Effect of gold nanoparticle attached multi-walled carbon nanotube-layered indium tin oxide in monitoring the effect of paracetamol on the release of epinephrine

Ameliorative effects of corn silk extract on acetaminophen-induced renal toxicity in rats

The current study aimed to investigate the protective effect of corn silk methanolic extract (CSME) against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced nephrotoxicity. The present study was carried out on 40 male Wistar albino rats, which were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10): control group, orally administered with a single dose of 1.8 ml 0.9% normal saline at the last day of the experiment; CSME group, orally received CSME (400 mg/kg BW daily for 5 weeks); APAP group, orally administered with a single dose of APAP (2 g/kg BW); and CSME and APAP group, orally administered with CSME, followed by a single oral dose of APAP. The results of this study revealed that APAP caused a significant increase in serum urea, creatinine concentrations, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in renal tissues. In addition, APAP caused a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities in renal tissues compared with the control group. Furthermore, APAP caused marked renal damage as revealed by alterations in histopathological architectures of kidney tissues. APAP resulted in a marked expression of caspase 3 and nuclear factor κB (NFĸβ) within the renal tubules, while caused marked decrease of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ 1) expression within the epithelial lining of the renal tubules. However, pre-treatment with CSME returned all biochemical parameters, histopathological changes, and immunohistochemical parameters toward normal levels as the control group. In conclusion, oral administration of CSME protected rats against APAP renal toxicity through its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory protective mechanisms.

Electrochemical detection of paracetamol and dopamine molecules using nano-particles of cobalt ferrite and manganese ferrite modified with graphite

Some electrodes for efficient detection of paracetamol and dopamine were developed from nano sized material of cobalt ferrite (np-CoFe₂O₄) and manganese ferrite (np-MnFe₂O₄). These oxides were synthesized by combustion method using cobalt nitrate, manganese acetate and ferric nitrate as precursors in the presence of sugar and ethanolamine. The crystallite size, shape and morphology of nano material were characterized by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The crystallite sizes of synthesized nano-particles (nps) were in the range from 10 to 12 nm (calculated using Debye-Scherrer equation) with cubic crystal system. These particles were utilized as electrode modified with graphite for simultaneous detection of paracetamol and dopamine through cyclic voltammetry and Differential pulse voltammetry techniques and was found to be superior to reported literatures. The minimum detection limit of paracetamol and dopamine at CoFe₂O₄/GP electrode were 250 nM and 350 nM while at MnFe₂O₄/GP electrode it was 300 nM and 400 nM, respectively. Both the electrodes exhibited the linearity range from3 μM to 200 μM & 3 μM-160 μM for paracetamol and 3 μM-180 μM & 5 μM to 200 for dopamine, respectively. Two oxidation peaks of paracetamol and dopamine were well separated in phosphate buffer (pH = 6) in mixture with 100 mVs^-1 and 50 mVs^-1 scan rate for cyclic voltammetry and Differential pulse voltammetry, respectively. Both the electrodes demonstrated satisfactory results in real samples of paracetamol and dopamine.

Ultra-sensitive determination of epinephrine based on TiO2-Au nanoclusters supported on reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotube hybrid nanocomposites

A highly efficient and sensitive electrochemical sensor for EP based on reduced graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotube hybrid nanocomposites loaded TiO2-Au nano-clusters modified glassy carbon electrode was developed. The surface nature and morphology of the nanocomposite film and the electrochemical properties of the sensor were characterized by Raman spectra, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), respectively. Carbon nanomaterials were widely used in sensing due to its large electroactive surface area, fast electron transport and strong adsorption capacity. Meanwhile, TiO2-Au nano-clusters could accelerate the electron transfer, increase reactive site and extend electrochemical response window. The nanocomposite film could greatly enhance the response sensitivity and decrease the overpotential. The resulting sensor showed an excellent electrocatalytic activity toward EP. Under the optimum conditions (i.e. pH6.0, 0.1M PBS, preconcentration for 110s), Differential pulse voltammetry was employed to detect ultra-trace amounts of EP. The result of a wide linear range of 1.0-300nM and limited of detection 0.34nM (S/N=3) were obtained. The constructed sensor exhibited excellent accuracy and precision, the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 5%. The nanocomposite film sensor was successfully used to accurately detect the content of EP in practical samples, and the recoveries for the standards added are 97%-105%.