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Booth L, Miller M, Pettigrew S. The potential adverse effects of minors' exposure to alcohol-related stimuli via licenced venues: A narrative review. Drug Alcohol Rev 2024; 43:141-155. [PMID: 37934620 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
ISSUES Young people are particularly impressionable when it comes to forming expectations and attitudes around alcohol consumption. Any stimuli that normalise and foster positive expectations around alcohol use may increase the risk of underage alcohol consumption. Alcohol venues that market themselves as being appropriate 'family friendly' establishments for children risk exposing minors to environments that are saturated with alcohol-related stimuli. However, research examining how exposure to licenced venues affects underage people is very limited. The aim of this narrative review was to identify and synthesise relevant evidence to better understand how attending these venues might affect minors. APPROACH A narrative review of research published between January 2016 and November 2022 was conducted to investigate the potential effects on underage people of exposure to licenced venues and stimuli encountered in/around these venues. Examined stimuli included alcohol advertising, people consuming alcohol and alcohol outlets. KEY FINDINGS The reviewed literature indicates that the risk of alcohol-related harm among minors is likely to increase with greater exposure to alcohol venues due to the associated exposure to alcohol advertising, exposure to others consuming alcohol and higher outlet density. In combination, these factors are likely to normalise alcohol consumption for minors and create positive alcohol expectancies. IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSION Venues serving alcohol should be discouraged from targeting families and parents should be warned about the risks associated with taking minors to venues where alcohol is sold and consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Booth
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mia Miller
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Radoš Krnel S, Levičnik G, van Dalen W, Ferrarese G, Tricas-Sauras S. Effectiveness of Regulatory Policies on Online/Digital/Internet-Mediated Alcohol Marketing: a Systematic Review. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2023; 13:115-128. [PMID: 36732366 PMCID: PMC10006384 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-023-00088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid growth of social networking sites and video sharing platforms has created an opportunity for the alcohol industry to employ advanced advertising and marketing approaches to target their audiences, increasingly blurring the lines between commercial marketing and user-generated content, which poses a challenge for effective regulation. METHODS We conducted a systematic search through three peer-reviewed journal databases (WoS, PubMed, Scopus). Studies were included if published in English, after 2004, and assessed statutory regulation or voluntary industry codes, enacted by an EU or nation's governmental agency or private entity, and with the intent to restrict digital alcohol advertising. In addition, we conducted a manual search of gray literature. RESULTS A total of 4690 records were identified. After duplicate removal and full-text assessment, 14 articles were examined. Our findings indicate that children and adolescents may often be exposed to alcohol advertisements on social media and websites due to industry's self-regulatory age-affirmation systems being largely ineffective at preventing under-aged access. Cases of self-regulatory violations by the alcohol industry, and increasingly innovative 'gray-area' advertising approaches have also been noted. Additionally, research illustrates a lack of developed statutory restrictions of digital alcohol advertising and instead continued reliance on voluntary industry self-regulation. CONCLUSIONS There is a substantial need for further research to examine the effectiveness of digital alcohol advertising restrictions in social media, websites and image/video sharing platforms. Moreover, there is a necessity for countries to develop comprehensive statutory frameworks, which would effectively restrict and monitor rapidly advancing digital alcohol advertising practices on new digital media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Radoš Krnel
- Analysis and Development Centre, National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva Cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Gorazd Levičnik
- Analysis and Development Centre, National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva Cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Wim van Dalen
- EUCAM - European Centre for Monitoring Alcohol Marketing, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Ferrarese
- EUCAM - European Centre for Monitoring Alcohol Marketing, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Tricas-Sauras
- Ecole de Santé Publique, Centre de Recherche Approches Sociales de la Santé, Brussels, Belgium
- Eurocare: The Alcohol Policy Alliance, Brussels, Belgium
