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Cho E, Song S, Kim M, Park J, Park S, Lee S. Investigation of thermal property of plasma‐polymerized fluorocarbon thin films. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunmi Cho
- Chemical Materials Solutions Center Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Hanyang University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sehwan Song
- Department of Physics Pusan National University Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Mac Kim
- Chemical Materials Solutions Center Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Jin‐Seong Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Hanyang University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyun Park
- Department of Physics Pusan National University Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Sang‐Jin Lee
- Chemical Materials Solutions Center Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) Daejeon Republic of Korea
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Wirtz L, Massola Júnior NS, de Castro RRL, Ruge-Wehling B, Schaffrath U, Loehrer M. Colletotrichum spp. from Soybean Cause Disease on Lupin and Can Induce Plant Growth-Promoting Effects. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061130. [PMID: 34073656 PMCID: PMC8224748 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein crop plants such as soybean and lupin are attracting increasing attention because of their potential use as forage, green manure, or for the production of oil and protein for human consumption. Whereas soybean production only recently gained more importance in Germany and within the whole EU in frame of protein strategies, lupin production is already well-established in Germany. The cultivation of lupins is impeded by the hemibiotrophic ascomycete Colletotrichum lupini, the causal agent of anthracnose disease. Worldwide, soybean is also a host for a variety of Colletotrichum species, but so far, this seems to not be the case in Germany. Cross-virulence between lupin- and soybean-infecting isolates is a potential threat, especially considering the overlap of possible soybean and lupin growing areas in Germany. To address this question, we systematically investigated the interaction of different Colletotrichum species isolated from soybean in Brazil on German soybean and lupin plant cultivars. Conversely, we tested the interaction of a German field isolate of C. lupini with soybean. Under controlled conditions, Colletotrichum species from soybean and lupin were able to cross-infect the other host plant with varying degrees of virulence, thus underpinning the potential risk of increased anthracnose diseases in the future. Interestingly, we observed a pronounced plant growth-promoting effect for some host–pathogen combinations, which might open the route to the use of beneficial biological agents in lupin and soybean production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Wirtz
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany; (L.W.); (U.S.)
| | - Nelson Sidnei Massola Júnior
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (N.S.M.J.); (R.R.L.d.C.)
| | | | - Brigitte Ruge-Wehling
- Institute for Breeding Research on Agricultural Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut, 18190 Groß Lüsewitz, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Schaffrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany; (L.W.); (U.S.)
| | - Marco Loehrer
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany; (L.W.); (U.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-241-8020101
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Loehrer M, Botterweck J, Jahnke J, Mahlmann DM, Gaetgens J, Oldiges M, Horbach R, Deising H, Schaffrath U. In vivo assessment by Mach-Zehnder double-beam interferometry of the invasive force exerted by the Asian soybean rust fungus (Phakopsora pachyrhizi). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:620-631. [PMID: 24725259 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) causes a devastating disease in soybean (Glycine max). We tested the hypothesis that the fungus generates high turgor pressure in its hyaline appressoria to mechanically pierce epidermal cells. Turgor pressure was determined by a microscopic technique, called transmitted light double-beam interference Mach-Zehnder microscopy (MZM), which was developed in the 1960s as a forefront of live cell imaging. We revitalized some original microscopes and equipped them for modern image capturing. MZM data were corroborated by cytorrhysis experiments. Incipient cytorrhysis determined the turgor pressure in appressoria of P. pachyrhizi to be equivalent to 5.13 MPa. MZM data revealed that osmotically active sugar alcohols only accounted for 75% of this value. Despite having a lower turgor pressure, hyaline rust appressoria were able to penetrate non-biodegradable polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes more efficiently than do melanized appressoria of the anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola or the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Our findings challenge the hypotheses that force-based penetration is a specific hallmark of fungi differentiating melanized appressoria and that this turgor-driven process is solely caused by metabolic degradation products. The appressorial turgor pressure may explain the capability of P. pachyrhizi to forcefully invade a wide range of different plants and may pave the way to novel plant protection approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Loehrer
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jens Botterweck
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jahnke
- Department of Soil Ecology, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel M Mahlmann
- Technology of Optical Systems (TOC), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochem Gaetgens
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: IBG-1 Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marco Oldiges
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: IBG-1 Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ralf Horbach
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Crop Plant Research (IZN), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Holger Deising
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Crop Plant Research (IZN), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ulrich Schaffrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
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Ludwig N, Löhrer M, Hempel M, Mathea S, Schliebner I, Menzel M, Kiesow A, Schaffrath U, Deising HB, Horbach R. Melanin is not required for turgor generation but enhances cell-wall rigidity in appressoria of the corn pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:315-27. [PMID: 24261846 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-13-0267-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ascomycete and causative agent of maize anthracnose and stem rot, Colletotrichum graminicola, differentiates melanized infection cells called appressoria that are indispensable for breaching the plant cell wall. High concentrations of osmolytes accumulate within the appressorium, and the internal turgor pressure of up to 5.4 MPa provides sufficient force to penetrate the leaf epidermis directly. In order to assess the function of melanin in C. graminicola appressoria, we identified and characterized the polyketide synthase 1 (CgPKS1) gene which displayed high similarity to fungal polyketide synthases (PKS) involved in synthesis of 1,3,6,8-tetrahydronaphthalene, the first intermediate in melanin biosynthesis. Cgpks1 albino mutants created by targeted gene disruption were unable to penetrate intact leaves and ruptured frequently but, surprisingly, were able to penetrate ultrathin polytetrafluoroethylene membranes mimicking the plant surface. Nonmelanized Cgpks1 appressoria were sensitive to externally applied cell-wall-degrading enzymes whereas melanized appressoria were not affected. Expression studies using a truncated CgPKS1 fused to green fluorescent protein revealed fluorescence in immature appressoria and in setae, which is in agreement with transcript data obtained by RNA-Seq and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Unexpectedly, surface scans of mutant and wild-type appressoria revealed considerable differences in cell-wall morphology. Melanization of appressoria is indispensable for successful infection of intact leaves. However, cell collapse experiments and analysis of the appressorial osmolyte content by Mach-Zehnder interferometry convincingly showed that melanin is not required for solute accumulation and turgor generation, thus questioning the role of melanin as a barrier for osmolytes in appressoria of C. graminicola.
