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Tao J, Wei W, Song M, Hu M, Zhao H, Li S, Shi H, Jia L, Zhang C, Dong X, Chen X. Artificial intelligence applied to development of predictive stability model for intracranial aneurysms. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:505. [PMID: 39425221 PMCID: PMC11490007 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-02101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to develop multiple machine learning models to predict the risk of early intracranial aneurysms (IAs) rupture, evaluate and compare the performance of predictive models. METHODS Information related to patients diagnosed with IA by CT angiography and clinicians in Central hospital of Dalian University of Technology from January 2010 to June 2022 was collected, including clinical characteristics, blood indicators and IA morphological parameters. IA with rupture or maximum growth ≥ 0.5 mm within 1 month of first diagnosis was considered unstable. The relevant factors affecting IA stability were screened and predictive models were developed based on the above three levels, including random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and artificial neural network (ANN). Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under curve (AUC) value were used to evaluate the predictive models. RESULTS A total of 989 IA patients were included in the study, including 561 stable patients and 428 unstable patients. For RF models, the training set showed that sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and the AUC values were 72.8-83.7%, 76.9-86.9%, 75.1-84.1% and 0.748 (0.719-0.778)-0.839 (0.814-0.864), respectively; after test set validation, the results were 71.9-78.8%, 75.0-84.0%, 73.6-81.1% and 0.734 (0.688-0.781)-0.809 (0.768-0.850), respectively. For SVM models, the training set were 66.0-80.2%, 76.5-85.5%, 71.7-82.3%, 0.712 (0.682-0.743)-0.913 (0.884-0.924), respectively; the test set were 44.2-78.3%, 63.4-84.4%, 57.9-80.9%, 0.699 (0.651-0.747)-0.806 (0.765-0.848), respectively. For ANN models, the training set were 66.8-83.0%, 75.3-82.3%, 71.6-82.1%, 0.783 (0.757-0.808)-0.897 (0.879-0.914); the test set were 63.1-76.3%, 65.5-84.0%, 64.4-80.6%, 0.680 (0.593-0.694)-0.860 (0.821-0.899). The results of variable importance showed that age, white blood cell count (WBC) and uric acid (UA) played an important role in predicting the stability of IA. CONCLUSIONS The predictive stability models of IA based on three artificial intelligence methods shows good clinical application. Age, WBC and UA played an important role in predicting the IA stability, and were potentially important predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Tao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, West Section of Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
- Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Research Institute, The Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Research Institute, The Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Meiying Song
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, West Section of Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mengdie Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, West Section of Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, West Section of Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Endocrinology Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Health Management Center, The Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Luzhu Jia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, West Section of Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, West Section of Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xinyue Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, West Section of Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, West Section of Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China.
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Wei J, Song X, Wei X, Yang Z, Dai L, Wang M, Sun Z, Jin Y, Ma C, Hu C, Xie X, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Lv F, Lu J, Zhu Y, Li Y. Knowledge-Augmented Deep Learning for Segmenting and Detecting Cerebral Aneurysms With CT Angiography: A Multicenter Study. Radiology 2024; 312:e233197. [PMID: 39162636 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.233197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Background Deep learning (DL) could improve the labor-intensive, challenging processes of diagnosing cerebral aneurysms but requires large multicenter data sets. Purpose To construct a DL model using a multicenter data set for accurate cerebral aneurysm segmentation and detection on CT angiography (CTA) images and to compare its performance with radiology reports. Materials and Methods Consecutive head or head and neck CTA images of suspected unruptured cerebral aneurysms were gathered retrospectively from eight hospitals between February 2018 and October 2021 for model development. An external test set with reference standard digital subtraction angiography (DSA) scans was obtained retrospectively from one of the eight hospitals between February 2022 and February 2023. Radiologists (reference standard) assessed aneurysm segmentation, while model performance was evaluated using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC). The model's aneurysm detection performance was assessed by sensitivity and comparing areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) between the model and radiology reports in the DSA data set with use of the DeLong test. Results Images from 6060 patients (mean age, 56 years ± 12 [SD]; 3375 [55.7%] female) were included for model development (training: 4342; validation: 1086; and internal test set: 632). Another 118 patients (mean age, 59 years ± 14; 79 [66.9%] female) were included in an external test set to evaluate performance based on DSA. The model achieved a DSC of 0.87 for aneurysm segmentation performance in the internal test set. Using DSA, the model achieved 85.7% (108 of 126 aneurysms [95% CI: 78.1, 90.1]) sensitivity in detecting aneurysms on per-vessel analysis, with no evidence of a difference versus radiology reports (AUC, 0.93 [95% CI: 0.90, 0.95] vs 0.91 [95% CI: 0.87, 0.94]; P = .67). Model processing time from reconstruction to detection was 1.76 minutes ± 0.32 per scan. Conclusion The proposed DL model could accurately segment and detect cerebral aneurysms at CTA with no evidence of a significant difference in diagnostic performance compared with radiology reports. © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Payabvash in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Wei
- From the Clinical Research Center (J.W.) and Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (X.S., X.W., L.D., Z.S., Y. Zhu, Y.L.), Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Yi Shan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China (J.W., M.W., Y.J.); Shukun (Beijing) Network Technology, Beijing, China (Zhiwen Yang, C.M.); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Zhenghan Yang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y. Zhang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (F.L.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.L.)
| | - Xinyu Song
- From the Clinical Research Center (J.W.) and Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (X.S., X.W., L.D., Z.S., Y. Zhu, Y.L.), Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Yi Shan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China (J.W., M.W., Y.J.); Shukun (Beijing) Network Technology, Beijing, China (Zhiwen Yang, C.M.); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Zhenghan Yang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y. Zhang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (F.L.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.L.)
| | - Xiaoer Wei
- From the Clinical Research Center (J.W.) and Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (X.S., X.W., L.D., Z.S., Y. Zhu, Y.L.), Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Yi Shan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China (J.W., M.W., Y.J.); Shukun (Beijing) Network Technology, Beijing, China (Zhiwen Yang, C.M.); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Zhenghan Yang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y. Zhang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (F.L.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.L.)
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- From the Clinical Research Center (J.W.) and Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (X.S., X.W., L.D., Z.S., Y. Zhu, Y.L.), Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Yi Shan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China (J.W., M.W., Y.J.); Shukun (Beijing) Network Technology, Beijing, China (Zhiwen Yang, C.M.); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Zhenghan Yang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y. Zhang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (F.L.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.L.)
| | - Lisong Dai
- From the Clinical Research Center (J.W.) and Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (X.S., X.W., L.D., Z.S., Y. Zhu, Y.L.), Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Yi Shan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China (J.W., M.W., Y.J.); Shukun (Beijing) Network Technology, Beijing, China (Zhiwen Yang, C.M.); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Zhenghan Yang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y. Zhang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (F.L.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.L.)
| | - Mengfei Wang
- From the Clinical Research Center (J.W.) and Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (X.S., X.W., L.D., Z.S., Y. Zhu, Y.L.), Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Yi Shan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China (J.W., M.W., Y.J.); Shukun (Beijing) Network Technology, Beijing, China (Zhiwen Yang, C.M.); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Zhenghan Yang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y. Zhang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (F.L.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.L.)
| | - Zheng Sun
- From the Clinical Research Center (J.W.) and Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (X.S., X.W., L.D., Z.S., Y. Zhu, Y.L.), Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Yi Shan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China (J.W., M.W., Y.J.); Shukun (Beijing) Network Technology, Beijing, China (Zhiwen Yang, C.M.); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Zhenghan Yang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y. Zhang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (F.L.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.L.)
