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Sahu RA, Nashine A, Mudey A, Sahu SA, Prasad R. Cardiovascular Stents: Types and Future Landscape. Cureus 2023; 15:e43438. [PMID: 37711918 PMCID: PMC10499059 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the prominent reasons for mortality and morbidity worldwide is coronary artery disease (CAD), an ailment that manifests itself by the narrowing of the artery with the deposition of plaque. The definitive mode of action for dealing with this condition is using a medical device known as a stent at the affected location. This extremely important tubular equipment helps tremendously with vessel support. It also helps by keeping the path of blood flow clear for the heart muscle masses, its crucial nutrients, and oxygen supply. Several generations of stents have been continuously developed to improve patient outcomes and reduce side effects post-stent implantation. As we move from bare metal stents (BMSs) to drug-eluting stents (DESs) and, more recently, to bioabsorbable stents, the research area continues to develop. The use of this biomedical device has increased the standard of living in many cases; therefore, it is much needed to work on the possible growth areas in the cardiovascular stents and improve them to such an extent that the patients suffering from cardiovascular ailments get to live a comfortable life. Most articles deal with stents that are available for current use and their various types. They also cover the topic of stent optimization, as it is one of the key factors in enhancing stent usability and plays a prominent role in optimizing stent placement in the vessels of the body. To keep in touch with advances in stent technology over the past few decades, this article reviews advances in the devices, working on how available stents can be optimized to create new stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit A Sahu
- Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Aparna Nashine
- Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Abhay Mudey
- Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Shreya A Sahu
- Obstretics and Gynecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Roshan Prasad
- Medicine and Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Zhang M, Yang N, Dehghan-Manshadi A, Venezuela J, Bermingham MJ, Dargusch MS. Fabrication and Properties of Biodegradable Akermanite-Reinforced Fe35Mn Alloys for Temporary Orthopedic Implant Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1261-1273. [PMID: 36808972 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
As a representative of the biodegradable iron (Fe)-manganese (Mn) alloys, Fe35Mn has been investigated as a promising biodegradable metal biomaterial for orthopedic applications. However, its slow degradation rate, though better than pure Fe, and poor bioactivity are concerns that retard its clinical applications. Akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7, Ake) is a silicate-based bioceramic, showing desirable degradability and bioactivity for bone repair. In the present work, Fe35Mn/Ake composites were prepared via a powder metallurgy route. The effect of different contents of Ake (0, 10, 30, 50 vol %) on the microstructure, mechanical properties, degradation, and biocompatibility of the composites was investigated. The ceramic phases were found to be evenly distributed in the metal matrix. The Ake reacted with Fe35Mn and generated CaFeSiO4 during sintering. The addition of Ake increased the relative density of pure Fe35Mn from ∼90 to ∼94-97%. The compressive yield strength (CYS) and elastic modulus (Ec) increased with increasing Ake, with Fe35Mn/50Ake exhibiting the highest CYS of ∼403 MPa and Ec of ∼18 GPa. However, the ductility decreased at higher Ake concentrations (30 and 50%). Microhardness also showed an increasing trend with the addition of Ake. Electrochemical measurements indicated that higher concentrations of Ake (30 and 50%) could potentially increase the corrosion rate of Fe35Mn from ∼0.25 to ∼0.39 mm/year. However, all of the compositions tested did not show measurable weight loss after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 4 weeks, attributed to the use of prealloyed raw material, high sintered density of the fabricated composites, and the formation of a dense Ca-, P-, and O-rich layer on the surface. Human osteoblasts on Fe35Mn/Ake composites showed increasing viability with increasing Ake content, indicating improved in vitro biocompatibility. These preliminary results suggest that Fe35Mn/Ake can be a potential material for biodegradable bone implant applications, particularly Fe35Mn/30Ake, if the slow corrosion of the composite can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nan Yang
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ali Dehghan-Manshadi
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Venezuela
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael J Bermingham
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew S Dargusch
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Zong J, He Q, Liu Y, Qiu M, Wu J, Hu B. Advances in the development of biodegradable coronary stents: A translational perspective. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100368. [PMID: 35937578 PMCID: PMC9352968 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantation of cardiovascular stents is an important therapeutic method to treat coronary artery diseases. Bare-metal and drug-eluting stents show promising clinical outcomes, however, their permanent presence may create complications. In recent years, numerous preclinical and clinical trials have evaluated the properties of bioresorbable stents, including polymer and magnesium-based stents. Three-dimensional (3D) printed-shape-memory polymeric materials enable the self-deployment of stents and provide a novel approach for individualized treatment. Novel bioresorbable metallic stents such as iron- and zinc-based stents have also been investigated and refined. However, the development of novel bioresorbable stents accompanied by clinical translation remains time-consuming and challenging. This review comprehensively summarizes the development of bioresorbable stents based on their preclinical/clinical trials and highlights translational research as well as novel technologies for stents (e.g., bioresorbable electronic stents integrated with biosensors). These findings are expected to inspire the design of novel stents and optimization approaches to improve the efficacy of treatments for cardiovascular diseases. Bioresorbable stents can overcome the limitations of non-degradable stents. 3D printing of shape-memory polymeric stents can lead to better clinical outcomes. Advances in Mg-, Fe- and Zn-based stents from a translational perspective. Electronic stents integrated with biosensors can covey stent status in real time. Development in the assessment of stent performance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Zong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Quanwei He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuxiao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiehong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Corresponding author.
