding task in two single-task conditions (only watching the traffic at the video with occluded or without occluded bike computer), two dual-task conditions (monitoring the cadence of 70 RPM or 90 RPM and observing the traffic) and one control condition (no instructions). Percentage dwell time of the eye movements, the constant error from the target cadence, and percentage of the recognized hazard traffic situations were analyzed. The analysis indicated that the visual behavior to monitor the traffic was not reduced when individuals used a bike computer to control the cadence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Leinen
- Saarland University, Department of Sport Science, Germany
| | - Johannes Puhl
- Saarland University, Department of Sport Science, Germany
| | - Stefan Panzer
- Saarland University, Department of Sport Science, Germany; Texas A&M University, Department of Health and Kinesiology, USA.
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Ali Y, Haque MM. Modelling braking behaviour of distracted young drivers in car-following interactions: A grouped random parameters duration model with heterogeneity-in-means. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2023; 185:107015. [PMID: 36889237 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Braking is an important characteristic of driving behaviour that has a direct relationship with rear-end collisions in a car-following task. Braking becomes more crucial when drivers' cognitive workload increases because of using mobile phones whilst driving. This study, therefore, investigates and compares the effects of using mobile phones whilst driving on braking behaviour. Thirty-two young licenced drivers, evenly split by gender, faced a safety-critical event, that is, leader's hard braking, in a car-following situation. Each participant drove the CARRS-Q Advanced Driving Simulator and was required to respond to a braking event in the simulated environment in three phone conditions: baseline (no phone conversation), handheld, and hands-free. A random parameters duration modelling approach is employed to (i) model drivers' braking (or deceleration) times using a parametric survival model, (ii) capture unobserved heterogeneity associated with braking times, and (iii) account for repeated experiment design. The model identifies the handheld phone condition as a random parameter whilst vehicle dynamics variables, hands-free phone condition, and driver-specific variables are found as fixed parameters. The model suggests that most distracted drivers (in the handheld condition) reduce their initial speeds more slowly than undistracted drivers, reflecting their delayed initial braking that may lead to abrupt braking to avoid a rear-end collision. Further, another group of distracted drivers exhibits faster braking (in the handheld condition), recognising the risk associated with mobile phone usage and delayed initial braking. Provisional licence holders are found to be slower in reducing their initial speeds than open licence holders, indicating their risk-taking behaviour because of their less experience and more sensitivity to mobile phone distraction. Overall, mobile phone distraction appears to impair the braking behaviour of young drivers, which poses significant safety concerns for traffic streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Ali
- Loughborough University, School of Architecture, Building, and Civil Engineering, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
| | - Md Mazharul Haque
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
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Hayashi Y, Friedel JE, Foreman AM, Wirth O. A hierarchical cluster analysis of young drivers based on their perceived risk and frequency of texting while driving. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2023; 85:398-404. [PMID: 37330889 PMCID: PMC10425917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study attempted to provide a proof-of-concept of usefulness of cluster analysis for identifying distinct and practically meaningful subgroups of drivers who differed in their perceived risk and frequency of texting while driving (TWD). METHOD Using a hierarchical cluster analysis, which involves sequential steps in which individual cases are merged together one at a time based on their similarities, the study first attempted to identify distinct subgroups of drivers who differed in their perceived risk and frequency of TWD. To further evaluate the meaningfulness of the subgroups identified, the subgroups were compared in terms of levels of trait impulsivity and impulsive decision making for each gender. RESULTS The study identified the following three distinct subgroups: (a) drivers who perceive TWD as risky but frequently engage in TWD; (b) drivers who perceive TWD as risky and infrequently engage in TWD; and (c) drivers who perceive TWD as not so risky and frequently engage in TWD. The subgroup of male, but not female, drivers who perceive TWD as risky but frequently engage in TWD showed significantly higher levels of trait impulsivity, but not impulsive decision making, than the other two subgroups. DISCUSSION This is the first demonstration that drivers who frequently engage in TWD can be categorized into two distinct subgroups that differ in terms of the perceived risk of TWD. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS For drivers who perceived TWD as risky yet frequently engage in TWD, the present study suggests that different intervention strategies may be needed for each gender.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne M Foreman
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, United States
| | - Oliver Wirth
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, United States
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Ziakopoulos A, Kontaxi A, Yannis G. Analysis of mobile phone use engagement during naturalistic driving through explainable imbalanced machine learning. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2023; 181:106936. [PMID: 36577243 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While driver distraction remains an issue in modernized societies, technological advancements in data collection, storage and analysis provide the means for deeper insights of this complex phenomenon. In this research, factors influencing when driver distraction through mobile phone use occurs during naturalistic driving are investigated. Naturalistic data from a 6-stage, 230-driver experiment are exploited, in which drivers installed a non-intrusive driving recording application in their devices and conducted their trips normally across a 21-month timespan, coupled with corresponding questionnaire data. The various experiment stages involved providing progressively more behavioral feedback to drivers while continuing to record them. Subsequently, supervised Machine Learning XGBoost algorithms were employed to model the contributions of naturalistic driving and questionnaire features to the decision to engage mobile phone use. Mobile phone use percentages were heavily skewed towards zero, therefore imbalanced ML with a minority-oversampling approach in a binary format was employed. To increase the explainability offered by the algorithm, SHAP values were calculated for the informative features. Results indicate that the decision of drivers to use a mobile while driving is governed by a number of complex, non-linear relationships. Total trip distance is the most significant predictor variable by a wide margin, with mean SHAP values of 0.79 towards affecting the model decisions for the probability of mobile phone use of each driver. However, other variables influence the final predictions as well, such as the number of tickets in the last three years (m.SHAP = 0.30), declared mobile phone use (m.SHAP = 0.26), the amount and variety of provided feedback (m.SHAP = 0.17) (i.e. experiment phase number) and family member numbers (m.SHAP = 0.09) decrease the probability of using a mobile phone while driving. Conversely, increases in driver experience (m.SHAP = 0.22), driver age (m.SHAP = 0.11), engine capacity (m.SHAP = 0.11) and total kilometers driven annually (m.SHAP = 0.08) increase the probability of using a mobile phone in naturalistic driving conditions. SHAP dependency plots reveal non-linear effects present in almost all variables. Fuel consumption had a particularly strong non-linear effect, as higher values of this variable lead to both higher and lower probability of drivers using a mobile phone, deviating from the safer average. Legislation, campaigns and enforcement measures can be restructured to take advantage of gains margins in terms of understanding and predicting driver distraction behavior, as explored in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Ziakopoulos
- National Technical University of Athens, Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, 5 Iroon Polytechniou St, GR-15773 Athens, Greece.