| | - Yidong Jin
- From the Clinical Research Center (J.W.) and Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (X.S., X.W., L.D., Z.S., Y. Zhu, Y.L.), Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Yi Shan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China (J.W., M.W., Y.J.); Shukun (Beijing) Network Technology, Beijing, China (Zhiwen Yang, C.M.); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Zhenghan Yang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y. Zhang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (F.L.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.L.)
| | - Chune Ma
- From the Clinical Research Center (J.W.) and Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (X.S., X.W., L.D., Z.S., Y. Zhu, Y.L.), Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Yi Shan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China (J.W., M.W., Y.J.); Shukun (Beijing) Network Technology, Beijing, China (Zhiwen Yang, C.M.); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Zhenghan Yang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y. Zhang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (F.L.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.L.)
| | - Chunhong Hu
- From the Clinical Research Center (J.W.) and Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (X.S., X.W., L.D., Z.S., Y. Zhu, Y.L.), Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Yi Shan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China (J.W., M.W., Y.J.); Shukun (Beijing) Network Technology, Beijing, China (Zhiwen Yang, C.M.); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Zhenghan Yang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y. Zhang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (F.L.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.L.)
| | - Xueqian Xie
- From the Clinical Research Center (J.W.) and Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (X.S., X.W., L.D., Z.S., Y. Zhu, Y.L.), Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Yi Shan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China (J.W., M.W., Y.J.); Shukun (Beijing) Network Technology, Beijing, China (Zhiwen Yang, C.M.); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Zhenghan Yang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y. Zhang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (F.L.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.L.)
| | - Zhenghan Yang
- From the Clinical Research Center (J.W.) and Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (X.S., X.W., L.D., Z.S., Y. Zhu, Y.L.), Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Yi Shan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China (J.W., M.W., Y.J.); Shukun (Beijing) Network Technology, Beijing, China (Zhiwen Yang, C.M.); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Zhenghan Yang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y. Zhang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (F.L.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.L.)
| | - Yonggao Zhang
- From the Clinical Research Center (J.W.) and Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (X.S., X.W., L.D., Z.S., Y. Zhu, Y.L.), Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Yi Shan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China (J.W., M.W., Y.J.); Shukun (Beijing) Network Technology, Beijing, China (Zhiwen Yang, C.M.); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Zhenghan Yang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y. Zhang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (F.L.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.L.)
| | - Fajin Lv
- From the Clinical Research Center (J.W.) and Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (X.S., X.W., L.D., Z.S., Y. Zhu, Y.L.), Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Yi Shan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China (J.W., M.W., Y.J.); Shukun (Beijing) Network Technology, Beijing, China (Zhiwen Yang, C.M.); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Zhenghan Yang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y. Zhang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (F.L.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.L.)
| | - Jie Lu
- From the Clinical Research Center (J.W.) and Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (X.S., X.W., L.D., Z.S., Y. Zhu, Y.L.), Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Yi Shan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China (J.W., M.W., Y.J.); Shukun (Beijing) Network Technology, Beijing, China (Zhiwen Yang, C.M.); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Zhenghan Yang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y. Zhang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (F.L.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.L.)
| | - Yueqi Zhu
- From the Clinical Research Center (J.W.) and Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (X.S., X.W., L.D., Z.S., Y. Zhu, Y.L.), Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Yi Shan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China (J.W., M.W., Y.J.); Shukun (Beijing) Network Technology, Beijing, China (Zhiwen Yang, C.M.); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Zhenghan Yang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y. Zhang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (F.L.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.L.)
| | - Yuehua Li
- From the Clinical Research Center (J.W.) and Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (X.S., X.W., L.D., Z.S., Y. Zhu, Y.L.), Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 Yi Shan Rd, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China (J.W., M.W., Y.J.); Shukun (Beijing) Network Technology, Beijing, China (Zhiwen Yang, C.M.); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Zhenghan Yang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Y. Zhang); Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (F.L.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.L.)
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