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Torrini F, Ferraro G, Fratini E, Palladino P, Scarano S, Minunni M. Toward nano-sized imprinted norepinephrine-derived biopolymer as artificial receptors for detecting IgG1 by surface plasmon resonance. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 252:116133. [PMID: 38394703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Bio-based nanostructured molecularly imprinted polymers (nano-MIPs), also known as 'plastibodies', have a real potential to be used as alternatives to natural antibodies. These nanostructures have recently gained significant attention for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In this context, we have developed polynorepinephrine (PNE)-based nano-MIPs using an eco-friendly one-pot process for the sensitive and selective detection of a model biomolecule, immunoglobulin IgG1. We first investigated non-imprinted nanostructures (nano-NIPs) based on polydopamine as reference material, using DLS, SEM, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Subsequently, PNE scaffolds were characterized, both in the form of nano-NIPs and nano-MIPs. Concerning nano-MIPs, we used the epitope-directed imprinting technology to create binding cavities using a small peptide from the constant region of IgG1 as a template. Nano-MIPs were initially immobilized on a sensing surface to assess their binding capacity via surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. This strategy showed very good sensitivity, outperforming planar PNE-based imprinted films while keeping a high selectivity even in complex biological matrices such as human serum. Furthermore, we confirmed the presence of selective binding sites on nano-MIPs by flowing them, along with nano-NIPs, through a microfluidic SPR system, where they interact with the covalently immobilized analyte. This approach resulted in a good imprinting factor of 4.5. Overall, this study underscores the broad potential of these nanostructures as a viable and reusable alternative to antibodies across a variety of bioanalytical, biochemical, and immunohistochemistry analysis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Torrini
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Ferraro
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy; Center for Colloidal and Surface Science (CSGI), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Emiliano Fratini
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy; Center for Colloidal and Surface Science (CSGI), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Pasquale Palladino
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Simona Scarano
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Maria Minunni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56125, Pisa, Italy.
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2
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He X, Ji W, Xing S, Feng Z, Li H, Lu S, Du K, Li X. Emerging trends in sensors based on molecular imprinting technology: Harnessing smartphones for portable detection and recognition. Talanta 2024; 268:125283. [PMID: 37857111 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imprinting technology (MIT) has become a promising recognition technology in various fields due to its specificity, high efficiency, stability and eco-friendliness in the recognition of target. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), known as 'artificial receptors', are shown similar properties to natural receptors as a biomimetic material. The selectivity of recognition for targets can be greatly improved when MIPs are introduced into sensors, as known that MIPs, are suitable for the pretreatment and analysis of trace substances in complex matrix samples. At present, various sensors has been developed by the combination with MIPs for detecting and identifying trace compounds, biological macromolecules or other substances, such as optical, electrochemical and piezoelectric sensors. Smart phones, with their built-in sensors and powerful digital imaging capabilities, provide a unique platform for the needs of portability and instant detection. MIP sensors based on smart phones are expected to become a new research direction in the future. This review discusses the latest applications of MIP sensors in the field of detection and recognition in recent years, summarizes the frontier progress of MIP sensor research based on smart phones in the past two years, and points out the challenges, limitations and future development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xicheng He
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Wenliang Ji
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Sijia Xing
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Zhixuan Feng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Tianjin JOYSTAR Technology Co., Ltd, No.453, Hengshan Road, Modern Industrial Park, Tianjin Economic Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Shanshan Lu
- BaiyangDian Basin Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Kunze Du
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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Battaglia F, Torrini F, Palladino P, Scarano S, Minunni M. Serotonin: A new super effective functional monomer for molecular imprinting. The case of TNF-α detection in real matrix by Surface Plasmon Resonance. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 242:115713. [PMID: 37801835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imprinting and related technologies are becoming increasingly appreciated in bioanalysis and diagnostic applications. Among the imprinted polymers, we have already demonstrated that the endogenous neurotransmitters (NTs) dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) can be efficiently used as natural and sustainable monomers to straightforwardly design and synthesize a new generation of green and "soft" Molecularly Imprinted BioPolymers (MIBPs). Here, we demonstrated for the first time the ability of a further NT, i.e., serotonin (SE), in forming adhesive imprinted nanofilms coupled to label-free optical biosensing. Its imprinting efficiency is compared with those obtained with PDA and PNE. As a model study, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was selected as a biomolecular target of interest in clinical diagnostics. The biomimetic receptor was coupled to Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), and TNF-α detection was performed in label-free and real-time manner both in buffer and biological matrices, i.e. synovial fluid and human serum. The results indicate that, under the same imprinting and binding conditions, the analytical performances of PSE are impressively superior to those of PDA and PNE. The PSE-based MIBP was able to detect TNF-α in human matrices with a good sensitivity, selectivity, and repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Francesca Torrini
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Ramistrasse 101, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Pasquale Palladino
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Simona Scarano
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Maria Minunni
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
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Torrini F, Scarano S, Palladino P, Minunni M. Advances and perspectives in the analytical technology for small peptide hormones analysis: A glimpse to gonadorelin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 228:115312. [PMID: 36858006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