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Münch S, Ludwig N, Floss DS, Sugui JA, Koszucka AM, Voll LM, Sonnewald U, Deising HB. Identification of virulence genes in the corn pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2011; 12:43-55. [PMID: 21118348 PMCID: PMC6640349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A previously developed Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) protocol for the plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum graminicola led to high rates of tandem integration of the whole Ti-plasmid, and was therefore considered to be unsuitable for the identification of pathogenicity and virulence genes by insertional mutagenesis in this pathogen. We used a modified ATMT protocol with acetosyringone present only during the co-cultivation of C. graminicola and A. tumefaciens. Analysis of 105 single-spore isolates randomly chosen from a collection of approximately 2000 transformants, indicated that almost 70% of the transformants had single T-DNA integrations. Of 500 independent transformants tested, 10 exhibited attenuated virulence in infection assays on whole plants. Microscopic analyses primarily revealed defects at different pre-penetration stages of infection-related morphogenesis. Three transformants were characterized in detail. The identification of the T-DNA integration sites was performed by amplification of genomic DNA ends after endonuclease digestion and polynucleotide tailing. In one transformant, the T-DNA had integrated into the 5'-flank of a gene with similarity to allantoicase genes of other Ascomycota. In the second and third transformants, the T-DNA had integrated into an open reading frame (ORF) and into the 5'-flank of an ORF. In both cases, the ORFs have unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Münch
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Horbach R, Graf A, Weihmann F, Antelo L, Mathea S, Liermann JC, Opatz T, Thines E, Aguirre J, Deising HB. Sfp-type 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase is indispensable for fungal pathogenicity. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:3379-96. [PMID: 19880801 PMCID: PMC2782280 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.064188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, Sfp-type 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases) activate enzymes involved in primary (alpha-aminoadipate reductase [AAR]) and secondary (polyketide synthases and nonribosomal peptide synthetases) metabolism. We cloned the PPTase gene PPT1 of the maize anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola and generated PPTase-deficient mutants (Deltappt1). Deltappt1 strains were auxotrophic for Lys, unable to synthesize siderophores, hypersensitive to reactive oxygen species, and unable to synthesize polyketides (PKs). A differential analysis of secondary metabolites produced by wild-type and Deltappt1 strains led to the identification of six novel PKs. Infection-related morphogenesis was affected in Deltappt1 strains. Rarely formed appressoria of Deltappt1 strains were nonmelanized and ruptured on intact plant. The hyphae of Deltappt1 strains colonized wounded maize (Zea mays) leaves but failed to generate necrotic anthracnose disease symptoms and were defective in asexual sporulation. To analyze the pleiotropic pathogenicity phenotype, we generated AAR-deficient mutants (Deltaaar1) and employed a melanin-deficient mutant (M1.502). Results indicated that PPT1 activates enzymes required at defined stages of infection. Melanization is required for cell wall rigidity and appressorium function, and Lys supplied by the AAR1 pathway is essential for necrotrophic development. As PPTase-deficient mutants of Magnaporthe oryzea were also nonpathogenic, we conclude that PPTases represent a novel fungal pathogenicity factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Horbach
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Institut für Agrar und Ernährungswissenschaften, Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Institut für Agrar und Ernährungswissenschaften, Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fabian Weihmann
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Institut für Agrar und Ernährungswissenschaften, Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Luis Antelo
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mathea
- Max-Planck-Forschungsstelle für Enzymologie der Proteinfaltung, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Till Opatz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Holger B. Deising
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Institut für Agrar und Ernährungswissenschaften, Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
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