Different liposome patterns to detection of acute leukemia based on electrochemical cell sensor

Review of advances in glycan analysis on exosomes, cancer cells, and circulating cancer-derived glycoproteins with an emphasis on electrochemistry

Glycosylation, the intricate process of adding carbohydrate motifs to proteins, lipids, and exosomes on the cell surface, is crucial for both physiological and pathological mechanisms. Alterations in glycans significantly affect cancer cell metastasis by mediating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The subtle changes in glycosylation during malignant transformations highlight the importance of analyzing cell and exosome surface glycosylation for prognostic and early treatment strategies in cancer. This review focuses on recent advancements in sensors for detecting surface glycans on cancer cells, exosomes, and circulating cancer-derived glycoproteins. Among various methods, electrochemical biosensors stand out as a promising tool, offering rapid and cost-effective glycan detection. These devices detect glycan interactions by measuring changes in electrical signals resulting from specific binding events. Techniques such as differential pulse voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, and chrono amperometry are commonly employed for glycan detection using electrochemical biosensors. Researchers are exploring novel electrode materials and surface functionalization strategies to enhance sensor performance. Notably, selective binding probes such as lectins, aptamers, antibodies, and boronic acids are discussed, with lectins being the most prevalent for specific glycan analysis. By highlighting the significance of electrochemical techniques, emphasizing the role of selective binding probes, integrating microfluidics and miniaturized devices could lead to point-of-care applications for cancer diagnosis and monitoring. This review aims to provide valuable insights for researchers and clinicians working in the field of cancer glycomics.

Expression and immobilization of novel N-glycan-binding protein for highly efficient purification and enrichment of N-glycans, N-glycopeptides, and N-glycoproteins

Comprehensive and selective enrichment of N-glycans, N-glycopeptides, and N-glycoproteins prior to analysis is of great significance in N-glycomics research, reducing sample complexity, removing impurity interference, increasing sample abundance and enhancing signal intensity. However, only an Fbs1 (F-box protein that recognizes sugar chain 1) GYR variant (Fg) can enrich these N-glycomolecules solely due to its substantial binding affinity for the core pentasaccharide motif of N-glycans. Stationary phase separation is commonly used to enrich N-glycomolecules efficiently. Herein, DNA encoding the Fg was cloned into pGEX-4T-1, and the protein was expressed with a GST tag, which facilitates the convenient and efficient immobilization of recombinant GST-tagged Fg to GSH agarose resin. The yield of the GST-tagged Fg reached to 0.05 g/L after optimization of the induction condition, and the purified protein exhibited good identification ability and excellent stability for months. In particular, the immobilized GST-tagged Fg can enrich N-glycans released by PNGase F and capture derivatized N-glycans possessing an intact terminal N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc). Validation of immobilized GST-tagged Fg with standard N-glycopeptides and N-glycoproteins revealed its high loading capacity, sensitivity, and selectivity. The novel immobilized GST-tagged Fg is a convenient and efficient enrichment material specific for N-glycans, N-glycopeptides, and N-glycoproteins, suggesting excellent performance and prospects for industrial application.

Electrochemical biosensors in early leukemia detection

Leukemia, a type of blood cancer marked by an abnormal increase in white blood cells, poses a significant challenge to healthcare. The key to successful treatment lies in early detection. However, traditional methods often fall short. This review investigates the potential of electrochemical biosensors for a more accurate and earlier diagnosis of leukemia. Electrochemical biosensors are compact devices that transform biological interactions into electrical signals. Their small size, ease of use, and minimal sample requirements make them perfectly suited for point-of-care applications. Their remarkable sensitivity and specificity enable the detection of subtle biomolecular changes associated with leukemia, which is crucial for early disease detection. This review delves into studies that have utilized these biosensors to identify various types of leukemia. It examines the roles of electrodes, biorecognition elements, and signal transduction mechanisms. The discussion includes the integration of nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles and nitrogen-doped graphene into biosensor design. These materials boost sensitivity, enhance signal amplification, and facilitate multi-analyte detection, thereby providing a more holistic view of the disease. Beyond technical advancements, the review underscores the practical benefits of these biosensors. Their portability makes them a promising tool for resource-constrained settings, enabling swift diagnosis in remote areas or at a patient's bedside. The potential for monitoring treatment effectiveness and detecting minimal residual disease to prevent relapse is also explored. This review emphasizes the transformative potential of electrochemical biosensors in combating leukemia. By facilitating earlier and more accurate diagnosis, these biosensors stand to revolutionize patient care and enhance treatment outcomes.

Multifunctional targetable liposomal drug delivery system in the management of leukemia: Potential, opportunities, and emerging strategies

The concern impeding the success of chemotherapy in leukemia treatment is descending efficacy of drugs because of multiple drug resistance (MDR). The previous failure of traditional treatment methods is primarily responsible for the present era of innovative agents to treat leukemia effectively. The treatment option is a chemotherapeutic agent in most available treatment strategies, which unfortunately leads to high unavoidable toxicities. As a result of the recent surge in marketed products, theranostic nanoparticles, i.e., multifunctional targetable liposomes (MFTL), have been approved for improved and more successful leukemia treatment that blends therapeutic and diagnostic characteristics. Since they broadly offer the required characteristics to get past the traditional/previous limitations, such as the absence of site-specific anti-cancer therapeutic delivery and ongoing real-time surveillance of the leukemia target sites while administering therapeutic activities. To prepare MFTL, suitable targeting ligands or tumor-specific antibodies are required to attach to the surface of the liposomes. This review exhaustively covered and summarized the liposomal-based formulation in leukemia treatment, emphasizing leukemia types; regulatory considerations, patents, and clinical portfolios to overcome clinical translation hurdles have all been explored.