In the last twenty years, we have witnessed an important evolution of bioanalytical approaches moving from conventional lab bench instrumentation to simpler, easy-to-use techniques to deliver analytical responses on-site, with reduced analysis times and costs. In this frame, affinity reagents production has also jointly advanced from natural receptors to biomimetic, abiotic receptors, animal-free produced. Among biomimetic ones, aptamers, and molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) play a leading role. Herein, our motivation is to provide insights into the evolution of conventional and innovative analytical approaches based on chromatography, immunochemistry, and affinity sensing referred to as peptide hormones. Indeed, the analysis of peptide hormones represents a current challenge for biomedical, pharmaceutical, and anti-doping analysis. Specifically, as a paradigmatic example, we report the case of gonadorelin, a neuropeptide that in recent years has drawn a lot of attention as a therapeutic drug misused in doping practices during sports competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Torrini
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Simona Scarano
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Pasquale Palladino
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Maria Minunni
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
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A LysLysLys-tag as trigger in polynorepinephrine epitope imprinting: The case study of soluble PD-L1 detection in serum by optical-based sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 220:114806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lu Z, Teo BM, Tabor RF. Recent developments in polynorepinephrine: an innovative material for bioinspired coatings and colloids. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7895-7904. [PMID: 36106821 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01335e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While applications of polydopamine (PDA) are exponentially growing, research concerning the closely related neurotransmitter derivative polynorepinephrine (PNE) is in paucity, even though norepinephrine shares dopamine's ability to self-polymerize and form a coating film that is nearly substrate-agnostic. In this review, we demonstrate that PNE can be used as an alternative to PDA with equal or ever superior performance. PNE offers a thinner and smoother coating surface and thus is capable of more effectively resisting fouling by biofoulants, enhancing cell adhesion capability, surface hydrophilicity and biomolecule immobilisation. With the abundance of catechol, amino and hydroxyl groups in PNE's structure, PNE can perform as an electron donor and receiver at the same time and initiate ring opening and redox reactions. It has also been shown that PNE has the potential to be used as a biosensor due to its bioconjugation and molecular recognition ability. Here, we summarise the applications of PNE to date and discuss its potential research directions in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Lu
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Boon Mian Teo
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Rico F Tabor
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Torrini F, Battaglia F, Palladino P, Scarano S, Minunni M. Imprinted biopolymers as green abiotic route in immunoglobulin affinity plasmonic sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 217:114706. [PMID: 36116223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The relentless research in material science is pushing towards sustainable building blocks, which may be exploited in the molecularly imprinting technology, a potentially ground-breaking tool for producing affinity mimetic receptors. In this scenario, we report and characterize a novel polynorepinephrine (PNE)-based mimetic for IgG detection, biomolecules of utmost clinical interest, coupled to a label-free and real-time sensing based on Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). A "molecular walk" around the Y-shaped IgG structure is performed to select small peptide portions to be used as templates during the epitope imprinting process. For real-time diagnosis, the mimetic receptor is integrated into SPR sensing platform, to directly target the IgG both in standard solutions and human serum specimens using the standard addition method. The designed platform is characterized in terms of binding kinetic/affinity parameters and analytical figures of merit, (selectivity, repeatability, limit of detection and quantification, namely 0.90 ± 0.02 μg mL-1 and 3.01 ± 0.07 μg mL-1, respectively), displaying excellent promising outcomes also when the material is subjected to thermal stress. Comprehensively, the excellent analytical performances of the MIP-based SPR sensing and the well-known versatility of such biopolymer encourage the further development of serological point-of-care testing for IgG antibodies detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Torrini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Federica Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Pasquale Palladino
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Simona Scarano
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Maria Minunni
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
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Occurrence, analysis and removal of pesticides, hormones, pharmaceuticals, and other contaminants in soil and water streams for the past two decades: a review. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04778-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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9
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Palladino P, Papi F, Minunni M, Nativi C, Scarano S. Structurally Constrained MUC1-Tn Mimetic Antigen as Template for Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs): A Promising Tool for Cancer Diagnostics. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200068. [PMID: 35502851 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal glycoconjugates have distinctly been recognized as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. A great deal of attention has been focused on Tn antigen, an oversimplified mucin-1 O-glycan, over-expressed in different cancers. Herein, we investigate the possibility to replace the use of anti-Tn monoclonal antibodies with an innovative class of catecholamine-based Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs), emerging in recent years as promising tools for bioanalytical applications. MIPs are synthetic receptors characterized by high sensitivity and specificity towards the imprinted target. Here, original polynorepinephrine-based MIPs coupled to Surface Plasmon Resonance biosensing for Tn antigen recognition are reported. We have verified the imprinting and binding capacity of these MIPs towards very small antigenic entities, represented by the natural Tn antigen and the TnThr mimetic 1 (conjugated to BSA or linked to a MUC1 hexapeptide analogue), and compared the biosensor performances with an anti-Tn monoclonal antibody. The results clearly display the effectiveness of the pursued imprinting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Palladino
