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Euteneuer F, Kampmann S, Rienmüller S, Salzmann S, Rüsch D. Patients' desires for anxiolytic premedication - an observational study in adults undergoing elective surgery. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:193. [PMID: 35300643 PMCID: PMC8932104 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients experiencing preoperative anxiety would welcome support in coping with their anxiety. Anxiolytic medication is a common way to address preoperative anxiety. However, the proportion of patients who welcome anxiolytic medication preoperatively and the preferred time of taking it have not been studied thoroughly. METHODS Adult patients (n = 1000) scheduled to undergo elective surgery under general anesthesia were eligible to participate in this single-center observational study. Primary outcomes were the ratio of patients desiring anxiolytic medication (no/yes/on request) and the preferred time of taking it (evening before surgery/morning of day of surgery/on call to the operating room). Secondary outcomes included associations between different measures of anxiety (i.e., anxiety level according to the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) and anxiety status (no/yes)) and desire for anxiolytic medication (no/yes/on request). Primary outcomes were analyzed descriptively, and secondary outcomes were analyzed using multinomial logistic regressions. RESULTS Three hundred fifty-six (35.6%) out of 1000 patients desired anxiolytic medication and 239 (23.9%) patients would welcome anxiolytic medication on request. In patients reporting anxiety (no/yes; n = 493), 228 (46.2%) stated a clear desire for anxiolytic medication (yes) and 142 (28.8%) considered anxiolytic medication (on request). Patients' preferences concerning the timing of premedication vary widely. In patients reporting a clear desire for anxiolytic medication (n = 356), the "morning of the day of surgery" was most frequently (n = 111, 31.2%) stated as the preferred time to get anxiolytic medication, followed by "on call to the operating room" (n = 51, 14.3%). All anxiety measures were significantly associated with desire for anxiolytic medication (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Given the importance of preoperative anxiety to patients, patients' desire for anxiolytic medication should be considered when discussing the pros and cons of premedication. Individualized instead of standardized prescription and timing of premedication is recommended. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register ( DRKS 00013319 , approved 23/11/2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Euteneuer
- grid.10253.350000 0004 1936 9756Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Gutenbergstrasse 18, 35032 Marburg, Germany ,grid.466457.20000 0004 1794 7698Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical School Berlin, Calandrellistrasse 1-9, 12247 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Kampmann
- grid.10253.350000 0004 1936 9756Philipps-University Marburg, Biegenstraße 10, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephen Rienmüller
- grid.10253.350000 0004 1936 9756Philipps-University Marburg, Biegenstraße 10, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Salzmann
- grid.10253.350000 0004 1936 9756Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Gutenbergstrasse 18, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Rüsch
- Philipps-University Marburg, Biegenstraße 10, 35037, Marburg, Germany. .,University Hospital Giessen-Marburg (Marburg Campus), Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Baldingerstrasse, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
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Strike a pose: The POSE study poses some questions! Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022; 39:193-195. [PMID: 35115452 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000001658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Prevalence of Preoperative Anxiety and Its Relationship with Postoperative Pain in Foot Nail Surgery: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124481. [PMID: 32580413 PMCID: PMC7344875 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Preoperative anxiety has been studied in different medical disciplines, but it is unknown in minor surgical procedures such as foot nail surgery. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain in foot nail surgery. The validated Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale (APAIS) was used to evaluate preoperative anxiety and the need for information in 155 patients undergoing foot nail surgery. In addition, a questionnaire was used to collect other variables such as age, sex and educational level. The verbal numeric scale was employed to value the postoperative pain after 24 h. Age and sex influenced (p < 0.05) preoperative anxiety, which had a prevalence of 22.6%. More than 43% of patients needed more information and this was correlated with anxiety (r = 0.629; p < 0.001). There was a significant difference when comparing the total anxiety between the group of participants who had more pain and that who had less pain (p < 0.001). The prevalence of anxiety was high in the participants of this study, being greater in young patients and in women. There was a deficit of information, increasing the level of preoperative anxiety, which in turn was related with greater postoperative pain.