| | - Armira Kontaxi
- National Technical University of Athens, Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, 5 Iroon Polytechniou St, GR-15773 Athens, Greece
| | - George Yannis
- National Technical University of Athens, Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, 5 Iroon Polytechniou St, GR-15773 Athens, Greece
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16
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Benedetti MH, Lu B, Kinnear N, Li L, Delgado MK, Zhu M. The impact of Illinois' comprehensive handheld phone ban on talking on handheld and handsfree cellphones while driving. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2023; 84:273-279. [PMID: 36868656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Distracted driving has been linked to multiple driving decrements and is responsible for thousands of motor-vehicle fatalities annually. Most U.S. states have enacted restrictions on cellphone use while driving, the strictest of which prohibit any manual operation of a cellphone while driving. Illinois enacted such a law in 2014. To better understand how this law affected cellphone behaviors while driving, associations between Illinois' handheld phone ban and self-reported talking on handheld, handsfree, and any cellphone (handheld or handsfree) while driving were estimated. METHODS Data from annual administrations of the Traffic Safety Culture Index from 2012-2017 in Illinois and a set of control states were leveraged. The data were cast into a difference-in-differences (DID) modeling framework, which compared Illinois to control states in terms of pre- to post-intervention changes in the proportion of drivers who self-reported the three outcomes. Separate models for each outcome were fit, and additional models were fit to the subset of drivers who talk on cellphones while driving. RESULTS In Illinois, the pre- to post-intervention decrease in the drivers' probability of self-reporting talking on a handheld phone was significantly more extreme than that of drivers in control states (DID estimate -0.22; 95% CI -0.31, -0.13). Among drivers who talk on cellphones while driving, those in Illinois exhibited a more extreme increase in the probability of talking on a handsfree phone while driving than those control states (DID estimate 0.13; 95% CI 0.03, 0.23). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Illinois' handheld phone ban reduced talking on handheld phones while driving among study participants. They also corroborate the hypothesis that the ban promoted substitution from handheld to handsfree phones among drivers who talk on the phone while driving. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS These findings should encourage other states to enact comprehensive handheld phone bans to improve traffic safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco H Benedetti
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | - Bo Lu
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Li Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya College of Public Health, Central South University, No.932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - M Kit Delgado
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, and the Penn Injury Science Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Dr., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Motao Zhu
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 370 W. 9th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Phillips RO, Berge SH. Sociotechnical Factors Supporting Mobile Phone Use by Bus Drivers. IISE Trans Occup Ergon Hum Factors 2023; 11:1-13. [PMID: 36657015 DOI: 10.1080/24725838.2023.2166161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONSResults of a survey of drivers working for two bus companies in Norway suggest that 20% of drivers sometimes use a mobile phone while driving, even though it is not permitted. Sociotechnical analysis of the system surrounding drivers at one of the companies elicited ways in which social and technical factors combined to support mobile phone use by bus drivers. These factors were arranged under four themes: increased societal dependence on technology; developments in bus driver culture; the need for bus drivers to resolve conflicting goals; and a lack of belief in adverse consequences of using mobile phone while driving. Our findings (i) support claims that driver-centered analyses of mobile phone use or other traffic safety challenges are an insufficient basis for the development of measures and should be supplemented by sociotechnical analyses; and (ii) can inspire the design of more comprehensive measures to help reduce mobile phone use and road safety risks.
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Yoshida K, Sawamura D, Yagi M, Nakashima Y, Saito R, Yamamura N, Ogasawara K, Sakai S. Detecting inattentiveness caused by mind-wandering during a driving task: A behavioral study. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2023; 106:103892. [PMID: 36191405 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate whether behavioral variability and participants' self-ratings can be used to detect mind-wandering while driving and to examine their effects on braking performance during a driving task. We created a novel driving task and added a sustained attention response task (SART). We examined the effects of mind-wandering on braking performance and whether mind-wandering could be detected from SART response variability. The within-subjects results showed that self-reports of inattentiveness during driving correlated significantly with SART response variability. Multiple regression analysis with brake reaction time as the dependent variable revealed a significant relationship between self-reports of inattentiveness and mind-wandering. However, there were no other consistent linear associations between mind-wandering and SART response variability. Our results not only suggest that inattentiveness to driving caused by mind-wandering impairs braking performance but also emphasize the importance and difficulty of detecting this state from behavioral data alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Yoshida
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, N12-W5, Kitaku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Sawamura
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, N12-W5, Kitaku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Mikio Yagi
- Panasonic Automotive Systems Co., Ltd., 4261, Ikonobe-cho, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken, 224-8520, Japan
| | - Yu Nakashima
- Panasonic Automotive Systems Co., Ltd., 4261, Ikonobe-cho, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken, 224-8520, Japan
| | - Ryuji Saito
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, N12-W5, Kitaku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Nao Yamamura
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, N12-W5, Kitaku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ogasawara
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, N12-W5, Kitaku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shinya Sakai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, N12-W5, Kitaku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
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19
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Benedetti MH, Li L, Shen S, Kinnear N, Delgado MK, Zhu M. Talking on hands-free and handheld cellphones while driving in association with handheld phone bans. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2022; 83:204-209. [PMID: 36481010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Concurrent use of a cellphone while driving impairs driving abilities, and studies of policy effectiveness in reducing distracted driving have yielded mixed results. Furthermore, few studies have considered how hands-free phone use associates with handheld phone bans. It is not clear whether hand-held phone bans dissuade some drivers from using the phone while driving completely, or whether it simply promotes a shift to hands-free use. The present study estimates the association between handheld phone policies and self-reported talking on hands-free and handheld cellphones while driving. METHODS Our data consisted of 16,067 respondents to annual administrations of the Traffic Safety Culture Index from 2012-2017. Our primary exposure variable was handheld phone policy, and our primary outcome variables were self-reported talking on any phone, self-reported talking on a handheld phone, and self-reported talking on a hands-free phone while driving. We estimated adjusted prevalence ratios of the outcomes associated with handheld phone bans via modified Poisson regression. RESULTS Drivers in states with handheld bans were 13% less likely to self-report talking on any type of cellphone (handheld or hands-free) while driving. When broken down by cellphone type, drivers in states with handheld bans were 38% less likely to self-report talking on a handheld phone and 10% more likely to self-report talking on a hands-free phone while driving. CONCLUSIONS Handheld phone bans were associated with more self-reported talking on hands-free phones and less talking on handheld phones, consistent with a substitution hypothesis. Handheld bans were also associated with less talking on any phone while driving, supporting a net safety benefit. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS In the absence of a national ban on handheld phone use while driving, our study supports state handheld phone bans to deter distracted driving and improve traffic safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco H Benedetti
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya College of Public Health, Central South University, No. 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - Sijun Shen
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | | | - M Kit Delgado
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, and the Penn Injury Science Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Dr., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Motao Zhu
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 370 W. 9th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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20
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Chen T, Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Sze NN, Chen S. Distractions by work-related activities: The impact of ride-hailing app and radio system on male taxi drivers. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2022; 178:106849. [PMID: 36209681 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Use of ride-hailing mobile apps has surged and reshaped the taxi industry. These apps allow real-time taxi-customer matching of taxi dispatch system. However, there are also increasing concerns for driver distractions as a result of these ride-hailing systems. This study aims to investigate the effects of distractions by different ride-hailing systems on the driving performance of taxi drivers using the driving simulator experiment. In this investigation, fifty-one male taxi drivers were recruited. During the experiment, the road environment (urban street versus motorway), driving task (free-flow driving versus car-following), and distraction type (no distraction, auditory distraction by radio system, and visual-manual distraction by mobile app) were varied. Repeated measures ANOVA and random parameter generalized linear models were adopted to evaluate the distracted driving performance accounting for correlations among different observations of a same driver. Results indicate that distraction by mobile app impairs driving performance to a larger extent than traditional radio systems, in terms of the lateral control in the free-flow motorway condition and the speed control in the free-flow urban condition. In addition, for car-following task on urban street, compensatory behaviour (speed reduction) is more prevalent when distracted by mobile app while driving, compared to that of radio system. Additionally, no significant difference in subjective workload between distractions by mobile app and radio system were found. Several driver characteristics such as experience, driving records, and perception variables also influence driving performances. The findings are expected to facilitate the development of safer ride-hailing systems, as well as driver training and road safety policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Chen
- The Cho Chun Shik Graduate School of Mobility, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 193 Munji-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34051, South Korea.
| | - Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia.
| | - N N Sze
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - Sikai Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.
