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Colleselli K, Stierschneider A, Wiesner C. An Update on Toll-like Receptor 2, Its Function and Dimerization in Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12464. [PMID: 37569837 PMCID: PMC10419760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
While a certain level of inflammation is critical for humans to survive infection and injury, a prolonged inflammatory response can have fatal consequences. Pattern recognition Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key players in the initiation of an inflammatory process. TLR2 is one of the most studied pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and is known to form heterodimers with either TLR1, TLR4, TLR6, and TLR10, allowing it to recognize a wide range of pathogens. Although a large number of studies have been conducted over the past decades, there are still many unanswered questions regarding TLR2 mechanisms in health and disease. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of TLR2, including its homo- and heterodimers. Furthermore, we will discuss the pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of TLR2 and recent findings in prominent TLR2-associated infectious and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christoph Wiesner
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC University of Applied Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
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2
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Kang H, Zuo Z, Lin R, Yao M, Han Y, Han J. The most promising microneedle device: present and future of hyaluronic acid microneedle patch. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:3087-3110. [PMID: 36151726 PMCID: PMC9518289 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2125600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microneedle patch (MNP) is an alternative to the oral route and subcutaneous injection with unique advantages such as painless administration, good compliance, and fewer side effects. Herein, we report MNP as a prominent strategy for drug delivery to treat local or systemic disease. Hyaluronic acid (HA) has advantageous properties, such as human autologous source, strong water absorption, biocompatibility, and viscoelasticity. Therefore, the Hyaluronic acid microneedle patch (HA MNP) occupies a large part of the MNP market. HA MNP is beneficial for wound healing, targeted therapy of certain specific diseases, extraction of interstitial skin fluid (ISF), and preservation of drugs. In this review, we summarize the benefits of HA and cross-linked HA (x-HA) as an MNP matrix. Then, we introduce the types of HA MNP, delivered substances, and drug distribution. Finally, we focus on the biomedical application of HA MNP as an excellent drug carrier in some specific diseases and the extraction and analysis of biomarkers. We also discuss the future development prospect of HA MNP in transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhi Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhuo Zuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ru Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Muzi Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Han
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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3
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Huang H, Ding X, Xing D, Lin J, Li Z, Lin J. Hyaluronic Acid Oligosaccharide Derivatives Alleviate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in ATDC5 Cells by Multiple Mechanisms. Molecules 2022; 27:5619. [PMID: 36080383 PMCID: PMC9457626 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High molecular weight hyaluronic acids (HMW-HAs) have been used for the palliative treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) for decades, but the pharmacological activity of HA fragments has not been fully explored due to the limited availability of structurally defined HA fragments. In this study, we synthesized a series glycosides of oligosaccharides of HA (o-HAs), hereinafter collectively referred to as o-HA derivatives. Their effects on OA progression were examined in a chondrocyte inflammatory model established by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged ATDC5 cells. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) showed that o-HA derivatives (≤100 μg/mL) exhibited no cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory effects. We found that the o-HA and o-HA derivatives alleviated LPS-induced inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy and proliferation-inhibition of ATDC5 cells, similar to the activities of HMW-HAs. Moreover, Western blot analysis showed that different HA derivatives selectively reversed the effects of LPS on the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM)-related proteins (MMP13, COL2A1 and Aggrecan) in ATDC5 cells. Our study suggested that o-HA derivatives may alleviate LPS-induced chondrocyte injury by reducing the inflammatory response, maintaining cell proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis and autophagy, and decreasing ECM degradation, supporting a potential oligosaccharides-mediated therapy for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesuyuan Huang
- Arthritis Clinic & Research Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
- Arthritis Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xuyang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dan Xing
- Arthritis Clinic & Research Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
- Arthritis Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jianjing Lin
- Arthritis Clinic & Research Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
- Arthritis Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Zhongtang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianhao Lin
- Arthritis Clinic & Research Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
- Arthritis Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
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Buckley C, Murphy EJ, Montgomery TR, Major I. Hyaluronic Acid: A Review of the Drug Delivery Capabilities of This Naturally Occurring Polysaccharide. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173442. [PMID: 36080515 PMCID: PMC9460006 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of physiologically active molecules into a naturally occurring polymer matrix can improve the degradation, absorption, and release profile of the drug, thus boosting the therapeutic impact and potentially even reducing the frequency of administration. The human body produces significant amounts of polysaccharide hyaluronic acid, which boasts exceptional biocompatibility, biodegradability, and one-of-a-kind physicochemical features. In this review, we will examine the clinical trials currently utilizing hyaluronic acid and address the bright future of this versatile polymer, as well as summarize the numerous applications of hyaluronic acid in drug delivery and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Buckley
- PRISM Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