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van Beek S, Kroon J, Rijs K, Mijderwijk HJ, Klimek M, Stolker RJ. The effect of midazolam as premedication on the quality of postoperative recovery after laparotomy: a randomized clinical trial. Can J Anaesth 2019; 67:32-41. [PMID: 31576513 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-019-01494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the uncertain effects of anxiolytic premedication with benzodiazepines on the quality of postoperative recovery, perioperative benzodiazepine administration is still a common practice in many hospitals. We evaluated the effect of premedication with midazolam on the quality of recovery in hospitalized patients undergoing a laparotomy. METHODS We conducted a single-centre randomized placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial from July 2014 to September 2015. We included 192 patients aged > 18 yr scheduled for elective laparotomy with a planned postoperative stay of ≥ three days. Participants were randomized into two groups to receive either midazolam 3 mg or sodium chloride 0.9% intravenously as premedication prior to surgery. Patients were followed up for up to one week after surgery. The primary outcome was the Quality of Recovery-40 (QoR-40) score on postoperative day (POD) 3. The secondary outcomes included the QoR-40 score on POD 7, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, State-Trait Anger Scale, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores. RESULTS The mean (standard deviation) postoperative QoR-40 scores on POD 3 were not significantly different in the midazolam group compared with controls [166.4 (17.0) vs 163.9 (19.8), respectively; mean difference, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, - 2.9 to 8.4; P = 0.35]. There were no between-group differences in any of the secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Administration of midazolam as premedication for laparotomy patients did not improve the quality of recovery up to one week after surgery. General prescription of midazolam as premedication can be questioned and might only suit some patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01993459); registered 29 October, 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan van Beek
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen Kroon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Rijs
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik-Jan Mijderwijk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Klimek
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Stolker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Labaste F, Ferré F, Combelles H, Rey V, Foissac J, Senechal A, Conil J, Minville V. Validation of a visual analogue scale for the evaluation of the postoperative anxiety: A prospective observational study. Nurs Open 2019; 6:1323-1330. [PMID: 31660159 PMCID: PMC6805714 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Anxiety affects the perception of pain during the postoperative period. A simple evaluation scale could improve the management of this component. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility and the consistency of a visual analogue scale for anxiety compared with the reference method, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). DESIGN Observational, prospective, monocentric study of 500 patients in the post-anaesthetist care unit. Anxiety was evaluated using both the visual analogue scale for anxiety and the STAI in perioperative patients. Consistency between the visual analogue scale for anxiety and the STAI, detection thresholds and factors predicting anxiety were researched. RESULTS A correlation was found between the visual analogue scale for anxiety and the STAI. There was also a correlation between pain and anxiety. Analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed a visual analogue scale for anxiety threshold of 34/100 allowing the identification of patients with or without anxiety. Predictive factors for anxiety are female gender, use of benzodiazepine in premedication, emergency surgery and significant pain in the post-anaesthetist care unit. In summary, visual analogue scale for anxiety is a useful tool for detecting the anxiety component of postoperative pain. It could be used in association with covariates of interest to improve anxiety management during the postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Labaste
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive CareUniversity Hospital of ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048Université de Toulouse, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Fabrice Ferré
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive CareUniversity Hospital of ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Hélène Combelles
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive CareUniversity Hospital of ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Valentin Rey
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive CareUniversity Hospital of ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Jean‐Christophe Foissac
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive CareUniversity Hospital of ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Anne Senechal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive CareUniversity Hospital of ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Jean‐Marie Conil
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive CareUniversity Hospital of ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Vincent Minville
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive CareUniversity Hospital of ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048Université de Toulouse, UPSToulouseFrance
