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Hasan R, Watson B, Haworth N, Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Bates L. How do perceptions of procedural justice, police legitimacy, and legitimacy of laws influence intentions to drug drive? JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2024; 90:86-99. [PMID: 39251301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a need for improved drug driving enforcement to promote greater driver compliance with drug driving laws. In Australia, Roadside Drug Testing (RDT) suffers from operational challenges that undermine its effectiveness in reducing drug driving. OBJECTIVE To identify potential improvements to RDT, this study investigated the extent to which drivers perceive RDT to be procedurally just and that the policing of drug driving and the associated laws are legitimate. These perceptions were then compared with those applying to Random Breath Testing (RBT) and examined in relation to their respective influence on intentions to drug and drink drive in the future. METHOD A sample of 1,483 licensed drivers from three Australian states completed an online survey. RESULTS Those participants who reported engaging in drug driving perceived RDT to be less procedurally just than non-drug drivers. Similarly, drug drivers perceived the police and associated drug driving laws to be less legitimate than non-drug drivers. Furthermore, drug drivers who had been tested at an RDT operation in the past perceived RDT to be less procedurally just and considered drug driving policing and laws to be less legitimate, compared with the corresponding perceptions of drink drivers who had been tested at an RBT operation. A regression analysis indicated that stronger intentions to drug drive in the future were associated with lower perceptions of police legitimacy and the legitimacy of drug driving laws, but not with the elements of procedural justice. However, follow-up analyses indicated that the influence of procedural justice on intentions was mediated by the two legitimacy variables, thus weakening its direct impact on intentions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The results highlight the need for road safety authorities to enhance the perceived legitimacy of drug driving enforcement and associated laws. Changes to current police practices and/or drug-driving laws may also be needed to enhance the effectiveness of RDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razi Hasan
- Western Australian Centre for Road Safety Research, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety- Queensland (CARRS-Q), K Block, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Barry Watson
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety- Queensland (CARRS-Q), K Block, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Narelle Haworth
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety- Queensland (CARRS-Q), K Block, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Section of Safety and Security Science, Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Lyndel Bates
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice and Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Messines Ridge Road, Mt Gravatt, QLD 4122, Australia.
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Factor R, Sher M. Examining enforcement coverage for speeding and red-light offenses across various populations and driver characteristics. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2023; 192:107259. [PMID: 37567145 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the years empirical evidence has shown that traffic enforcement reduces traffic violations, crashes, and casualties. However, less attention has been paid to enforcement coverage across different populations and driver characteristics. The current study develops and explores a method for estimating police enforcement coverage, by comparing the share of drivers across several characteristics who received tickets from automatic speed and red-light cameras - as an objective estimate of offenses committed - to the share of drivers who received tickets through manual police enforcement. Using data from all speeding and red-light tickets issued to Israelis over a period of one and a half years, we found under-enforcement by police officers for female drivers, two-wheeled vehicle drivers (for speeding), and drivers with previous tickets. We found over-enforcement for younger drivers, truck drivers, and two-wheeled vehicle drivers (for red-light offenses). The findings suggest that the method developed in the research is able to identify groups of drivers who are over- or under-enforced. Police authorities can use this information to create evidence-based enforcement policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Factor
- Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Mali Sher
- R & D Department, Israel Traffic Police, Israel; Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Technology Management, HIT - Holon Institute of Technology, Israel
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Investigatingdistance halo effect of fixed automated speed camera based on taxi GPS trajectory data. JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING (ENGLISH EDITION) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Savigar-Shaw L, Wells H, Briggs G. Taking the right course: The possibilities and challenges of offering alternatives to prosecution for drivers detected using mobile phones while driving. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2022; 173:106710. [PMID: 35588589 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a considerable body of literature that outlines the dangers of mobile phone use by drivers. However, there is very little research that explores the role and effectiveness of attempts to tackle this specific road user problem. Generally, normative motives are more likely to generate compliance with traffic law, and are more likely to be developed through approaches which focus on engagement and education. There would seem to be little potential for them to be developed through the use of penalty points and fines, which rely on more instrumental logic. Nonetheless, the decision was made in the UK in recent years to cease offering 'courses' (inputs to detected phone-using drivers offered as an alternative to prosecution) for mobile phone offences. This decision was made despite a lack of evidence one way or another about their effectiveness in tackling both handheld mobile phone use and handsfree mobile phone distraction - a form of distraction not explicitly covered in law. This research project aimed to explore driver education as an alternative to prosecution for mobile phone use while driving offences, focusing on perceptions and experiences of one particular educational intervention. This paper draws on 46 semi-structured interviews with those involved in delivering a specific intervention aimed at reducing handheld mobile phone use by drivers that was previously offered as an alternative to prosecution in the UK; the police officers identifying offenders for referral to such courses, those delivering the intervention, drivers attending the course as an alternative to prosecution and members of the public attending the course as general education. Four key themes, with underpinning subthemes, emerged; 1) Police officer discretion and control over entry into the criminal justice system 2) Police-public interactions, 3) Course experiences, and 4) Post-course considerations. Firstly, police officer discretion is an important determinant of criminal justice system outcome, based on subjective rather than legal decisions about whether or not to report drivers for an offence. Secondly, police officers negotiate encounters with road users using the avoidance of prosecution as a way of diffusing difficult conversations, sometimes by offering a course as a preferable alternative to prosecution, sometimes by encouraging handsfree phone use. Thirdly, course attendance provides an opportunity to develop both normative alignment through increased understanding of police work, and to appreciate a range of instrumental consequences associated with mobile phone use. Both self-reportedly impacted upon mobile phone use while driving. Finally, post-course considerations emphasised a focus on who should be offered courses as an alternative to prosecution, focusing upon desires for both punitive and rehabilitative responses to mobile phone using drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Savigar-Shaw
- School of Justice, Security and Sustainability, Ashley 2, Staffordshire University, ST4 2DF, UK.
