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La Rocca P, Lavota I, Piccoli M, Cirillo F, Ghiroldi A, Ciconte G, Pappone C, Allevi P, Rota P, Anastasia L. Analysis of the intramolecular 1,7-lactone of N-acetylneuraminic acid using HPLC-MS: relationship between detection and stability. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:343-354. [PMID: 37084126 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
A subclass of the sialic acid family consists of intramolecular lactones that may function as key indicators of physiological and pathological states. However, the existence of these compounds in free form is highly improbable, since they are unlikely to exist in an aqueous solution due to their lability. Current analytical method used to detect them in biological fluids has not recognized their reactivity in solution and is prone to misidentification. However, recent advances in synthetic methods for 1,7-lactones have allowed the preparation of these sialic acid derivatives as authentic reference standards. We report here the development of a new HPLC-MS method for the simultaneous detection of the 1,7-lactone of N-acetylneuraminic acid, its γ-lactone derivative, and N-acetylneuraminic acid that overcomes the limitations of the previous analytical procedure for their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo La Rocca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, Milan, 20097, Italy
| | - Ivana Lavota
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, Milan, 20097, Italy
| | - Marco Piccoli
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, Milan, 20097, Italy
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, 20097, Italy
| | - Federica Cirillo
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, Milan, 20097, Italy
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, 20097, Italy
| | - Andrea Ghiroldi
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, Milan, 20097, Italy
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, 20097, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ciconte
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, Milan, 20097, Italy
- Arrhythmology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, 20097, Italy
| | - Carlo Pappone
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, Milan, 20097, Italy
- Arrhythmology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, 20097, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Allevi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Paola Rota
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, Milan, 20097, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Luigi Anastasia
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, Milan, 20097, Italy.
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, 20097, Italy.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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2
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Deng KQ, Huang X, Lei F, Zhang XJ, Zhang P, She ZG, Cai J, Ji YX, Li H. Role of hepatic lipid species in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C630-C639. [PMID: 35759443 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00123.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common liver disease due to the global pandemic of metabolic diseases. Dysregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism plays a central role in the initiation and progression of NAFLD. With the advancement of lipidomics, an increasing number of lipid species and underlying mechanisms associating hepatic lipid components have been revealed. Therefore, the focus of this mini-review is to highlight the links between hepatic lipid species and their mechanisms mediating the pathogenesis of NAFLD. We first summarized the interplay between NAFLD and hepatic lipid disturbances. Next, we focused on reviewing the role of saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, oxidized phospholipids, and their respective intermediates in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. The mechanisms by which monounsaturated fatty acids and other pro-resolving mediators exert protective effects are also addressed. Finally, we further discussed the implication of different analysis approaches in lipidomic. Evolving insights into the pathophysiology of NAFLD will provide the opportunity for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qiong Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Center Hospital of Huanggang, Huanggang, China.,Huanggang Institute of Translation Medicine, Huanggang, China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuewei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Lei
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan-Xiao Ji
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Huanggang Institute of Translation Medicine, Huanggang, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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3
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Rota P, La Rocca P, Allevi P, Pappone C, Anastasia L. Intramolecular Lactones of Sialic Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8098. [PMID: 33143039 PMCID: PMC7663150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The so-called "sialo-chemical-biology" has become an attractive research area, as an increasing number of natural products containing a sialic acid moiety have been shown to play important roles in biological, pathological, and immunological processes. The intramolecular lactones of sialic acids are a subclass from this crucial family that could have central functions in the discrimination of physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we report an in-depth analysis of the synthetic achievements in the preparation of the intramolecular lactones of sialic acids (1,4-, 1,7- and γ-lactones), in their free and/or protected form. In particular, recent advances in the synthesis of the 1,7-lactones have allowed the preparation of key sialic acid derivatives. These compounds could be used as authentic reference standards for their correct determination in biological samples, thus overcoming some of the limitations of the previous analytical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rota