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21
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Zhao H, Ma J, Zhang Y, Chang R. Mental workload accumulation effect of mobile phone distraction in L2 autopilot mode. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16856. [PMID: 36207431 PMCID: PMC9546873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As automated vehicles become more common, there is a need for precise measurement and definition of when and in what ways a driver can use a mobile phone in L2 autonomous driving mode, for how long it can be used, the complexity of the call content, and the accumulated mental workload. This study uses a 2 (driving mode) × 2 (call content complexity) × 6 (driving stage) three-factor mixed experimental design to investigate the effect of these factors on the driver's mental workload by measuring the driver's performance on Detection response tasks, pupil diameter, and EEG components in various brain regions in the alpha band. The results showed that drivers' mental workload levels converge between manual and automatic driving modes as the duration of driving increases, regardless of the level of complexity of the mobile phone conversation. This suggests that mobile phone conversations can also disrupt the driver's cognitive resource balance in L2 automatic driving mode, as it increases mental workload while also impairing the normal functioning of brain functions such as cognitive control, problem solving, and judgment, thereby compromising driving safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Zhao
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Jinfei Ma
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China.
| | - Yijing Zhang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Ruosong Chang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
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22
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Vansteenkiste P, Vermijs F, Deconinck FJA, Lenoir M. Does music affect performance on a hazard perception test for cyclists? ERGONOMICS 2022; 65:1266-1275. [PMID: 34989317 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2026491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Whereas it has been shown that listening to music impairs the detection of auditory and visual signals, it is unclear to what extent music affects a cyclist's ability to detect and interpret hazardous traffic situations. In the current experiment, thirty-seven participants carried out a hazard perception test for cyclists. Participants were divided into three groups: control, passive, or active. The control group did the test without hearing music. The passive and active group did hear music, yet the passive group was asked to ignore the music, while the active group was asked to pay attention to the lyrics. Results showed no differences in reaction rate, reaction time, or gaze behaviour between any of the groups. These findings temper the existing safety concerns about the negative effect of music on traffic safety. Nevertheless, music might still have consequences under certain conditions or in certain risk-groups such as children. Practitioner summary: It is unclear how music affects traffic safety. The current experiment tested to what extent hazard perception was affected by listening actively or passively to music. Under the current experimental conditions, listening to music was found to have no effect on hazard perception. Abbreviation: NHTSA: national highway traffic safety administration; AOI: area of interest; TTFS: time to first saccade; FFD: first fixation duration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flore Vermijs
- Honours Programme in Life Sciences: 'Breaking Frontiers', Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Matthieu Lenoir
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Smartphone-Nutzung in Gegenwart von Babys und Kleinkindern: Ein systematisches Review. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr 2022; 71:305-326. [DOI: 10.13109/prkk.2022.71.4.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hasan AS, Orvin MM, Jalayer M, Heitmann E, Weiss J. Analysis of distracted driving crashes in New Jersey using mixed logit model. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2022; 81:166-174. [PMID: 35589287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Distracted driving is a concern for traffic safety in the 21st century, and can be held responsible for the increasing propensity and severity of traffic crashes. With the advent of mobile technologies, distractions involving the use of cellphones while driving have emerged, and young drivers in particular are getting more and more engaged in these distractions. Texting or receiving phone calls while driving are offenses in most states, and they are punished with fiscal penalties. Awareness campaigns have also been arranged over recent decades across the United States in order to minimize crashes due to distracted driving. The severity of such crashes depends on driver behavior, which can also be affected by various factors like the geometric design of the roadway, lighting and environmental conditions, and temporal variables. METHOD In this study, we analyzed data on five years (2015-2019) of crashes involving cellphone use in New Jersey using a mixed logit model. As estimated model parameters can vary randomly across roadway segments in this approach, this allowed us to account for unobserved heterogeneities relating to roadway characteristics, environmental factors, and driver behavior. A pseudo-elasticity analysis was further employed to observe the sensitivity of the significant explanatory variables to crash severity. RESULTS We found that higher speed limits and a larger total number of vehicles involved both increased crash severity, while higher annual average daily traffic (AADT) levels and the presence of an urban road setting reduced it. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS These findings will help decision-makers to comprehend what the significant contributing factors associated with crash injury severity due to distracted driving are, and how to implement necessary interventions to reduce this severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sajid Hasan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States.
| | - Muntahith Mehadil Orvin
- University of British Columbia, Department of Civil Engineering, Okanagan Campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Mohammad Jalayer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center for Research and Education in Advanced Transportation Engineering Systems Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States.
| | - Eric Heitmann
- New Jersey Division of Highway Traffic Safety, Trenton, NJ 08625, United States.
| | - Joseph Weiss
- Transportation Safety Analyst, New Jersey Division of Highway Traffic Safety, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
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Wu P, Song L, Meng X. Temporal analysis of cellphone-use-involved crash injury severities: Calling for preventing cellphone-use-involved distracted driving. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2022; 169:106625. [PMID: 35272221 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the popularity of smartphones and the increasing dependence on cellphones, cellphone-use-involved distracted driving has become a global traffic safety concern. Calling, texting, or watching videos while driving could have harmful impacts on driving abilities and increase crash-injury severities. To investigate the temporal stability and the heterogeneity of cellphone-involved crash injury severity determinants, a series of likelihood ratio tests and random parameters logit models with heterogeneity in means and variances are estimated. Cellphone-involved single-vehicle crash datasets of Pennsylvania from 2004 to 2019 are utilized. Marginal effects are also applied to investigate the impact of explanatory variables on injury severity outcomes. The results indicate an overall temporal instability of cellphone-involved crashes across different periods. However, driving without seatbelts and overturns are observed to produce relatively stable and positive influence on the increased injury severities of cellphone-involved crashes. Besides, it is noteworthy that a combination of cellphone usage with risky driving behaviors (aggressive driving, alcohol- or drug-related driving, speeding, or fatigue driving) significantly increase driver injury-severities. This finding highlights the necessity of identifying drivers with multiple risk-taking behaviors and enacting laws to prohibit these drivers from using cellphones while driving. Applications of smartphones provide another feasible approach to prevent using cellphones while driving. Insights and suggestions of this study would be valuable to mitigate the negative outcomes of cellphone-involved crashes and prevent the crashes caused by cellphone-involved distracted driving in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Wu
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Li Song
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, EPIC Building, Room 3366, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223-0001, USA.
| | - Xianghai Meng
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China.
