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Stancanelli E, Liu W, Su G, Padagala V, Liu J. Developing a solid-phase method for the enzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate backbones. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwad093. [PMID: 37995272 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent progress on the solution-phase enzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), solid-phase enzymatic synthesis has not been fully investigated. Here, we describe the solid-phase enzymatic synthesis of HS and CS backbone oligosaccharides using specialized linkers. We demonstrate the use of immobilized HS linker to synthesize CS, and the use of immobilized CS linker to synthesize HS. The linkers were then digested with chondroitin ABCase and heparin lyases, respectively, to obtain the products. Our findings uncover a potential approach for accelerating the synthesis of structurally homogeneous HS and CS oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Stancanelli
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Golou district, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, PR China
| | - Guowei Su
- Glycan Therapeutics, LLC Research and Development, Suite #103, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Vijay Padagala
- Glycan Therapeutics, LLC Research and Development, Suite #103, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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2
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Antia IU, Hills FA, Shah AJ. Disaccharide compositional analysis of chondroitin sulphate using WAX HILIC-MS with pre-column procainamide labelling; application to the placenta in pre-eclampsia. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:566-575. [PMID: 38189556 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01578e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate (CS) and dermatan sulphate are negatively charged linear heteropolysaccharides. These glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are involved in cellular signalling via binding to growth factors. CS is expressed in a range of tissue and biological fluids and is highly expressed in the placenta. There is evidence that decorin; a CS proteoglycan is significantly decreased in pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction. It is considered that GAG chain composition may influence cellular processes that are altered in pre-eclampsia. The goal of the present study was to develop an LC-MS method with precolumn procainamide labelling for the disaccharide compositional analysis of CS. The method was used to investigate whether the disaccharide composition of placenta-extracted CS is altered in pre-eclampsia. The study revealed differential disaccharide compositions of placental chondroitin sulphate between pre-eclampsia and other pregnancy conditions. This suggests that the method may have diagnostic potential for pregnancy disorders. Furthermore, the findings suggest that CS sulphation might play a significant role in maternal labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imeobong U Antia
- Glycan Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK.
| | - Frank A Hills
- Glycan Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK.
| | - Ajit J Shah
- Glycan Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK.
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3
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Zappe A, Miller RL, Struwe WB, Pagel K. State-of-the-art glycosaminoglycan characterization. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:1040-1071. [PMID: 34608657 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous acidic polysaccharides involved in a range of biological functions. They have a significant influence on the regulation of cellular processes and the development of various diseases and infections. To fully understand the functional roles that GAGs play in mammalian systems, including disease processes, it is essential to understand their structural features. Despite having a linear structure and a repetitive disaccharide backbone, their structural analysis is challenging and requires elaborate preparative and analytical techniques. In particular, the extent to which GAGs are sulfated, as well as variation in sulfate position across the entire oligosaccharide or on individual monosaccharides, represents a major obstacle. Here, we summarize the current state-of-the-art methodologies used for GAG sample preparation and analysis, discussing in detail liquid chromatograpy and mass spectrometry-based approaches, including advanced ion activation methods, ion mobility separations and infrared action spectroscopy of mass-selected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zappe
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Miller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Centre for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kevin Pagel
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Xu S, Xiang H, Wang Z, Tang X, Zhang Y, Zhan X, Chen J. Conjugation of a phenanthrene‐imidazole fluorophore with the chondroitin sulfate generated from
Escherichia coli
K4
polysaccharide. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science Jiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Huimin Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Zhuqun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Xiaoli Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Xiaobei Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science Jiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi China
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5
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Poyer S, Seffouh I, Lopin-Bon C, Jacquinet JC, Neira JL, Salpin JY, Daniel R. Discrimination of sulfated isomers of chondroitin sulfate disaccharides by HILIC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7107-7117. [PMID: 34651208 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03679-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycosaminoglycans are biologically active sulfated polysaccharides that pose an analytical challenge for their structural analysis and functional evaluation. In this study, we developed a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography separation method and its on-line coupling to mass spectrometry (MS) allowing efficient differentiation and sensitive detection of mono-, di-, and trisulfated CS disaccharides and their positional isomers, without requiring prior derivatization. The composition of the mobile phase in terms of pH and concentration showed great influence on the chromatographic separation and was varied to allow the distinction of each CS without signal overlap for a total analysis time of 25 min. This methodology was applied to determine the disaccharide composition of biological reaction media resulting from various enzymatic transformations of CS, such as enzymatic desulfation of CS disaccharides by a CS 4-O-endosulfatase, and depolymerization of the CS endocan by chondroitinase lyase ABC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Poyer
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Univ Evry, LAMBE, 91025, Evry-Courcouronnes, France.
- CY Cergy Paris Université, LAMBE, 91025, Evry-Courcouronnes, France.
| | - Ilham Seffouh
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Univ Evry, LAMBE, 91025, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
- CY Cergy Paris Université, LAMBE, 91025, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | | | | | - José L Neira
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jean-Yves Salpin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Univ Evry, LAMBE, 91025, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
- CY Cergy Paris Université, LAMBE, 91025, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Régis Daniel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Univ Evry, LAMBE, 91025, Evry-Courcouronnes, France.