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Paolo La Rocca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Pietro Allevi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Carlo Pappone
- Arrhythmology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Anastasia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
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4
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Wu Z, Bagarolo GI, Thoröe-Boveleth S, Jankowski J. "Lipidomics": Mass spectrometric and chemometric analyses of lipids. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:294-307. [PMID: 32553782 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are ubiquitous in the human organism and play essential roles as components of cell membranes and hormones, for energy storage or as mediators of cell signaling pathways. As crucial mediators of the human metabolism, lipids are also involved in metabolic diseases, cardiovascular and renal diseases, cancer and/or hepatological and neurological disorders. With rapidly growing evidence supporting the impact of lipids on both the genesis and progression of these diseases as well as patient wellbeing, the characterization of the human lipidome has gained high interest and importance in life sciences and clinical diagnostics within the last 15 years. This is mostly due to technically advanced molecular identification and quantification methods, mainly based on mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry has become one of the most powerful tools for the identification of lipids. New lipidic mediators or biomarkers of diseases can be analysed by state-of-the art mass spectrometry techniques supported by sophisticated bioinformatics and biostatistics. The lipidomic approach has developed dramatically in the realm of life sciences and clinical diagnostics due to the available mass spectrometric methods and in particular due to the adaptation of biostatistical methods in recent years. Therefore, the current knowledge of lipid extraction methods, mass-spectrometric approaches, biostatistical data analysis, including workflows for the interpretation of lipidomic high-throughput data, are reviewed in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojun Wu
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Giulia Ilaria Bagarolo
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sven Thoröe-Boveleth
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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5
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Porfírio S, Carlson RW, Azadi P. Elucidating Peptidoglycan Structure: An Analytical Toolset. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:607-622. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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6
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Purification of the exopolysaccharide produced by Alteromonas infernus: identification of endotoxins and effective process to remove them. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017. [PMID: 28646448 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alteromonas infernus bacterium isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents can produce by fermentation a high molecular weight exopolysaccharide (EPS) called GY785. This EPS described as a new source of glycosaminoglycan-like molecule presents a great potential for pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications. However, this unusual EPS is secreted by a Gram-negative bacterium and can be therefore contaminated by endotoxins, in particular the lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Biochemical and chemical analyses of the LPS extracted from A. infernus membranes have shown the lack of the typical LPS architecture since 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid (Kdo), glucosamine (GlcN), and phosphorylated monosaccharides were not present. Unlike for other Gram-negative bacteria, the results revealed that the outer membrane of A. infernus bacterium is most likely composed of peculiar glycolipids. Furthermore, the presence of these glycolipids was also detected in the EPS batches produced by fermentation. Different purification and chemical detoxification methods were evaluated to efficiently purify the EPS. Only the method based on a differential solubility of EPS and glycolipids in deoxycholate detergent showed the highest decrease in the endotoxin content. In contrast to the other tested methods, this new protocol can provide an effective method for obtaining endotoxin-free EPS without any important modification of its molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and sulfate content.
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7
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Rota P, Anastasia L, Allevi P. Elucidation of several neglected reactions in the GC-MS identification of sialic acids as heptafluorobutyrates calls for an urgent reassessment of previous claims. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4931-9. [PMID: 25813858 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00081e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The current analytical protocol used for the GC-MS determination of free or 1,7-lactonized natural sialic acids (Sias), as heptafluorobutyrates, overlooks several transformations. Using authentic reference standards and by combining GC-MS and NMR analyses, flaws in the analytical protocol were pinpointed and elucidated, thus establishing the scope and limitations of the method. It was demonstrated that (a) Sias 1,7-lactones, even if present in biological samples, decompose under the acidic hydrolysis conditions used for their release; (b) Sias 1,7-lactones are unpredicted artifacts, accidentally generated from their parent acids; (c) the N-acetyl group is quantitatively exchanged with that of the derivatizing perfluorinated anhydride; (d) the partial or complete failure of the Sias esterification-step with diazomethane leads to the incorrect quantification and structure attribution of all free Sias. While these findings prompt an urgent correction and improvement of the current analytical protocol, they could be instrumental for a critical revision of many incorrect claims reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rota