- Department of Chemistry, DICUS, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Francesco Papi
- Department of Chemistry, DICUS, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Maria Minunni
- Department of Chemistry, DICUS, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Department of Chemistry, DICUS, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Simona Scarano
- Department of Chemistry, DICUS, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
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A biomimetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BELISA) for the analysis of gonadorelin by using molecularly imprinted polymer-coated microplates. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5423-5434. [PMID: 35028691 PMCID: PMC9242967 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03867-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An original biomimetic enzyme-linked immunoassay (BELISA) to target the small peptide hormone gonadorelin is presented. This peptide has been recently listed among the substances banned in sports by the World Antidoping Agency (WADA) since its misuse by male athletes triggers testosterone increase. Hence, in response to this emerging issue in anti-doping controls, we proposed BELISA which involves the growth of a polynorepinephrine (PNE)–based molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) directly on microwells. PNE, a polydopamine (PDA) analog, has recently displayed impressive performances when it was exploited for MIP preparation, giving even better results than PDA. Gonadorelin quantification was accomplished via a colorimetric indirect competitive bioassay involving the competition between biotinylated gonadorelin linked to the signal reporter and the unlabeled analyte. These compete for the same MIP binding sites resulting in an inverse correlation between gonadorelin concentration and the output color signal (λ = 450 nm). A detection limit of 277 pmol L−1 was achieved with very good reproducibility in standard solutions (avCV% = 4.07%) and in urine samples (avCV% = 5.24%). The selectivity of the assay resulted adequate for biological specimens and non-specific control peptides. In addition, the analytical figures of merit were successfully validated by mass spectrometry, the reference anti-doping benchtop platform for the analyte. BELISA was aimed to open real perspectives for PNE-based MIPs as alternatives to antibodies, especially when the target analyte is a poorly or non-immunogenic small molecule, such as gonadorelin.
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Çorman ME, Cetinkaya A, Ozcelikay G, Özgür E, Atici EB, Uzun L, Ozkan SA. A porous molecularly imprinted nanofilm for selective and sensitive sensing of an anticancer drug ruxolitinib. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1187:339143. [PMID: 34753569 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel methodology has been applied to generate a porous molecularly imprinted material for highly selective and sensitive recognition of Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib (RUX). The porous material-based nucleobase-derivative functional monomer was developed by a photopolymerization method. The thymine methacrylate (ThyM) as a functional monomer was synthesized and copolymerized with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in the presence of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) onto the glassy carbon electrode [glassy carbon electrode/molecularly imprinted polymer@poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-thymine methacrylate), (GCE/MIP@PHEMA-ThyM)] for the first time. The presence of ThyM results in the functional groups in imprinting binding sites, while the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) allows to generate porous materials for sensitive sensing. The characterization of GCE/MIP@PHEMA-ThyM was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and impedance spectroscopy technique. Then, the porous MIP modified glassy carbon electrode was optimized with effecting parameters including removal agent, removal time, and incubation time to get a better response for RUX. Under well-controlled optimum conditions, the GCE/MIP@PHEMA-ThyM linearly responded to the RUX concentration up to 0.01 pM at the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.00191 pM. The non-imprinted polymer (NIP) was also prepared to serve as a control in the same way but without the template. The proposed method improves the accessibility of binding sites by generating the porous material resulting in highly selective and sensitive recognition of drugs in the pharmaceutical dosage form and synthetic human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Emin Çorman
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey; Sinop University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Sinop, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Cetinkaya
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Goksu Ozcelikay
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erdoğan Özgür
- Hacettepe University, Advanced Technologies Application and Research Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Lokman Uzun
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey.
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Lettieri M, Emanuele R, Scarano S, Palladino P, Minunni M. Melanochrome-based colorimetric assay for quantitative detection of levodopa in co-presence of carbidopa and its application to relevant anti-Parkinson drugs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:1713-1722. [PMID: 34842945 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03804-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this paper is reported the selective detection and quantification of levodopa in co-presence of carbidopa. The method took advantage of the spontaneous oxidation and color development of levodopa at basic pH here driven by alkaline earth cations and co-solvent in solution. We have shown for the first time the generation and stabilization of the purple melanochrome from levodopa, by using magnesium acetate and dimethyl sulfoxide, which was here exploited for the development of a quantitative colorimetric assay for the active principle ingredient in commercial drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The calibration curves of levodopa in the two tablet formulations, containing carbidopa as decarboxylase inhibitor, showed a common linear trend between 10 mg L-1 and 40 mg L-1 with levodopa alone or in combination with carbidopa in standard solutions, with very good reproducibility (CVav%, 3.3% for both brand and generic drug) and very good sensitivity, with limit of quantification about 0.6 mg L-1 in any case. The colorimetric method here developed is very simple and effective, appearing as a rapid and low-cost alternative to other methodologies, involving large and expensive instrumentations, for drug estimation and quality control of pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Lettieri
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Roberta Emanuele
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Simona Scarano
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Pasquale Palladino
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Maria Minunni
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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