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Monzer D, Abou Ali A, Abou-Zeid M, Moacdieh NM. Voice messaging while driving: Effects on driving performance and attention. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 101:103692. [PMID: 35065427 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the performance and attentional effects of sending voice messages while driving as compared to calling and texting. To this end, participants were asked to drive a given path while they either receive a phone call, send voice messages, or send text messages on a given cell phone, as well as a control condition. Driving performance, eye tracking, and subjective measures were collected. The results showed that voice messaging, while not as detrimental to driving performance as texting, does lead to similar levels of visual and cognitive distraction as texting and is generally more distracting than calling. Drivers also seem to be unaware of the dangers of voice messaging while driving. This research provides the basis for improved guidelines and legislation and more targeted awareness campaigns that emphasize the dangers of voice messaging while driving on a level with other banned practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Monzer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Assem Abou Ali
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Maya Abou-Zeid
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Nadine Marie Moacdieh
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
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27
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Ward MD, Helton WS. Dual-task interference while receiving information on a head mounted display and manual tracking with and without auditory warnings. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 101:103713. [PMID: 35168087 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual-task interference is a concern when users attempt to use head mounted displays (HMD) while performing seated manual control tasks. Auditory warnings of information displayed on the HMD may or may not assist users while multi-tasking. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the dual-task interference of words, to be remembered later, presented on a HMD and motor control in a manual tracking task. The word presentations were warned or not warned with auditory signals and the impact of audio warnings were examined. METHODS Participants were required to perform five tasks: (1) a compensatory tracking task performed alone, (2) a word memory task performed alone, (3) a tracking and word memory task, (4) a word memory task with words preceded by audial signals, and (5) a tracking and word memory task with words preceded by audial signals. In addition, in the dual-tasks, half of the word presentations were paired with directions changes in the tracking task to test for immediate perceptual interference. RESULTS There were significant dual task costs for both mean tracking error and later word recall. Additionally, participants took significantly longer to respond to motion changes paired with word presentations than motion changes not paired with word presentations. However, the impact of auditory warnings on tracking performance was nuanced. CONCLUSION Even with an in field of view transparent HMD momentary and sustained cognitive dual-task interference remains. Reaction times are affected most in the worst case scenario, when task critical events occur at the same time as a text message. APPLICATION The use of HMDs in time critical manual control tasks (such as operating machinery) should be limited. The use of audial warnings to alert operators to information displayed on an HMD requires further research; it may disrupt appropriate or natural task ordering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Ward
- University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand.
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28
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Toader JF, Kleinert R, Dratsch T, Fettweis L, Jakovljevic N, Graupner M, Zeeh M, Kroll AC, Fuchs HF, Wahba R, Plum P, Bruns CJ, Datta RR. Effect of phone call distraction on the performance of medical students in an OSCE. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:295. [PMID: 35443638 PMCID: PMC9020121 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The usage of smartphones in the daily clinical routine is an essential aspect however it seems that they also present an important distractor that needs to be evaluated. The aim of this prospective study was the evaluation of the influence of phone calls as distractors on the performance levels of medical students during an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), simulating the normal clinical practice. METHODS As the goal of an OSCE presents the examination of clinical skills of medical students in a realistic setting, more than 100 students recruited from the university hospital of Cologne participated in either OSCE I or II. During the OSCE I intravenous cannulation was simulated while OSCE II simulated an acute abdominal pain station. Participants had to perform each of these stations under two circumstances: a normal simulated OSCE and an OSCE station with phone call distraction. Their performance during both simulations was then evaluated. RESULTS In OSCE I students achieved significantly more points in the intravenous cannulation station if they were not distracted by phone calls (M=6.44 vs M=5.95). In OSCE II students achieved significantly more points in the acute abdominal pain station if they were not distracted by phone calls (M=7.59 vs M=6.84). While comparing only those students that completed both stations in OSCE I/II participating students achieved significantly more points in both OSCE I and II if they were not distracted by phone calls. CONCLUSION The presented data shows that phone call distraction decreases the performance level of medical students during an OSCE station. Therefore, it is an indicator that distraction especially for younger doctors should be held to a minimum. On a second note distraction should be integrated in the medical education system as it plays an important role in clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus F Toader
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer And Transplant Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Robert Kleinert
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Universitätsklinikum OWL, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Dratsch
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer And Transplant Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Louisa Fettweis
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer And Transplant Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nadja Jakovljevic
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer And Transplant Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martina Graupner
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer And Transplant Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Moritz Zeeh
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer And Transplant Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna C Kroll
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer And Transplant Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans F Fuchs
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer And Transplant Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roger Wahba
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer And Transplant Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Plum
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer And Transplant Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christiane J Bruns
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer And Transplant Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rabi R Datta
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer And Transplant Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Kita E, Luria G, Pindek S, Albert G, Lotan T. The use of risk homeostasis theory to reduce smartphone use during low-speed driving. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2022; 168:106596. [PMID: 35180466 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Driving while distracted by smartphones is an unsafe behavior and constitutes a serious worldwide road safety issue. In line with the risk homeostasis theory, during high-speed driving, drivers perceive smartphone usage as an unwarranted risk and in most cases refrain from doing so. During low-speed driving, however, drivers often use their smartphones, as they do not perceive this as inherently unsafe, even though it is. The goal of this study was to examine an intervention, based on the risk homeostasis theory, aimed at decreasing the use of smartphones while driving at low speeds. Thirty-seven young drivers participated in the research group that aimed to alter drivers' risk perceptions, decision making, and behavior. The study also included a control group of 33 young drivers. All of the participants' smartphone usage was monitored using a dedicated application that measured both the number of times drivers touched their smartphone screens while driving and the driving speed each time the screen was touched. The results indicate that drivers in the research group decreased their smartphone usage while driving, unlike the control group drivers who did not alter their behavior. In conclusion, a risk homeostasis-based intervention can decrease dangerous and unsafe driving behavior, even when such behavior is not perceived as significantly dangerous. Furthermore, additional types of risky and unsafe driving behaviors may be decreased using this type of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Kita
- Department of Human Services, Faculty of Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel; Oryarok - The Association for Safer Driving in Israel, Israel
| | - Gil Luria
- Department of Human Services, Faculty of Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel.