- Biosciences Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, V94 EC5T Limerick, Ireland
| | - Emma J. Murphy
- PRISM Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
- LIFE Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, V94 EC5T Limerick, Ireland
| | - Therese R. Montgomery
- School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland
| | - Ian Major
- PRISM Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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Wang Y, Li L, Wu Y, Zhang S, Ju Q, Yang Y, Jin Y, Shi H, Sun C. CD44 deficiency represses neuroinflammation and rescues dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106133. [PMID: 35182746 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD44 is a transmembrane protein that transduces extracellular stimuli to immune response. Neuroinflammation is a causative factor in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Owing to its role in inflammation, this study investigated whether CD44 is involved in the pathological progression of PD. Our data showed that CD44 deficiency largely abolished proinflammatory cytokine expression in primary microglia and astrocytes. In PD model mice, CD44 knockout improved behavioral defects, prevented TH loss in the SNpc and striatum, and blocked activation of microglia and astrocytes. Moreover, CD44 neutralization by anti-CD44 antibody recapitulated the phenotypes observed in CD44 knockout mice. Mechanistically, CD44 neutralization blocked TLR4 expression and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation induced by lipopolysaccharide in BV2 cells. Overall, our results indicate that CD44 deficiency has a beneficial role against PD, which is likely due to repression of the TLR4/NF-κB axis, leading to reduced neuroinflammation. Therefore, CD44 might be a therapeutic target for the development of anti-PD agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, China
| | - Yuting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, China
| | - Shouping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, China
| | - Qianqian Ju
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nantong Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, Nantong Clinical Medical Research Center of Cardiothoracic Diseases, and Institution of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, China
| | - Yan Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Cheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, China; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nantong Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, Nantong Clinical Medical Research Center of Cardiothoracic Diseases, and Institution of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhang X, Qi W, Xu Q, Li X, Zhou L, Ye L. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and thyroid: biological mechanisms of interference and possible clinical implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:1634-1644. [PMID: 34677768 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a ubiquitous environmental endocrine disruptor. DEHP can be absorbed into the human body through the air, food, water, and skin. After entering the human body, DEHP is rapidly converted to mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) with greater toxicity than DEHP. An increasing number of studies indicates that DEHP or MEHP can damage the thyroid tissue and disrupt the function, but the mechanisms remain unclear. This article reviews the toxicity of DEHP on thyroid structures and functions and summarizes the potential mechanisms to provide evidence for preventing the thyroid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wen Qi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Liting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Association of IL-1 β, NLRP3, and COX-2 Gene Polymorphisms with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Risk and Clinical Features in the Iranian Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:7729238. [PMID: 34790822 PMCID: PMC8592725 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7729238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Grave's disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) are autoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland in which genetic predisposition plays a major role in their development. Currently, the role of NLRP3 inflammasome and COX-2 has been documented in many autoimmune diseases. The purpose of the study is to delineate the impact of IL-1β (rs1143634), NLRP3 (rs3806265), and COX-2 (rs2745557) gene polymorphisms in the development of GD and HT. Methods A total of 256 newly diagnosed patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (135 patients with HT and 121 GD patients) as case groups and 145 controls were included in the study. Results Recessive and overdominant models showed a significant association between IL-1β rs1143634 SNP and HT development risk. The frequency of TT genotype and T allele of IL-1β rs1143634 SNP in the control group was significantly higher than the GD group. There was no significant association between NLRP3 rs3806265 polymorphism and HT and GD development. The frequency of GA genotype of COX-2 (rs2745557) in the control group was significantly higher than that in the HT group. There was no significant association between COX-2 rs2745557 genotypic and allelic distribution and GD development risk. The results revealed a significant relationship between some clinical features of HT and GD groups and SNPs studied. Conclusion The results manifest the significant impact of IL-1β rs1143634 and COX-2 (rs2745557) SNPs and HT development and IL-1β rs1143634 SNP on GD occurrence risk. Furthermore, a significant relationship was observed between some clinical features of HT and GD groups and studied SNPs.
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Kash N, Silapunt S. A review of emerging and non-US FDA-approved topical agents for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Future Oncol 2021; 17:3111-3132. [PMID: 34156307 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although surgical therapy continues to be the gold standard for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma given high cure rates and the ability to histologically confirm tumor clearance, there are a number of nonsurgical treatment options that may be considered based on individual tumor characteristics, functional and cosmetic considerations, patient comorbidities and patient preference. Topical 5-fluorouracil 5% cream and imiquimod 5% cream have been US FDA-approved for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma. Additionally, a number of new and emerging topical agents and techniques have been described for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma and will be reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Kash
- Department of Dermatology, Kansas City University-Graduate Medical Education Consortium/Advanced Dermatology & Cosmetic Surgery Orlando Program, Maitland, FL 32751, USA
| | - Sirunya Silapunt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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