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Yoshida K, Kanda H, Hisamatsu T, Kuwabara Y, Kinjo A, Yoshimoto H, Ito T, Kasuga H, Minobe R, Maesato H, Jike M, Matsumoto Y, Otsuka Y, Itani O, Kaneita Y, Higuchi S, Osaki Y. Association and dose-response relationship between exposure to alcohol advertising media and current drinking: a nationwide cross-sectional study of Japanese adolescents. Environ Health Prev Med 2023; 28:58. [PMID: 37766544 PMCID: PMC10569966 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.23-00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Underage drinking is a public health concern. However, few studies have examined the association between alcoholic beverage advertising and underage drinking, particularly in countries with low underage drinking rates, such as Japan. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between exposure to advertising in various media and alcohol drinking among Japanese adolescents. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 15,683 adolescents (51% girls) using data from a nationwide lifestyle survey in 2021 among junior and senior high schools across Japan. Media types were websites, stores, and public transportation. We defined current drinking as alcohol consumption of ≥1 day in the 30 days preceding the survey. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between exposure to alcohol advertisements and current drinking, adjusting for sex, grades, school area, lifestyle (bedtime and having fun at school), and addictive behaviors (smoking status and parents' alcohol consumption). RESULTS The prevalence of current drinking was 2.2% (2.3% of boys and 2.0% of girls). Students who were exposed to any alcohol advertising media had higher odds of current drinking compared with those who were not (odds ratio, 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-1.87). Students who were exposed to web, in-store, and public transportation advertisements had odds ratios of 1.44 (95% CI, 1.14-1.81), 1.62 (1.28-2.05), and 1.45 (1.06-1.98) of current drinking, respectively, compared with those who were not. The association of exposure to alcohol advertising media with the prevalence of current drinking was similar among boys and girls (all p for sex interaction >0.1), except for that of exposure to web advertisements; its association with current drinking was more pronounced in girls (p for sex interaction = 0.046). Exposure to a larger cumulative number of different alcohol advertising media was independently associated with a higher prevalence of current drinking among all students, boys, and girls (p-values for trend <0.001, 0.031, and <0.001, respectively; p for sex interaction = 0.085). CONCLUSIONS We found an association with a dose-response relationship between exposure to alcohol advertisements and current drinking among adolescents in junior and senior high schools across Japan. Our findings highlight the need for further advertising regulations to prevent underage drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Yoshida
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kanda
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takashi Hisamatsu
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuki Kuwabara
- Division of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-machi, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Aya Kinjo
- Division of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-machi, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yoshimoto
- Department of Family Medicine, General Practice and Community Health, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Teruna Ito
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Koriyama Women’s University, 3-25-2 Kaisei, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8503, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kasuga
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Ruriko Minobe
- National Institute of Alcoholism, Kurihama National Hospital, 5-3-1 Nobi, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-0841, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Maesato
- National Institute of Alcoholism, Kurihama National Hospital, 5-3-1 Nobi, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-0841, Japan
| | - Maki Jike
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Showa Women’s University, 1-7-57 Taishido, Setagaya, Tokyo 154-8533, Japan
| | - Yuuki Matsumoto
- Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Otsuka
- Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Osamu Itani
- Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kaneita
- Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Susumu Higuchi
- National Institute of Alcoholism, Kurihama National Hospital, 5-3-1 Nobi, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-0841, Japan
| | - Yoneatsu Osaki
- Division of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-machi, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Adolescence is a time known for risky behaviors and often the initiation of alcohol use. Readily available, alcohol is often one of the drugs of choice for adolescents. Whereas in the past 30 years, the overall consumption of alcohol is down, the data in the past 10 years have shown more girls are binge drinking and meeting criteria for alcohol use disorder (AUD). The alarm of early alcohol use is the association with problems with the substances later in life. Historically, men and male adolescents consumed more alcohol than females. Recent studies indicate girls' alcohol use surpasses boys, whereas women now are developing AUD at the same rate as men. The consequences of early use can result in women's increased risk for multiple cancers, having a more severe form of AUD with less alcohol consumption as well as premature death. To further exacerbate this growing concern, the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has created a perfect storm for increased use of alcohol to cope with the stress of living in an uncertain world. Normal daily activities have been halted with the uncertainty of school closures, zoom classroom sessions, and living in mandated social isolation. All nurses need to be screening for how families under their care have been managing stress. The time is opportune to educate and support parents in engaging their children in conversations around substance use. Parents can be supported to increase awareness of their own coping mechanisms and strengthen positive coping. Adolescents need support to strengthen interpersonal skills as well as make informed decisions concerning when and how they engage in alcohol consumption. This article will illuminate the growing need for all healthcare providers to assess and guide adolescents' coping skills during COVID with a focus on mental health, high-risk behavior, and alcohol use.
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