| | - Shani Pindek
- Department of Human Services, Faculty of Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Gila Albert
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Technology Management HIT - Holon Institute of Technology, 52 Golomb St., Office 1/620, Holon 5810201, Israel
| | - Tsippy Lotan
- Oryarok - The Association for Safer Driving in Israel, Israel
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30
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Using nomophobia severity to predict illegal smartphone use while driving. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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31
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Monfort SS, Reagan IJ, Cicchino JB, Hu W, Gershon P, Mehler B, Reimer B. Speeding behavior while using adaptive cruise control and lane centering in free flow traffic. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2022; 23:85-90. [PMID: 35044286 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2021.2013476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adaptive cruise control (ACC) and lane centering are usually marketed as convenience features but may also serve a safety purpose. However, given that speeding is associated with increased crash risk and worse crash outcomes, the extent to which driver's speed using ACC may reduce the maximum safety benefit they can obtain from this system. The current study was conducted to characterize speeding behavior among drivers using adaptive cruise control and a similar system with added lane centering. METHODS We recruited 40 licensed adult drivers from the Boston, Massachusetts, metro area. These drivers were given either a 2017 Volvo S90 or a 2016 Range Rover Evoque to use for about 4 weeks. RESULTS Drivers were significantly more likely to speed while they used ACC (95%) relative to periods of manual control (77%). A similar pattern arose for drivers using ACC with added lane centering (96% vs. 77%). Drivers who traveled over the posted limit with these systems engaged also sped slightly faster than drivers controlling their vehicle manually. Finally, we found that these differences were the most pronounced on limited-access roads with a lower speed limit (55 mph). CONCLUSIONS These findings point to a possible obstacle to obtaining the full safety potential from this advanced vehicle technology. Any consideration of the net safety effect of ACC and lane centering should account for the effects of more frequent and elevated speeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian J Reagan
- Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Ruckersville, Virginia
| | | | - Wen Hu
- Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Ruckersville, Virginia
| | - Pnina Gershon
- MIT AgeLab, New England University Transportation Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce Mehler
- MIT AgeLab, New England University Transportation Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bryan Reimer
- MIT AgeLab, New England University Transportation Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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32
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Tait R, Ivers R, Marino JL, Doherty D, Graham PL, Cunich M, Sanci L, Steinbeck K, Straker L, Skinner SR. Mental health and behavioural factors involved in road traffic crashes by young adults: analysis of the Raine Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2021; 76:556-562. [PMID: 34965969 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2021-218039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Road traffic crashes (RTC) are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young people. Severe mental health and behavioural conditions increase the likelihood of RTC, as do a range of driving-risk activities. METHOD We used data from the Raine Study, a prebirth cohort from Perth, Australia, to assess the relationship between measures of common mental health or behavioural conditions (Child Behavior Checklist Internalising and Externalising scores) at age 17 and subsequent RTC by 27 years, controlling for substance use and driving-risk activities. RESULTS By 27 years of age, of 937 participants, 386 (41.2%) reported zero crashes and 551 (58.8%) reported ≥1 crashes. In the baseline Poisson model, increased Externalising scores (eg, aggression and delinquency) were associated with increased RTC (incidence rate ratio (IRR)=1.02, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.02): increased Internalising scores (eg, anxiety and depression) were associated with fewer RTC (IRR=0.99, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.00). In the fully adjusted model, the mental health measures were not significant (Externalising IRR=1.01, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.02: Internalising IRR=0.99, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.00). Risky driver activities, such as falling asleep while driving (IRR=1.34), more frequent use of a hands-free telephone (IRR=1.35) and more frequent hostility towards other drivers (IRR=1.30) increased the rate of RTC. CONCLUSION Measures of mental health scores at age 17 were not predictive of subsequent RTC, after adjusting for measures of driving-risk activities. We need to better understand the determinants of externalising and risky driving behaviours if we are to address the increased risk of RTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Tait
- National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ivers
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Marino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne & Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Population Health and Global Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dorota Doherty
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Women and Infants Research Foundation, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Petra L Graham
- Centre for Economic Impacts of Genomic Medicine (GenIMPACT) and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Cunich
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health (Central Clinical School), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Institute for Women, Children and their Families, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,The ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Concord, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Health Economics Collaborative, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lena Sanci
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katharine Steinbeck
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leon Straker
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S Rachel Skinner
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Haghani M, Behnood A, Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Bliemer MCJ. Structural anatomy and temporal trends of road accident research: Full-scope analyses of the field. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2021; 79:173-198. [PMID: 34848001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scholarly research on road accidents over the past 50 years has generated substantial literature. We propose a robust search strategy to retrieve and analyze this literature. METHOD Analyses was focused on estimating the size of this literature and examining its intellectual anatomy and temporal trends using bibliometric indicators of its articles. RESULTS The size of the literature is estimated to have exceeded N = 25,000 items as of 2020. At the highest level of aggregation, patterns of term co-occurrence in road accident articles point to the presence of six major divisions: (i) law, legislation & road trauma statistics; (ii) vehicular safety technology; (iii) statistical modelling; (iv) driving simulator experiments of driving behavior; (v) driver style and personality (social psychology); and (vi) vehicle crashworthiness and occupant protection division. Analyses identify the emergence of various research clusters and their progress over time along with their respective influential entities. For example, driver injury severity " and crash frequency show distinct characteristics of trending topics, with research activities in those areas notably intensified since 2015 Also, two developing clusters labelled autonomous vehicle and automated vehicle show distinct signs of becoming emerging streams of road accident literature. CONCLUSIONS By objectively documenting temporal patterns in the development of the field, these analyses could offer new levels of insight into the intellectual composition of this field, its future directions, and knowledge gaps. Practical Applications: The proposed search strategy can be modified to generate specific subsets of this literature and assist future conventional reviews. The findings of temporal analyses could also be instrumental in informing and enriching literature review sections of original research articles. Analyses of authorships can facilitate collaborations, particularly across various divisions of accident research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Haghani
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Australia.
| | - Ali Behnood
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, United States
| | - Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
- Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia
| | - Michiel C J Bliemer
- Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies, The University of Sydney Business School, The University of Sydney, Australia
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Hoeber O, Harvey M, Dewan Sagar SA, Pointon M. The effects of simulated interruptions on mobile search tasks. J Assoc Inf Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/asi.24579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orland Hoeber
- Department of Computer Science University of Regina Regina Canada
| | - Morgan Harvey
- Information School The University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | | | - Matthew Pointon
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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35
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Kasarla P, Wang C, Brown TL, McGehee D. Modeling and prediction of driving performance measures based on multi-output convolutional Gaussian process. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 161:106360. [PMID: 34450343 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Driving performance measures (DPMs) are important indices for driving and personal safety in vehicle operation. The DPMs are collected under various controlled driving conditions to demonstrate different driving behaviors so that mitigating technology interventions can be studied and designed. However, significant costs are involved in the DPM acquisition, and there are a very limited number of controlled driving condition data. Thus, the modeling and prediction of the DPMs under unobserved driving conditions are critical, and many methods have been developed. However, existing literature in this area suffer a common limitation: The interactions among different DPMs are not fully considered (each DPM is modeled individually), although the existence of such interactions is widely reported. This paper proposes a novel DPM modeling and prediction method, i.e., multi-output convolutional Gaussian process (MCGP), that incorporates the interactions among different DPMs. The method features the modeling flexibility for different DPMs and the interpretable modeling structure for integrating the DPM interactions. The method is compared with three benchmark methods on the DPM data set under four different settings, and the results demonstrate the superiorities of the method. Discussions and interpretations of the results are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranaykumar Kasarla
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - Timothy L Brown
- National Advanced Driving Simulator, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Daniel McGehee
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; National Advanced Driving Simulator, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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36
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Obeidat MS, Rababa MM, Tyfour WR. Effects of vehicle’s human machine interface devices on driving distractions. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2021.1975171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Said Obeidat
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Majd M. Rababa
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Wa’il R. Tyfour
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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“Just One Short Voice Message”—Comparing the Effects of Text- vs. Voice-Based Answering to Text Messages via Smartphone on Young Drivers’ Driving Performances. SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/safety7030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-known distracting effects, many drivers still engage in phone use, especially texting and especially among young drivers, with new emerging messaging modes. The present study aims to examine the effects of different answering modes on driving performance. Twenty-four students (12 females), aged between 19 and 25 years (M = 20.83, SD = 1.53), volunteered for the study. They accomplished the Lane Change Task (LCT) with baseline and dual-task runs in a driving simulator. In dual-task runs, participants answered text messages on a smartphone by voice or text message with varying task complexity. Driving performance was measured by lane deviation (LCT) and subjective measures (NASA-TLX). Across all trials, driving performance deteriorated during dual-task runs compared with the baseline runs, and subjective demand increased. Analysis of dual-task runs showed a benefit for voice-based answering to received text messages that leveled off in the complex task. All in all, the benefits of using voice-based answering in comparison with text-based answering were found regarding driving performance and subjective measures. Nevertheless, this benefit was mostly lost in the complex task, and both the driving performance and the demand measured in the baseline conditions could not be reached.