Multi analyte sensing of amphiphilic tridentate bis(benzimidazolyl)pyridine incorporated in liposomes and potential application in enzyme assay

A liposome based nanosensor Lipo-1 for efficient detection of copper, cyanide (CN^-) and ATP in a pure aqueous medium has been described. Lipo-1 shows a fluorescence ON-OFF response with copper. However, Lipo-1.Cu (Lipo-1 and copper ensemble) was used for the OFF-ON detection of ATP with nM and CN^- with μM detection levels, lower than the WHO permissible level for safe drinking. Lipo-1 has better and enhanced binding properties over the counter organic amphiphilic compound Bzimpy-LC, which is not soluble in water. The significant changes in the emission spectra in the presence of Cu²⁺, CN^- and ATP ions, as variable inputs, are used to construct INHIBIT and OR logic operations in a nano-scale environment. The fluorescent detection of CN^- ions with Lipo-1.Cu was used to develop an enzyme assay for β-glucosidase using amygdalin as the substrate. β-Glucosidase enzymatic activity was monitored by the emission OFF-ON signal of the probe Lipo-1.Cu by CN^- detection. This approach could be an efficient method for developing a fluorescence-based β-glucosidase enzyme assay. A switch ON luminescence response, low detection limit, fast response, 100% aqueous solution, biocompatibility, multi-analyte detection, and improved sensitivity and selectivity of Bzimpy-LC in lipid bilayer membranes are the main features of the nanoprobe Lipo-1. These properties give it a clear advantage for analytical applications.

Dual electrochemical sensing of spiked virus and SARS-CoV-2 using natural bed-receptor (MV-gal1)

It has been necessary to use methods that can detect the specificity of a virus during virus screening. In this study, we use a dual platform to identify any spiked virus and specific SARS-CoV-2 antigen, sequentially. We introduce a natural bed-receptor surface as Microparticle Vesicle-Galactins1 (MV-gal1) with the ability of glycan binding to screen every spiked virus. MV are the native vesicles which may have the gal-1 receptor. Gal-1 is the one of lectin receptor which can bind to glycan. After dropping the MV-gal1 on the SCPE/GNP, the sensor is turned on due to the increased electrochemical exchange with [Fe(CN)6]-3/-4 probe. Dropping the viral particles of SARS-CoV-2 cause to turn off the sensor with covering the sugar bond (early screening). Then, with the addition of Au/Antibody-SARS-CoV-2 on the MV-gal1@SARS-CoV-2 Antigen, the sensor is turned on again due to the electrochemical amplifier of AuNP (specific detection).For the first time, our sensor has the capacity of screening of any spike virus, and the specific detection of COVID-19 (LOD: 4.57 × 102 copies/mL) by using the natural bed-receptor and a specific antibody in the point of care test.

Liposomes: Structure, Biomedical Applications, and Stability Parameters With Emphasis on Cholesterol

Liposomes are essentially a subtype of nanoparticles comprising a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head constituting a phospholipid membrane. The spherical or multilayered spherical structures of liposomes are highly rich in lipid contents with numerous criteria for their classification, including structural features, structural parameters, and size, synthesis methods, preparation, and drug loading. Despite various liposomal applications, such as drug, vaccine/gene delivery, biosensors fabrication, diagnosis, and food products applications, their use encounters many limitations due to physico-chemical instability as their stability is vigorously affected by the constituting ingredients wherein cholesterol performs a vital role in the stability of the liposomal membrane. It has well established that cholesterol exerts its impact by controlling fluidity, permeability, membrane strength, elasticity and stiffness, transition temperature (Tm), drug retention, phospholipid packing, and plasma stability. Although the undetermined optimum amount of cholesterol for preparing a stable and controlled release vehicle has been the downside, but researchers are still focused on cholesterol as a promising material for the stability of liposomes necessitating explanation for the stability promotion of liposomes. Herein, the prior art pertaining to the liposomal appliances, especially for drug delivery in cancer therapy, and their stability emphasizing the roles of cholesterol.

Impediometric Electrochemical Sensor Based on The Inspiration of Carnation Italian Ringspot Virus Structure to Detect an Attommolar of miR

Electrochemical sensors are the tools to detect the accurate and sensitive miRs. There is the challenge to increase the power and sensitivity of the surface for the electrochemical sensor. We design a virus-like hallow structure of cuco2o4 that it holds the large amounts of p19 protein by mimicking of inherent virus (Carnation italian ringspot virus) to detect 21mir with the limit of detection (LOD = 1aM). The electrochemical measurements are performed between the potentials at -0.3 V and +0.3 V with 1 mM [Fe(CN)6] -3/-4. After dropping the cuco2o4 on the SCPE (screen carbon printed electrode), the sensor is turned on due to the high electrochemical properties. Then, p19 proteins move into the hallow structure and inhibit the exchange of electrochemical reactions between the shells and the sensor is turned off. Then, adding the duplexes of RNA/miRs cause to increase the electrochemical property of p19 due to the change of p19 conformation and the system is turned on, again. So, for the first time, a virus-like hallow structure has been used to detect the 21miR in the human serum, MCF-7, Hella cells, with high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility in few minutes.