| | - Helen Wells
- School of Social, Political and Global Studies, University of Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5AT, UK
| | - Gemma Briggs
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, The Open University, Gardiner 2 Building, Room 006, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
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Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Watson B. Navigation apps are becoming a threat to road safety (beyond distraction). Inj Prev 2021; 27:103. [PMID: 33753459 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2020-044012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Barry Watson
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Bates L, Scott-Parker B, Darvell M, Watson B. Provisional drivers' perceptions of the impact of displaying P plates. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2017; 18:820-825. [PMID: 28453311 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2017.1322697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE P plates (or decals) identify a driver's license status to other road users. They are a compulsory part of the graduated driver licensing system in Queensland, Australia, for drivers on a P1 (provisional 1) or P2 (provisional 2) license. This study explored the perceptions of young drivers regarding the display of P plates (decals) in Queensland, Australia. METHODS In this study, 226 young drivers with a provisional (intermediate/restricted) license completed a 30-min online survey between October 2013 and June 2014. t Tests were used to compare the opinions of people who displayed their plates nearly always with those who displayed them less frequently. RESULTS Participants approved of the requirement to display P plates with 69% of those on a P1 license and 79% on a P2 license supporting the condition to display P1 (red) plates. Participants on a P1 license (62%) and a P2 license (68%) also approved the requirement to display P2 (green) plates. However, young drivers also perceived that the display of P plates (measured from 1 = never to 5 = nearly all the time) enabled newly licensed drivers to be targeted by police and other drivers (those who do not always display P plates: M = 3.72, SD = 0.94; those who nearly always display P plates: M = 3.43, SD = 1.09). CONCLUSIONS The study findings suggest that participants who nearly always display their P plates are more likely to report that having to display their plates resulted in them driving more carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndel Bates
- a School of Criminology and Criminal Justice and Griffith Criminology Institute , Griffith University , Brisbane , Australia
- b Queensland University of Technology, Centre of Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q) , Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Bridie Scott-Parker
- c Adolescent Risk Research Unit (ARRU), Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience-Thompson Institute , University of the Sunshine Coast , Queensland , Australia
- d School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Business, and Law , University of the Sunshine Coast , Queensland , Australia
- e Sustainability Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Business , University of the Sunshine Coast , Queensland , Australia
| | - Millie Darvell
- b Queensland University of Technology, Centre of Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q) , Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Barry Watson
- b Queensland University of Technology, Centre of Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q) , Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation , Brisbane , Australia
- f Global Road Safety Partnership , Geneva , Switzerland
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Scott-Parker B, Oviedo-Trespalacios O. Young driver risky behaviour and predictors of crash risk in Australia, New Zealand and Colombia: Same but different? ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 99:30-38. [PMID: 27865138 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Young drivers remain overrepresented in road crashes around the world, with road injury the leading cause of death among adolescents. In addition, the majority of road traffic crashes, fatalities and injuries occur in low- and middle-income countries. All young drivers are at risk due to a breadth of age- and inexperience-related factors; however it is well recognised that young drivers may also intentionally engage in risky driving behaviours which increase their crash risk. The aim of this paper is to examine the self-reported risky driving behaviour of young drivers in Australia, New Zealand (high-income countries), and Colombia (middle-income country), and to explore the utility of a crash risk assessment model in these three countries. Young drivers aged 16-25 years completed the Behaviour of Young Novice Drivers Scale (BYNDS), in addition to self-reporting crash involvement and driving offences. A hierarchical segmentation analysis via decision trees was used to study the relationship between self-reported crashes and risky driving. Young drivers in Colombia reported more risky driving than young drivers in New Zealand, and considerably more risky driving than young drivers in Australia. Significant differences among and across countries in individual BYNDS items were found, and 23.5% of all participants reported they had been involved in a road crash. Handheld mobile phone usage was the strongest predictor of crashes, followed by driving after drinking alcohol, and carrying friends as passengers. Country of origin predicted mobile phone usage, with New Zealand and Colombia grouped in the same decision tree branch which implies no significant differences in the behaviour between these countries. Despite cultural differences in licensing programs and enforcement, young drivers reported engaging in a similar breadth of risky behaviours. Road crashes were explained by mobile phone usage, drink driving and driving with passengers, suggesting interventions should target these three risk factors. Whilst New Zealand and Australia have implemented graduated driver licensing programs, are geographical neighbours, and are high-income countries, the finding that behaviours of young drivers in New Zealand and Colombia were more similar than those of young drivers in New Zealand and Australia merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridie Scott-Parker
- Adolescent Risk Research Unit (ARRU), Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience - Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), Australia; Sustainability Research Centre (SRC), Faculty of Arts, Business and Law, University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), Australia; School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Business and Law, University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), Australia; Consortium of Adolescent Road Safety (CADROSA), Australia.
| | - Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
- Consortium of Adolescent Road Safety (CADROSA), Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical innovation (IHBI), Australia; Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Colombia
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