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, via Saldini 50, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
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8
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Rota P, Allevi P, Anastasia L. The Sialic Acids Waltz: Novel Stereoselective Isomerization of the 1,7-Lactones ofN-Acetylneuraminic Acids into the Corresponding γ-Lactones and Back to the Free Sialic Acids. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rota
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering; IRCCS Policlinico San Donato; San Donato 20097 Milan Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences; University of Milan; Via Saldini 50 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Pietro Allevi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences; University of Milan; Via Saldini 50 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Luigi Anastasia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health; University of Milan; Segrate 20090 Milan Italy
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering; IRCCS Policlinico San Donato; San Donato 20097 Milan Italy
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9
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Automated thermochemolysis reactor for detection of Bacillus anthracis endospores by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 775:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Ruiz-Matute AI, Hernández-Hernández O, Rodríguez-Sánchez S, Sanz ML, Martínez-Castro I. Derivatization of carbohydrates for GC and GC-MS analyses. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 879:1226-40. [PMID: 21186143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
GC and GC-MS are excellent techniques for the analysis of carbohydrates; nevertheless the preparation of adequate derivatives is necessary. The different functional groups that can be found and the diversity of samples require specific methods. This review aims to collect the most important methodologies currently used, either published as new procedures or as new applications, for the analysis of carbohydrates. A high diversity of compounds with diverse functionalities has been selected: neutral carbohydrates (saccharides and polyalcohols), sugar acids, amino and iminosugars, polysaccharides, glycosides, glycoconjugates, anhydrosugars, difructose anhydrides and products resulting of Maillard reaction (osuloses, Amadori compounds). Chiral analysis has also been considered, describing the use of diastereomers and derivatives to be eluted on chiral stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Ruiz-Matute
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales-CIAL (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Voloshin AG, Filippovich SY, Bachurina GP, Besaeva SG, Ignatov SG. Spectrophometric analysis of volatile compounds in microorganisms. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683810030099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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The exopolysaccharide (EPS) ultra structure ofStaphylococcus aureus: changes occurring in EPS resulting from exposure to physical and chemical food preservation practises in South Africa. ANN MICROBIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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13
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Influence of selected antimicrobials on the viability, endotoxicity and lipopolysaccharide composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34:419-23. [PMID: 19656661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This research focused on the influence of selected antimicrobial agents (AMAs) on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common causative agent of nosocomial infections. As LPS has been shown to play a role in attachment and virulence, the research is primarily aimed at shedding light on the response of these organisms to cleaning regimens in healthcare settings using various disinfectants. The endotoxicity and viability of the organisms following disinfection were further investigated via propagation in sublethal concentrations of the selected AMAs. The AMAs included a CIP chlorinated disinfectant, a heavy-duty alkaline detergent and a phenolic handwash solution. The effects of the antimicrobials on LPS both from intact cells and from debris were assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and a chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. Results indicated significant changes in the supramolecular structure of the O-polysaccharide when exposed to the AMAs. Adaptations occurred in both the total assessed saccharide and the lipid fractions, especially in the case of the heavy-duty alkaline detergent. Endotoxicity was found to be influenced by changes in the O-chain rather than the lipid fraction. The phenolic handwash and chlorine-based AMA treatments resulted in a slight decrease in the total amount of fatty acids in the LPS compared with saccharides, whereas the heavy-duty alkaline detergent resulted in a notable reduction in total saccharides. Microbial adaptation of the supramolecular structure of LPS may cause a reduction in membrane solubility of these organisms in an aqueous environment, thus affecting the organism's susceptibility to water-soluble AMAs as well as its ability to adhere to charged surfaces.