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Matias J, Quinton JC, Colomb M, Normand A, Izaute M, Silvert L. Fear of Missing Out Predicts Distraction by Social Reward Signals Displayed on a Smartphone in Difficult Driving Situations. Front Psychol 2021; 12:688157. [PMID: 34335405 PMCID: PMC8322628 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.688157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Smartphones are particularly likely to elicit driver distraction with obvious negative repercussions on road safety. Recent selective attention models lead to expect that smartphones might be very effective in capturing attention due to their social reward history. Hence, individual differences in terms of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) – i.e., of the apprehension of missing out on socially rewarding experiences – should play an important role in driver distraction. This factor has already been associated with self-reported estimations of greater attention paid to smartphones while driving, but the potential link between FoMO and smartphone-induced distraction has never been tested empirically. Therefore, we conducted a preliminary study to investigate whether FoMO would modulate attentional capture by reward distractors displayed on a smartphone. First, participants performed a classical visual search task in which neutral stimuli (colored circles) were associated with high or low social reward outcomes. Then, they had to detect a pedestrian or a roe deer in driving scenes with various levels of fog density. The social reward stimuli were displayed as distractors on the screen of a smartphone embedded in the pictures. The results showed a significant three-way interaction between FoMO, social reward distraction, and task difficulty. More precisely, under attention-demanding conditions (i.e., high-fog density), individual FoMO scores predicted attentional capture by social reward distractors, with longer reaction times (RTs) for high rather than low social reward distractors. These results highlight the importance to consider reward history and FoMO when investigating smartphone-based distraction. Limitations are discussed, notably regarding our sample characteristics (i.e., mainly young females) that might hamper the generalization of our findings to the overall population. Future research directions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Matias
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Michèle Colomb
- CEREMA, Equipe Recherche STI, Agence de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alice Normand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie Izaute
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laetitia Silvert
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Ortega CAC, Mariscal MA, Boulagouas W, Herrera S, Espinosa JM, García-Herrero S. Effects of Mobile Phone Use on Driving Performance: An Experimental Study of Workload and Traffic Violations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18137101. [PMID: 34281034 PMCID: PMC8297239 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of communication technologies, e.g., mobile phones, has increased dramatically in recent years, and their use among drivers has become a great risk to traffic safety. The present study assessed the workload and road ordinary violations, utilizing driving data collected from 39 young participants who underwent a dual-task while driving a simulator, i.e., respond to a call, text on WhatsApp, and check Instagram. Findings confirmed that there are significant differences in the driving performance of young drivers in terms of vehicle control (i.e., lateral distance and hard shoulder line violations) between distracted and non-distracted drivers. Furthermore, the overall workload score of young drivers increases with the use of their mobile phones while driving. The obtained results contribute to a better understanding of the driving performance of distracted young drivers and thus they could be useful for further improvements to traffic safety strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Catalina Ortega
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (C.A.C.O.); (M.A.M.); (W.B.); (J.M.E.)
| | - Miguel A. Mariscal
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (C.A.C.O.); (M.A.M.); (W.B.); (J.M.E.)
| | - Wafa Boulagouas
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (C.A.C.O.); (M.A.M.); (W.B.); (J.M.E.)
| | - Sixto Herrera
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada y Ciencias de la Computación, ETS de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain;
| | - Juan M. Espinosa
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (C.A.C.O.); (M.A.M.); (W.B.); (J.M.E.)
| | - Susana García-Herrero
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (C.A.C.O.); (M.A.M.); (W.B.); (J.M.E.)
- Correspondence:
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Jamil A, Tabassum S, Younis MW, Khan AH, Rehman ZU, Sanaullah I. Analytical study to find the impacts of using a mobile phone on driver's inattentions while driving - A case study of Lahore. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 157:106132. [PMID: 34000677 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The road traffic injuries are one of the leading cause of death in children and young adults according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The risk of a crash increases approximately four times for drivers using mobile phones during driving. This study investigates the importance of different factors affecting the driver's choice to use mobile phones for conversation during driving in Lahore, Pakistan. A questionnaire survey was conducted to check the tendency of mobile phone usage during driving from different locations of the city. Participants were asked to indicate frequency, risk, importance and emotionality of ten different conversations. A Structural Equation Model (SEM), similar to a previous study, conducted in Beijing, was developed for the frequency of calling and texting during driving with perceived risk of calling and texting, perceived importance and emotionality as predictors. The frequency of different conversations shows that perceived importance of the call mainly influences the driver's choice to make a call during driving in Lahore. The result of the model show that perceived risk has a significant negative effect on driver's decision to call or text in Lahore, similarly to Beijing. The results also indicates that drivers prefer calling on mobile phones in comparison to texting during driving in Lahore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Jamil
- Department of Transportation Engineering and Management, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Saadia Tabassum
- Department of Transportation Engineering and Management, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan.
| | | | - Ammad Hassan Khan
- Department of Transportation Engineering and Management, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Zia Ur Rehman
- Department of Transportation Engineering and Management, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Irum Sanaullah
- Department of Transportation Engineering and Management, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan.
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Effect Evaluation of Forward Collision Warning System Using IoT Log and Virtual Driving Simulation Data. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11136045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) are primarily known for their positive impact in improving the safety of drivers. Previous studies primarily analyzed the positive effects of ADAS with short-term experiments and accident data without considering the long-term changes in drivers’ safety perception. The human factor is the most dominant among factors that cause traffic accidents, and safety effect evaluation should be performed considering changes in human errors. To this end, this study classified the safety effect of ADAS-forward collision warning (FCW) on taxi drivers in Seoul into behavioral control and attitude change to perform analysis on respective factors. With regard to behavioral control, virtual driving simulation was used to analyze the reaction time of drivers and deceleration rate, and for attitude change, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series analysis was employed to predict the long-term perception change of drivers. The analysis results indicated that, in terms of behavioral control, ADAS-FCW reduces the cognitive reaction time of drivers in risk situations on the road, similar to the findings in previous studies. However, in terms of attitude change, ADAS-FCW has the adverse long-term effect of increasing violations in maintaining safety distance in the case of nighttime-drivers under 60 years old. As can be seen from these results, new technologies in the road safety arena can have a short-term effect of improving safety with behavioral control but may have a negative impact in the long term. The results of this study are expected to provide a theoretical basis for reference in the safety evaluation of ADAS and traffic safety facilities.
