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Khvotchev M, Soloviev M. SNARE Modulators and SNARE Mimetic Peptides. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121779. [PMID: 36551207 PMCID: PMC9776023 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein (SNAP) receptor (SNARE) proteins play a central role in most forms of intracellular membrane trafficking, a key process that allows for membrane and biocargo shuffling between multiple compartments within the cell and extracellular environment. The structural organization of SNARE proteins is relatively simple, with several intrinsically disordered and folded elements (e.g., SNARE motif, N-terminal domain, transmembrane region) that interact with other SNAREs, SNARE-regulating proteins and biological membranes. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the development of functional peptides that can modify SNARE-binding interfaces and modulate SNARE function. The ability of the relatively short SNARE motif to assemble spontaneously into stable coiled coil tetrahelical bundles has inspired the development of reduced SNARE-mimetic systems that use peptides for biological membrane fusion and for making large supramolecular protein complexes. We evaluate two such systems, based on peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs) and coiled coil peptides. We also review how the self-assembly of SNARE motifs can be exploited to drive on-demand assembly of complex re-engineered polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Khvotchev
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Mikhail Soloviev
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.S.)
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Li YC, Kavalali ET. Synaptic Vesicle-Recycling Machinery Components as Potential Therapeutic Targets. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:141-160. [PMID: 28265000 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Presynaptic nerve terminals are highly specialized vesicle-trafficking machines. Neurotransmitter release from these terminals is sustained by constant local recycling of synaptic vesicles independent from the neuronal cell body. This independence places significant constraints on maintenance of synaptic protein complexes and scaffolds. Key events during the synaptic vesicle cycle-such as exocytosis and endocytosis-require formation and disassembly of protein complexes. This extremely dynamic environment poses unique challenges for proteostasis at synaptic terminals. Therefore, it is not surprising that subtle alterations in synaptic vesicle cycle-associated proteins directly or indirectly contribute to pathophysiology seen in several neurologic and psychiatric diseases. In contrast to the increasing number of examples in which presynaptic dysfunction causes neurologic symptoms or cognitive deficits associated with multiple brain disorders, synaptic vesicle-recycling machinery remains an underexplored drug target. In addition, irrespective of the involvement of presynaptic function in the disease process, presynaptic machinery may also prove to be a viable therapeutic target because subtle alterations in the neurotransmitter release may counter disease mechanisms, correct, or compensate for synaptic communication deficits without the need to interfere with postsynaptic receptor signaling. In this article, we will overview critical properties of presynaptic release machinery to help elucidate novel presynaptic avenues for the development of therapeutic strategies against neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying C Li
- Departments of Neuroscience (Y.C.L., E.T.K.) and Physiology (E.T.K.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ege T Kavalali
- Departments of Neuroscience (Y.C.L., E.T.K.) and Physiology (E.T.K.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Barakauskas VE, Beasley CL, Barr AM, Ypsilanti AR, Li HY, Thornton AE, Wong H, Rosokilja G, Mann JJ, Mancevski B, Jakovski Z, Davceva N, Ilievski B, Dwork AJ, Falkai P, Honer WG. A novel mechanism and treatment target for presynaptic abnormalities in specific striatal regions in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:1226-38. [PMID: 20072114 PMCID: PMC3055413 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities of amount and function of presynaptic terminals may have an important role in the mechanism of illness in schizophrenia. The SNARE proteins (SNAP-25, syntaxin, and VAMP) are enriched in presynaptic terminals, where they interact to form a functional complex to facilitate vesicle fusion. SNARE protein amounts are altered in the cortical regions in schizophrenia, but studies of protein-protein interactions are limited. We extended these investigations to the striatal regions (such as the nucleus accumbens, ventromedial caudate (VMC), and dorsal caudate) relevant to disease symptoms. In addition to measuring SNARE protein levels, we studied SNARE protein-protein interactions using a novel ELISA method. The possible effect of antipsychotic treatment was investigated in parallel in the striatum of rodents that were administered haloperidol and clozapine. In schizophrenia samples, compared with controls, SNAP-25 was 32% lower (P=0.015) and syntaxin was 26% lower (P=0.006) in the VMC. In contrast, in the same region, SNARE protein-protein interactions were higher in schizophrenia (P=0.008). Confocal microscopy of schizophrenia and control VMC showed qualitatively similar SNARE protein immunostaining. Haloperidol treatment of rats increased levels of SNAP-25 (mean 24%, P=0.003), syntaxin (mean 18%, P=0.010), and VAMP (mean 16%, P=0.001), whereas clozapine increased only the VAMP level (mean 13%, P=0.004). Neither drug altered SNARE protein-protein interactions. These results indicate abnormalities of amount and interactions of proteins directly related to presynaptic function in the VMC in schizophrenia. SNARE proteins and their interactions may be a novel target for the development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilte E Barakauskas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Clare L Beasley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alasdair M Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Athena R Ypsilanti
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hong-Ying Li
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Allen E Thornton
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Hubert Wong
- Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gorazd Rosokilja
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, University ‘SS. Cyril and Methodius' Skopje, Macedonia
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Branislav Mancevski
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zlatko Jakovski
- Institute for Forensic Medicine, University ‘SS. Cyril and Methodius,' Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Natasha Davceva
- Institute for Forensic Medicine, University ‘SS. Cyril and Methodius,' Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Boro Ilievski
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Pathology, University ‘SS. Cyril and Methodius,', Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Andrew J Dwork
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians, Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry, Göttingen University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - William G Honer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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