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Gebhardt V, Kiefer K, Weiss C, Schmittner MD. Influence of anxiolytic premedication on vasovagal reactions and home readiness following outpatient intrathecal anaesthesia-A retrospective analysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2019; 63:468-474. [PMID: 30511415 DOI: 10.1111/aas.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasovagal reactions during application of intrathecal anaesthesia (IA) are associated with high anxiety levels. A high percentage of patients undergoing outpatient surgery suffer from anxiety. Anxiolytic premedication in day-surgery is suspected to delay recovery and discharge and is, therefore, not routinely used. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to detect the influence of anxiolytic premedication on the incidence of vasovagal reactions and time until discharge home. METHODS Anaesthesia records of all patients undergoing outpatient surgery under low-dose IA from January 2008 to June 2017 were analysed. Incidences of vasovagal reactions with a decrease in blood pressure and/or heart rate and need for cardiovascular activating medications were documented. Patients were categorised as having received an anxiolytic premedication or not. The time from intrathecal injection of the local anaesthetic until readiness for discharge was recorded. RESULTS The records of 2747 patients were analysed. One thousand two hundred and ninety-one of them received an anxiolytic premedication of 1-2 mg midazolam intravenously. Three hundred and fourteen patients had vasovagal incidents during application of IA (no premedication n = 217 [15.0%], premedication n = 97 [7.5%], P < 0.0001). Premedication did not prolong time to achieve readiness for discharge (mepivacaine: P = 0.5886, chloroprocaine: P = 0.1555). However, in the prilocaine group, premedication led to a significantly earlier achievement of readiness for discharge (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSION Anxiolytic premedication significantly reduces the incidence of vasovagal reactions during the application of IA and does not affect time until readiness for discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Gebhardt
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim; Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Kevin Kiefer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim; Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Christel Weiss
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heinrich-Lanz-Zentrum; Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
- Medical Faculty; Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Marc D. Schmittner
- Medical Faculty; Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine; BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin gGmbH; Berlin Germany
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[Assessment of the therapeutic communication in order to improve the welcoming of patients in the operating room: impact study]. Can J Anaesth 2018; 65:1138-1146. [PMID: 29949092 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-018-1167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We wanted to assess the awareness of the nursing staff to therapeutic communications on improving the welcoming experience of patients in the operating room for outpatient surgery. METHODS This was a single centre prospective impact study performed in an outpatient surgery clinic. In a first phase, a questionnaire was administered by the anesthetist nurse upon arrival of the patient to assess the patient's comfort (NRSc) and satisfaction on a simple numeric scale, and calculate a negative communication score ('NC'). In the second phase, the awareness of the nursing staff on therapeutic communication was emphasized on listening, empathy and the use of positive wording, using educational videos. In the third phase, after the staff awareness-raising period, the questionnaire was repeated. Quantitative variables (primary outcome criterion made of the number of patients with a NC score ≥ 5, NRSc, satisfaction), and qualitative variables before and after the awareness raising phase to therapeutic communications were compared. RESULTS A total of 234 patients were included (109 before and 125 after). Following the staff awareness session to therapeutic communication, the NC score ≥ 5 decreased significantly from 20% to 6% as well as the median NRSc [P25-P75] before (8 [8-9] vs 8 [7-8]) and after (8 [8-9] vs 8 [7-8]) anesthesia. The proportion of less anxious patients before the initiation of anesthesia was significantly higher after the therapeutic communication (32% vs 17%). Satisfaction significantly increased after the awareness phase (8 [7-10] vs (9 [8-10]). CONCLUSION This preliminary study shows a mild improvement of the patients' comfort and satisfaction after therapeutic communication. A controlled randomized trial is needed to confirm those results.
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Stojanovic MD, Markovic DZ, Vukovic AZ, Dinic VD, Nikolic AN, Maricic TG, Janković RJ. Enhanced Recovery after Vascular Surgery. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:2. [PMID: 29404329 PMCID: PMC5785721 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The beginnings of the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program were first developed for patients in colorectal surgery, and after it was established as the standard of care in this surgical field, it began to be applied in many others surgical areas. This is multimodal, evidence-based approach program and includes simultaneous optimization of preoperative status of patients, adequate selection of surgical procedure and postoperative management. The aim of this program is to reduce complications, the length of hospital stay and to improve the patients outcome. Over the past decades, special attention was directed to the postoperative management in vascular surgery, especially after major vascular surgery because of the great risk of multiorgan failure, such as: respiratory failure, myocardial infarction, hemodynamic instability, coagulopathy, renal failure, neurological disorders, and intra-abdominal complications. Although a lot of effort was put into it, there is no unique acceptable program for ERAS in this surgical field, and there is still a need to point out the factors responsible for postoperative outcomes of these patients. So far, it is known that special attention should be paid to already existing diseases, type and the duration of the surgical intervention, hemodynamic and fluid management, nutrition, pain management, and early mobilization of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena D Stojanovic
- Center for Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care, Clinical Center Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Danica Z Markovic
- Center for Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care, Clinical Center Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Anita Z Vukovic
- Center for Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care, Clinical Center Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Vesna D Dinic
- Center for Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care, Clinical Center Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar N Nikolic
- Center for Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care, Clinical Center Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Tijana G Maricic