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14
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Loutelier-Bourhis C, Bardor M, Lange CM. Structural characterization of trimethylsilyl methyl glycosides derivatives by high-resolution mass spectrometry, linked scans and MIKE experiments. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 390:1853-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Bouchart F, Delangle A, Lemoine J, Bohin JP, Lacroix JM. Proteomic analysis of a non-virulent mutant of the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi deficient in osmoregulated periplasmic glucans: change in protein expression is not restricted to the envelope, but affects general metabolism. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:760-767. [PMID: 17322196 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/000372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (OPGs) are general constituents of the envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. They are required for full virulence of bacterial phytopathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae, Xanthomonas campestris and Erwinia chrysanthemi. E. chrysanthemi is a pectinolytic gamma-proteobacterium that causes soft rot disease on a wide range of plant species. In addition to the loss of virulence, opg mutants exhibit a pleiotropic phenotype that affects motility, bile-salt resistance, exoenzyme secretion, exopolysaccharide synthesis and membrane lipid composition. This is believed to be the first proteomic analysis of an OPG-defective mutant of E. chrysanthemi and it revealed that, in addition to the effects described, catabolic enzyme synthesis was enhanced and there was a greater abundance of some proteins catalysing the folding and degradation of proteins needed for various stress responses. Thus, in the opg mutant strain, loss of virulence was the result of a combination of envelope structure changes and cellular metabolism modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Bouchart
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR USTL-CNRS 8576 IFR 118, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Aurélie Delangle
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR USTL-CNRS 8576 IFR 118, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Lemoine
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR USTL-CNRS 8576 IFR 118, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bohin
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR USTL-CNRS 8576 IFR 118, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marie Lacroix
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR USTL-CNRS 8576 IFR 118, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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16
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Jha JK, Sinha S, Maiti MK, Basu A, Mukhopadhyay UK, Sen SK. Functional expression of an acyl carrier protein (ACP) from Azospirillum brasilense alters fatty acid profiles in Escherichia coli and Brassica juncea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2007; 45:490-500. [PMID: 17466529 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is a central cofactor for de novo fatty acid synthesis, acyl chain modification and chain-length termination during lipid biosynthesis in living organisms. Although the structural and functional organization of the ACPs in bacteria and plant are highly conserved, the individual ACP is engaged in the generation of sets of signature fatty acids required for specific purpose in bacterial cells and plant tissues. Realizing the fact that the bacterial ACP being originated early in molecular evolution is characteristically different from the plant's counterpart, we explored the property of an ACP from Azospirillum brasilense (Ab), a plant-associative aerobic bacterium, to find its role in changing the fatty acid profile in heterologous systems. Functional expression of Ab-ACP in Escherichia coli, an enteric bacterium, and Brassica juncea, an oil-seed crop plant, altered the fatty acid composition having predominantly 18-carbon acyl pool, reflecting the intrinsic nature of the ACP from A. brasilense which usually has C18:1 rich membrane lipid. In transgenic Brassica the prime increment was found for C18:3 in leaves; and C18:1 and C8:2 in seeds. Interestingly, the seed oil quality of the transgenic Brassica potentially improved for edible purposes, particularly with respect to the enhancement in the ratio of monounsaturated (C18:1)/saturated fatty acids, increment in the ratio of linoleic (C18:2)/linolenic (C18:3) and reduction of erucic acid (C22:1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti K Jha
- IIT-BREF Biotek, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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17
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Venter P, Abraham M, Lues JFR, Ivanov I. Influence of commercial sanitizers on lipopolysaccharide production by Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076. J Food Prot 2006; 69:2889-95. [PMID: 17186655 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.12.2889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of typical sanitizers on the composition and toxicity of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) produced by Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076 was analyzed. Salmonella Enteritidis was propagated up to the late exponential phase in the presence of commercial sanitizing solutions. LPS was extracted and derivatized with trifluoroacetylation, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and the chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay were used to assess the ultrastructure and toxicity of the LPS. The viability and debris formation during growth were evaluated to verify the bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of the sanitizers and to assess sanitizer effects on LPS formation. The LPSs produced were quantified at 1.7 x 10(4), 1.2 x 10(4), 3.6 x 10(3), and 9.6 x 10(4) [KDO] x OD(620nm)(-1) for the controls and the organisms grown in the presence of a chlorinated sanitizer, a heavy-duty alkaline cleaner, and a phenolic hand wash solution, respectively. In response to these treatments, the short-chain polysaccharide fractions of the LPSs in the Salmonella Enteritidis cells increased. This finding suggests that this organism increases the low-molecular-weight fraction of the LPS in relation to the high-molecular-weight fraction to survive these unfavorable conditions. The cumulative change in the LPS in response to the sanitizers influenced the toxicity of the LPS; however, this change could not be related to an individual compound within any of the assessed fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Venter