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Haghani M, Bliemer MCJ, Farooq B, Kim I, Li Z, Oh C, Shahhoseini Z, MacDougall H. Applications of brain imaging methods in driving behaviour research. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 154:106093. [PMID: 33770719 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Applications of neuroimaging methods have substantially contributed to the scientific understanding of human factors during driving by providing a deeper insight into the neuro-cognitive aspects of driver brain. This has been achieved by conducting simulated (and occasionally, field) driving experiments while collecting driver brain signals of various types. Here, this sector of studies is comprehensively reviewed at both macro and micro scales. At the macro scale, bibliometric aspects of these studies are analysed. At the micro scale, different themes of neuroimaging driving behaviour research are identified and the findings within each theme are synthesised. The surveyed literature has reported on applications of four major brain imaging methods. These include Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Electroencephalography (EEG), Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) and Magnetoencephalography (MEG), with the first two being the most common methods in this domain. While collecting driver fMRI signal has been particularly instrumental in studying neural correlates of intoxicated driving (e.g. alcohol or cannabis) or distracted driving, the EEG method has been predominantly utilised in relation to the efforts aiming at development of automatic fatigue/drowsiness detection systems, a topic to which the literature on neuro-ergonomics of driving particularly has shown a spike of interest within the last few years. The survey also reveals that topics such as driver brain activity in semi-automated settings or neural activity of drivers with brain injuries or chronic neurological conditions have by contrast been investigated to a very limited extent. Potential topics in driving behaviour research are identified that could benefit from the adoption of neuroimaging methods in future studies. In terms of practicality, while fMRI and MEG experiments have proven rather invasive and technologically challenging for adoption in driving behaviour research, EEG and fNIRS applications have been more diverse. They have even been tested beyond simulated driving settings, in field driving experiments. Advantages and limitations of each of these four neuroimaging methods in the context of driving behaviour experiments are outlined in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Haghani
- Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies, The University of Sydney Business School, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructure and Land Administration (CSDILA), School of Electrical, Mechanical and Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Michiel C J Bliemer
- Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies, The University of Sydney Business School, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bilal Farooq
- Laboratory of Innovations in Transportation, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Inhi Kim
- Institute of Transport Studies, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, VIC, Australia; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhibin Li
- School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheol Oh
- Department of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Hanyang University, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hamish MacDougall
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
Driver distraction is a major problem nowadays, contributing to many deaths, injuries, and economic losses. Despite the effort that has been made to minimize these impacts, considering the technological evolution, distraction at the wheel has tended to increase. Not only tech-related tasks but every task that captures a driver’s attention has impacts on road safety. Moreover, driver behavior and characteristics are known to be heterogeneous, leading to a distinct driving performance, which is a challenge in the road safety perspective. This study aimed to capture the effects of drivers’ personal aspects and habits on their distraction behavior. Following a within-subjects approach, a convenience sample of 50 drivers was exposed to three unexpected events reproduced in a driving simulator. Drivers’ reactions were evaluated through three distinct models: a Lognormal Model to make analyze the visual distraction, a Binary Logit Model to explore the adopted type of reaction, and a Parametric Survival Model to study the reaction times. The research outcomes revealed that drivers’ behavior and perceived workload were distinct when they were engaged in specific secondary tasks and for distinct drivers’ personal attributes and habits. Age and type of distraction showed statistical significance regarding the visual behavior. Moreover, reaction times were consistently related to gender, BMI, sleep patterns, speed, habits while driving, and type of distraction. The habit of engaging in secondary tasks while driving resulted in a cumulative better performance.
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Kalantari AH, Monavar Yazdi S, Hill T, Mohammadzadeh Moghaddam A, Ayati E, Sullman MJM. Psychosocial factors associated with the self-reported frequency of cell phone use while driving in Iran. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249827. [PMID: 33882099 PMCID: PMC8059850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell phone use while driving is a common contributing factor in thousands of road traffic injuries every year globally. Despite extensive research investigating the risks associated with cell phone use while driving, social media campaigns to raise public awareness and a number of laws banning phone use while driving, this behaviour remains prevalent throughout the world. The current study was conducted in Iran, where road traffic injuries are the leading causes of death and disability, and where drivers continue to use their cell phones, despite legislative bans restricting this behaviour. A total of 255 drivers in the city of Mashhad (male = 66.3%; mean age = 30.73 years; SD = 9.89) completed either an online or a paper-based survey assessing the self-reported frequency of using a cell phone while driving. Psychosocial factors contributing to cell phone use while driving and support for legislation restricting this behaviour, as well as the Big Five personality traits, were also measured. Overall, the results showed that almost 93% of drivers use their cell phones while driving at least once a week, with 32.5% reporting they always use their cell phones while driving. Ordinal logistic regression revealed that the presence of a child passenger, age, perceived benefits and risks of using cell phones while driving, as well as the perceived ability to drive safely while using a cell phone, were strongly associated with the frequency of cell phone use while driving. As for personality traits-extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness significantly predicted the frequency of cell phone use in this sample of Iranian drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tetiana Hill
- Hertfordshire Business School, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Abolfazl Mohammadzadeh Moghaddam
- Department of Civil Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Techno-Economic Road Safety Research Center, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Esmaeel Ayati
- Techno-Economic Road Safety Research Center, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Turnbull PRK, Khanal S, Dakin SC. The effect of cellphone position on driving and gaze behaviour. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7692. [PMID: 33833300 PMCID: PMC8032768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Legislation frequently restricts the use of cellphones while driving. Despite this, many people continue to interact with cellphones covertly while driving, typically by concealing their device in their lap. This strategy leads to frequent diversion of the drivers' gaze from the road ahead, potentially reducing their driving performance. To evaluate the influence of cellphone use on driving, 30 participants took part in three randomly ordered 7-min virtual reality driving simulations. In each condition, drivers were presented with either (a) no cellphone, (b) a cellphone fixed to the windscreen, or (c) a cellphone positioned at lap level. Their task was to maintain road position and observe speed limits while answering maths problems (delivered intermittently via 'text message') and searching for external target objects. Outcome measures included speed, lane position standard deviation (LPSD), and fixation behaviour, which were compared between trials. In trials where a cellphone was present, participants shifted fixation more frequently, drove approximately 6 km/h faster, exhibited a lower LPSD and spent more time in the correct lane on the road (compared to the no-cellphone condition; all p < 0.001). Cellphone position influenced eye gaze behaviour, with drivers looking at the cellphone less frequently, and the speedometer more frequently. when the cellphone was in their lap compared to when the cellphone was positioned on the windscreen. Our results are consistent with participants driving more cautiously-checking speed and lane position more frequently-when they have a cellphone in the lap. Real-world driving data would be useful to determine whether this change in driving behaviour we observed is sufficient to offset the increased risk introduced by spending less time looking at the road ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Safal Khanal
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1716 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Steven C Dakin
- University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd., Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
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Iio K, Guo X, Lord D. Examining driver distraction in the context of driving speed: An observational study using disruptive technology and naturalistic data. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 153:105983. [PMID: 33618100 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.105983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Considering the number of people who have been involved in crashes associated with driver distractions, it is important to understand the characteristics of distracted driving on public roadways. While experiments have indicated that driver distractions are associated with slower driving speeds, the methodologies tend to have limited external validity. Observational studies are often conducted under limited circumstances - be it time or location. Therefore, in order to better understand the nature of driver distractions, the authors investigated the relationships between driving speed, posted speed limits, and phone handling frequency through naturalistic driving data obtained (via disruptive technology) from 8,240 mobile application users on state-maintained highways throughout Texas. As a measure of manual distractions, a phone handling rate (PHR; times/hours driven) was calculated based on phone rotations. Within-subject comparisons were drawn for driving speed and posted speed limits under normal driving conditions and distracted conditions. The analysis revealed a strong negative correlation between PHR and driving speed (rs = -0.87). Paired t-tests revealed significantly lower driving speeds (p = 0.000 < 0.01, d = -0.48, η = 0.69) and posted speed limits (p = 0.000 < 0.01, d = -0.20, η = 0.42) during phone handling events when compared to driving without phone handling. On average, users drove 3.26 mph slower in distracted conditions than in undistracted conditions. Driving speed had a larger effect size than posted speed limits. The findings were in line with existing theories and experiments as well as other observational studies conducted at fixed locations. Although this research did not reveal causal relations, it is noteworthy that speed reduction with manual distractions was observed under real road conditions. Spatial analyses are recommended to conduct in order to paint a more thorough picture of speed reduction, its relationship to space, and crash risks related to distracted driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Iio
- Traf-IQ, Inc., 14811 St. Mary's Lane, Suite 180, Houston, TX, 77079, United States.