- CY Cergy Paris Université, LAMBE, 91025, Evry-Courcouronnes, France.
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6
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Wang Z, Dhurandhare VM, Mahung CA, Arnold K, Li J, Su G, Xu D, Maile R, Liu J. Improving the Sensitivity for Quantifying Heparan Sulfate from Biological Samples. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11191-11199. [PMID: 34355888 PMCID: PMC8454094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HSs) are widely expressed glycans in the animal kingdom. HS plays a role in regulating cell differentiation/proliferation, embryonic development, blood coagulation, inflammatory response, and viral infection. The amount of HS and its structural information are critically important for investigating the functions of HS in vivo. A sensitive and reliable quantitative technique for the analysis of HS from biological samples is under development. Here, we report a new labeling reagent for HS disaccharides analysis, 6-amino-N-(2-diethylamino)ethyl quinoline-2-carboamide (AMQC). The AMQC-conjugated disaccharides are analyzed by LC-MS/MS in positive mode, significantly improving the sensitivity. The use of AMQC coupled with authentic 13C-labeled HS disaccharide internal standards empowered us to determine the amount and the disaccharide composition of the HS on a single histological slide. We used this method to profile the levels of HS in the plasma/serum and tissues/organs to assist the disease prognosis in two animal models, including the acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury mouse model and the burn injury mouse model. The method may uncover the roles of HS contributing to the diseases as well as provide a potential new set of biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
| | - Vijay M Dhurandhare
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States.,Glycan Therapeutics, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Cressida A Mahung
- Department of Surgery, North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7050, United States
| | - Katelyn Arnold
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
| | - Jine Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
| | - Guowei Su
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States.,Glycan Therapeutics, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Rob Maile
- Department of Surgery, North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7050, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Curriculum of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7325, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
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7
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Song Y, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Analysis of the Glycosaminoglycan Chains of Proteoglycans. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:121-135. [PMID: 32623943 PMCID: PMC7841699 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420937154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous, negatively charged, macromolecules that are found in animal tissues. Based on the form of component sugar, GAGs have been categorized into four different families: heparin/heparan sulfate, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronan. GAGs engage in biological pathway regulation through their interaction with protein ligands. Detailed structural information on GAG chains is required to further understanding of GAG-ligand interactions. However, polysaccharide sequencing has lagged behind protein and DNA sequencing due to the non-template-driven biosynthesis of glycans. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the analysis of GAG chains, specifically focusing on techniques related to mass spectroscopy (MS), including separation techniques coupled to MS, tandem MS, and bioinformatics software for MS spectrum interpretation. Progress in the use of other structural analysis tools, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and hyphenated techniques, is included to provide a comprehensive perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefan Song
- National R & D Branch Center for Seaweed Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, P.R. China
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
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8
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Alonge KM, Logsdon AF, Murphree TA, Banks WA, Keene CD, Edgar JS, Whittington D, Schwartz MW, Guttman M. Quantitative analysis of chondroitin sulfate disaccharides from human and rodent fixed brain tissue by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Glycobiology 2020; 29:847-860. [PMID: 31361007 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfates (CS) are long, negatively charged, unbranched glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attached to CS-proteoglycan (CSPG) core proteins that comprise the glycan component in both loose interstitial extracellular matrices (ECMs) and in rigid, structured perineuronal net (PNN) scaffolds within the brain. As aberrant CS-PNN formations have been linked to a range of pathological states, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia, the analysis of CS-GAGs in brain tissue at the disaccharide level has great potential to enhance disease diagnosis and prognosis. Two mass-spectrometry (MS)-based approaches were adapted to detect CS disaccharides from minute fixed tissue samples with low picomolar sensitivity and high reproducibility. The first approach employed a straightforward, quantitative direct infusion (DI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) technique to determine the percentages of Δ4S- and Δ6S-CS disaccharides within the 4S/6S-CS ratio, while the second used a comprehensive liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS technique to determine the relative percentages of Δ0S-, Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-CS and Δ2S6S-CS disaccharides, with internal validation by full chondroitin lyase activity. The quantitative accuracy of the five primary biologically relevant CS disaccharides was validated using a developmental time course series in fixed rodent brain tissue. We then analyzed the CS disaccharide composition in formalin-fixed human brain tissue, thus providing the first quantitative report of CS sulfation patterns in the human brain. The ability to comprehensively analyze the CS disaccharide composition from fixed brain tissue provides a means with which to identify alterations in the CS-GAG composition in relation to the onset and/or progression of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Alonge
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aric F Logsdon
- Department of Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Taylor A Murphree
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Department of Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Scott Edgar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dale Whittington
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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9
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Glycosaminoglycans in biological samples – Towards identification of novel biomarkers. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Recent advances in glycosaminoglycan analysis by various mass spectrometry techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3731-3741. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate in urine by butanolysis derivatization. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 488:98-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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12
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Antia IU, Mathew K, Yagnik DR, Hills FA, Shah AJ. Analysis of procainamide-derivatised heparan sulphate disaccharides in biological samples using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:131-143. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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