- School for Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, P/Bag X20539, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
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Venter P, Abraham M, Lues JFR, Ivanov I. The influence of sanitizers on the lipopolysaccharide composition of Escherichia coli O111. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 111:221-7. [PMID: 16859796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the influence of typical sanitizers on the composition of the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) produced by the verocytotoxin-producing (VTEC) Escherichia coli O111. We also aimed to cast light on the applicability of O-antigen-based serotyping and endotoxin based Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assays applied in the food industry for the identification and quantification of Gram-negative bacteria. E. coli O111 was propagated in the presence of three typical commercially applied sanitizing solutions that included a Clean in Place (CIP) chlorinated sanitizer (bacteriocidal), heavy-duty alkaline sanitizer (bacteriocidal) and a phenolic hand wash solution (bacteriostatic). After the required growth phase was reached the LPS from both the intact cells and debris was extracted and methanolysed followed by trifluoroacetylation. Subsequently GC-MS analysis and the chromogenic LAL assay were applied to assess both the ultra-structure and the toxicity of the extracted LPS. The viability and debris formation during growth was also evaluated to verify the bacteriocidial and static effect of the applied sanitizers as well as to assess its relationship with LPS formation. The total LPS produced was quantified at 1.3 x 10(6) [KDO] x OD(620 nm)(-1) for the control samples, 6.5 x 10(3) [KDO] x OD(620 nm)(-1) for E. coli grown in the presence of CIP chlorinated sanitizer and 2.1 x 10(5) and 2.85 x 10(6) [KDO] x OD(620 nm)(-1) for the organisms grown in the presence of heavy-duty alkaline sanitizer and phenolic hand wash solution respectively (KDO = 2-keto-3-deoxy-octulosonic acid). A negative correlation (gamma(2)= -0.880) between the [KDO] and Delta viability was evident and indicated that E. coli O111 responds to factors that hinder viability by producing more LPS in its outer membrane. Subsequent assessment of the LPS ultra-structure revealed a definite change in both the total assessed saccharide and lipid fractions. The cumulative change of the LPS in response to the sanitizers further appeared to influence the toxicity of the LPS as the latter change could not be related to an individual compound within any of the assessed fractions. This emphasised the fact that the quantity of LPS obtained from E. coli O111 in this study, did not seem to determine the toxicity of the organism. From the results we further propose a coefficient that could be applied to describe the response of E. coli O111 LPS to sanitizers and caution against the application of serotyping (based on the O-antigen) and the LAL assay to quantify and identify E. coli O111 obtained from food strata where the possibility of sanitizer contamination exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Venter
- School for Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, P/Bag X20539, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
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Inoue S, Kitajima K. KDN (Deaminated neuraminic acid): Dreamful past and exciting future of the newest member of the sialic acid family. Glycoconj J 2006; 23:277-90. [PMID: 16897172 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-6484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
KDN is an abbreviation for 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid, and its natural occurrence was revealed in 1986 by a research group including the present authors. Since sialic acid was used as a synonym for N-acylneuraminic acid at that time, there was an argument if this deaminated neuraminic acid belongs to the family of sialic acids. In this review, we describe the 20 years history of studies on KDN (KDNology), through which KDN has established its position as a distinct member of the sialic acid family. These studies have clarified that: (1) KDN occurs widely among vertebrates and bacteria similar to the occurrence of the more common sialic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), but its abundant occurrence in animals is limited to lower vertebrates. (2) KDN is found in almost all types of glycoconjugates, including glycolipids, glycoproteins and capsular polysaccharides. (3) KDN residues are linked to almost all glycan structures in place of Neu5Ac. All linkage types known for Neu5Ac; alpha2,3-, alpha2,4-, alpha2,6-, and alpha2,8- are also found for KDN. (4) KDN is biosynthesized de novo using mannose as a precursor sugar, which is activated to CMP-KDN and transferred to acceptor sugar residues. These reactions are catalyzed by enzymes, some of which preferably recognize KDN, but many others prefer Neu5Ac to KDN. In addition to these basic findings, elevated expression of KDN was found in fetal human red blood cells compared with adult red blood cells, and ovarian tumor tissues compared with normal controls. KDNase, an enzyme which specifically cleaves KDN-linkages, was discovered in a bacterium and monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize KDN residues in KDNalpha2,3-Gal- and KDNalpha2,8-KDN-linkages have been developed. These have been used for identification of KDN-containing molecules. Based on past basic studies and variety of findings, future perspective of KDNology is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadako Inoue
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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