- Center for Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care, Clinical Center Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Radmilo J Janković
- Center for Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care, Clinical Center Nis, Nis, Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
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Boric K, Boric M, Boric T, Puljak L. Analysis of perioperative pain management in vascular surgery indicates that practice does not adhere with guidelines: a retrospective cross-sectional study. J Pain Res 2017; 10:203-209. [PMID: 28176903 PMCID: PMC5261837 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s123894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inadequate treatment of pain related to surgery may be associated with complications and prolonged recovery time and increased morbidity and mortality rates. We investigated perioperative pain management in vascular surgery and compared it with the relevant guidelines for the treatment of perioperative pain. Methods We conducted a retrospective study on 501 patients who underwent vascular surgery at the University Hospital Split, Croatia. We collected the following data from patients’ charts: age, gender, premedication, preoperative patient’s physical status, type of surgery, duration of surgery and anesthesia, type of anesthesia, postoperative analgesia, and need for intensive care. We examined departmental procedures to assess adherence to guidelines for perioperative pain management. Results None of the 501 patients’ charts recorded information about perioperative pain intensity, 28% of patients did not receive any medication the night before their elective surgical procedures, and 17% of patients did not receive premedication immediately before the procedure. Most patients (66%) did not receive any pain medication in the operating room after surgery. Following surgery, 36% of patients were monitored in the intensive care units, while the rest were released to the ward. Some patients (17%) did not receive any analgesia after surgery. Procedures at the department did not adhere to the current recommendations for perioperative pain management. Conclusion The study indicates that management of surgery-related pain in complex vascular procedures at this hospital did not follow guidelines for the management of acute perioperative pain. Our finding that most patients did not receive appropriate analgesia after vascular surgery leads to the conclusion that the institution would benefit from developing guidelines for the management of acute perioperative pain, which should be applied in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krste Boric
- Laboratory for Pain Research, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Matija Boric
- Laboratory for Pain Research, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia; Department of Abdominal Surgery
| | - Teo Boric
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Livia Puljak
- Laboratory for Pain Research, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
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Gouin A, Damm C, Wood G, Cartier S, Borel M, Villette-Baron K, Boet S, Compère V, Dureuil B. Evolution of stress in anaesthesia registrars with repeated simulated courses: An observational study. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2016; 36:21-26. [PMID: 27338521 DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE High-fidelity medical simulation is a source of stress for participants. The aim of this study was to assess if repeated simulated courses decrease perceived stress and/or physiological stress level and increase performance in anaesthesiology registrars. METHOD Fourteen anaesthesiology specialty registrars participated individually in three successive sessions of crisis simulation in the operating room. Participants' perceived stress levels were measured by self-assessment (simple numerical scale from 0 to 10 [0=no stress, 10=maximum stress]) and physiological stress was estimated via the maximal heart rate measured by a Holter system). Technical and non-technical performances were also assessed. Data are expressed as medians with interquartile ranges and extremes (median (IQR [Min-Max])). RESULTS Between the first and third session, simulation repetition was associated with a decrease in perceived stress (9 (8-10 [5-10]) versus 7 (5-8 [2-9]) from session 1 to session 3 respectively, P=0.02), whereas physiological stress assessed by the maximum heart rate remained unchanged (130 beats per minute (116-141 [85-170]) and 123 beats per minute (115-136 [88-166]) between sessions 1 and 3 respectively). There was also a significant inverse correlation between perceived stress levels experienced by registrars during the session and non-technical performance (P=0.008). CONCLUSION We observed a reduction in perceived stress levels experienced by registrars while physiological stress was unchanged with repeating simulation sessions combining simulated practice and debriefing. Learning through simulation could improve perceived stress management in critical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gouin
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen, 1, rue de Germont, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Cédric Damm
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen, 1, rue de Germont, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Grégory Wood
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen, 1, rue de Germont, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Sébastien Cartier
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen, 1, rue de Germont, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Marie Borel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, AP-HP Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Karen Villette-Baron
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen, 1, rue de Germont, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Sylvain Boet
- Department of Anaesthesiology; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; University of Ottawa Skills and Simulation Centre (uOSSC) of The Ottawa Hospital & The Academy for Innovation in Medical Education, University of Ottawa, 501, Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 8L6, ON, Canada.
| | - Vincent Compère
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen, 1, rue de Germont, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Bertrand Dureuil
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen, 1, rue de Germont, 76000 Rouen, France.
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