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3136, United States.
| | - Dominique Lord
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3136, United States.
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Pope CN, Nwosu A, Rudisill TM, Zhu M. Support for distracted driving laws: An analysis of adolescent drivers from the Traffic Safety Culture Index from 2011 to 2017. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH. PART F, TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR 2021; 78:424-432. [PMID: 34616221 PMCID: PMC8489580 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescent drivers are often the focus of traffic safety legislation as they are at increased risk for crash-related injury and death. However, the degree to which adolescents support distracted driving laws and factors contributing to their support are relatively unknown. Using a large, nationally weighted sample of adolescent drivers in the United States, we assessed if perceived threat from other road users' engagement in distracted driving, personal engagement in distracted driving behaviors, and the presence of state distracted driving laws was associated with support for distracted driving laws. METHODS The sample included 3565 adolescents (aged 16-18) who participated in the Traffic Safety Culture Index survey from 2011 to 2017. A modified Poisson regression model with robust errors was fit to the weighted data to examine support for distracted driving laws. Models included age, gender, year, state distracted driving laws, personal engagement in distracted driving behavior, and perceived threat from other road users' engaging in distracted driving. RESULTS Approximately 87% of adolescents supported a law against texting and emailing compared to 66% who supported a universal handheld cellphone law. Support for distracted driving legislation was associated with greater perceived threat of other road users engaging in distracted driving while accounting for personal engagement in distracted driving, state distracted driving laws, and developmental covariates. DISCUSSION Greater understanding of the factors behind legislative support is needed. Public health interventions focused on effectively translating the risks of cellphone use while driving and effective policy will further improve the traffic safety culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin N. Pope
- Graduate Center for Gerontology, Department of Health, Behavior & Society, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Ann Nwosu
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| | - Toni M. Rudisill
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Motao Zhu
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
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How to Detect Altruists: Experiments Using a Zero-Acquaintance Video Presentation Paradigm. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-020-00352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this study, we investigated the cognitive processes and nonverbal cues used to detect altruism in three experiments based on a zero-acquaintance video presentation paradigm. Cognitive mechanisms of altruism detection are thought to have evolved in humans to prevent subtle cheating. Several studies have demonstrated that people can correctly estimate levels of altruism in others. In this study, we asked participants to distinguish altruists from non-altruists in video clips using the Faith game. Participants decided whether they could trust allocation of money to the targets who were videotaped while talking to the experimenter. In our first experiment, we asked the participants to play the Faith game under cognitive load. The accuracy of altruism detection was not reduced when participants simultaneously performed a cognitive task, suggesting that altruist detection is rapid and effortless. In the second experiment, we investigated the effects of affective status on the accuracy of altruism detection. Compared with participants in a positive mood, those in a negative mood were more hesitant to trust videotaped targets. However, the accuracy with which altruism levels were detected did not change when we manipulated participants’ moods. In the third experiment, we investigated the facial cues by which participants detected altruists. Participants could not detect altruists when the upper half of the target’s face was hidden, suggesting that judgment cues exist around the eyes. We also conducted a meta-analysis on the effect size in each experimental condition to verify the robustness of altruism detection ability.
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Brodeur M, Ruer P, Léger PM, Sénécal S. Smartwatches are more distracting than mobile phones while driving: Results from an experimental study. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 149:105846. [PMID: 33181456 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of smartwatches raises a number of questions about their potential for distraction in situations where sustained attention is paramount, like driving a motor vehicle. Our research examines distraction caused by smartwatch use in comparison to mobile phone use while driving. It also studies the difference in distractions caused by inbound text messages versus inbound voice messages, and outbound replies through text messages versus outbound voice replies. A within-subject experiment was conducted in a driving simulator where 31 participants received and answered text messages under four conditions: they received notifications (1) on a mobile phone, (2) on a smartwatch, and (3) on a speaker, and then responded orally to these messages. They also (4) received messages in a "texting" condition where they had to reply through text to the notifications. Eye tracking gaze distribution results show that participants were more distracted in the smartwatch condition than in the mobile phone condition, they were less distracted in the speaker condition than in the phone condition, and they were more distracted in the texting condition than in any of the others. The participants' driving performance remained the same in all conditions except in the texting condition, wherein it became worse. Eye tracking and pupillometry results suggest that participants' mental workload might be lower in the texting condition than in the other three conditions, although this result might be caused by a higher number of glances at the device in that condition. This study contributes to a better understanding of the distraction potential of smartwatches as well as identifying vocal assistants as the least distracting way of communicating while driving a vehicle. Industry leaders could become a key factor in informing the public of the smartwatch's potential for distraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Brodeur
- Tech3Lab, HEC Montréal 5540 Ave Louis Colin, Montréal, Quebec, H3T 2A7, Canada.
| | - Perrine Ruer
- Tech3Lab, HEC Montréal 5540 Ave Louis Colin, Montréal, Quebec, H3T 2A7, Canada.
| | | | - Sylvain Sénécal
- Tech3Lab, HEC Montréal 5540 Ave Louis Colin, Montréal, Quebec, H3T 2A7, Canada.
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50
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Xu J, Zhang X, Liu H, Yang K, Ma F, Li H, Sun Y. Physiological indices and driving performance of drivers at tunnel entrances and exits: A simulated driving study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243931. [PMID: 33332428 PMCID: PMC7746149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The entrance and exit sections of a tunnel are the accident black-spots in an expressway. For a safe operation of road tunnels, it is necessary to understand a driver's physiological indices and driving performance when driving through tunnels. In this study, the UC-Win/Road simulation software was used to build 12 tunnel models of different lengths. A simulated driving experiment was carried out in a 6-DoF motion platform. The lateral position of vehicles characterizing the driving performance was measured using the motion platform. Electrocardiogram and eye movement data of 25 recruited drivers were collected simultaneously through the experiment. The spatial changes in a driver's heart rate (HR) growth rate, RMSSD, pupil diameter growth rate and vehicle lateral deviation within 300 m before and after the tunnel entrance and exit were analyzed to determine the variation rules in the different tunnels. The study identified the length range in the tunnel entrance and exit sections that influences the drivers. A quantitative analysis was further carried out to analyze the relationship between the physiological indices and the driving performance indicator. The results showed that a driver's heart rate fluctuates significantly 250 m before the tunnel entrance and 50 m before the exit. In this region, the pupil diameter increases gradually, and drivers tend to shift the vehicle to the left. At the tunnel exit, the HR and RMSSD are affected significantly by the tunnel length, and the variation is higher in longer tunnels. In comparison, the tunnel length has no significant effect on the physiological indicators and driving performance of the drivers at the entrance and exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Xu
- School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaige Yang
- School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- China Railway First Survey and Design Institute Group Company Limited, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fangchen Ma
- School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haoru Li
- School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yufei Sun
- School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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