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A Simple Replica Method as the Way to Obtain a Morphologically and Mechanically Bone-like Iron-Based Biodegradable Material. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134552. [PMID: 35806677 PMCID: PMC9267498 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Porous iron-based scaffolds were prepared by the simple replica method using polyurethane foam as a template and applying the sintering process in a tube furnace. Their surface morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and phase homogeneity was confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Corrosion behavior was determined using immersion and potentiodynamic polarization methods in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The surface energy was calculated by studying the changes of enthalpy of calorimetric immersion. A preliminary biological test was also carried out and was done using the albumin adsorption procedure. Results of our work showed that in using the simple replica method it is possible to obtain iron biomaterial with morphology and mechanical properties almost identical to bones, and possessing adequate wettability, which gives the potential to use this material as biomaterial for scaffolds in orthopedics.
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Rabeeh VPM, Hanas T. Progress in manufacturing and processing of degradable Fe-based implants: a review. Prog Biomater 2022; 11:163-191. [PMID: 35583848 PMCID: PMC9156655 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-022-00189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable metals have gained vast attention as befitting candidates for developing degradable metallic implants. Such implants are primarily employed for temporary applications and are expected to degrade or resorbed after the tissue is healed. Fe-based materials have generated considerable interest as one of the possible biodegradable metals. Like other biometals such as Mg and Zn, Fe exhibits good biocompatibility and biodegradability. The versatility in the mechanical behaviour of Fe-based materials makes them a better choice for load-bearing applications. However, the very low degradation rate of Fe in the physiological environment needs to be improved to make it compatible with tissue growth. Several studies on tailoring the degradation behaviour of Fe in the human body are already reported. Majority of these works include studies on the effect of manufacturing and processing techniques on biocompatibility and biodegradability. This article focuses on a comprehensive review and analysis of the various manufacturing and processing techniques so far reported for developing biodegradable iron-based orthopaedic implants. The current status of research in the field is neatly presented, and a summary of the works is included in the article for the benefit of researchers in the field to contextualise their research and effectively find the lacunae in the existing scholarship.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Muhammad Rabeeh
- Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, India
| | - T Hanas
- Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, India.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, India.
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Loffredo S, Gambaro S, Copes F, Paternoster C, Giguère N, Vedani M, Mantovani D. Effect of silver in thermal treatments of Fe-Mn-C degradable metals: Implications for stent processing. Bioact Mater 2022; 12:30-41. [PMID: 35087961 PMCID: PMC8777259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels are considered excellent materials for manufacturing products requiring extremely high mechanical properties for various applications including thin medical devices, such as biodegradable intravascular stents. It is also proven that the addition of Ag can guarantee an appropriate degradation while implanted in human body without affecting its bioactive properties. In order to develop an optimized manufacturing process for thin stents, the effect of Ag on the recrystallization behavior of TWIP steels needs to be elucidated. This is of major importance since manufacturing stents involves several intermediate recrystallization annealing treatments. In this work, the recrystallization mechanism of two Fe-Mn-C steels with and without Ag was thoroughly investigated by microstructural and mechanical analyses. It was observed that Ag promoted a finer microstructure with a different texture evolution, while the recrystallization kinetics resulted unaffected. The presence of Ag also reduced the effectiveness of the recrystallization treatment. This behavior was attributed to the presence of Ag-rich second phase particles, precipitation of carbides and to the preferential development of grains possessing a {111} orientation upon thermal treatment. The prominence of {111} grains can also give rise to premature twinning, explaining the role of Ag in reducing the ductility of TWIP steels already observed in other works. Furthermore, in vitro biological performances were unaffected by Ag. These findings could allow the design of efficient treatments for supporting the transformation of Fe-Mn-C steels alloyed with Ag into commercial products. Recrystallization of a TWIP steel is hampered by the presence of Ag and carbides. Ag promotes preferential formation of {111} grains during thermal treatments. Ag broadens the Schmid factor distribution, leading to a reduction in ductility. Ag does not affect cytotoxicity and hemocompatibility. Annealing treatment above 900 °C is required for the Fe-Mn-C-Ag system.
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de Andrade LM, Paternoster C, Chevallier P, Gambaro S, Mengucci P, Mantovani D. Surface processing for iron-based degradable alloys: A preliminary study on the importance of acid pickling. Bioact Mater 2022; 11:166-180. [PMID: 34938921 PMCID: PMC8665346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of a heterogeneous oxidized layer, also called scale, on metallic surfaces is widely recognized as a rapid manufacturing event for metals and their alloys. Partial or total removal of the scale represents a mandatory integrated step for the industrial fabrication processes of medical devices. For biodegradable metals, acid pickling has already been reported as a preliminary surface preparation given further processes, such as electropolishing. Unfortunately, biodegradable medical prototypes presented discrepancies concerning acid pickling studies based on samples with less complex geometry (e.g., non-uniform scale removal and rougher surface). Indeed, this translational knowledge lacks a detailed investigation on this process, deep characterization of treated surfaces properties, as well as a comprehensive discussion of the involved mechanisms. In this study, the effects of different acidic media (HCl, HNO3, H3PO4, CH3COOH, H2SO4 and HF), maintained at different temperatures (21 and 60 °C) for various exposition time (15-240 s), on the chemical composition and surface properties of a Fe-13Mn-1.2C biodegradable alloy were investigated. Changes in mass loss, morphology and wettability evidenced the combined effect of temperature and time for all conditions. Pickling in HCl and HF solutions favor mass loss (0.03-0.1 g/cm2) and effectively remove the initial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Marin de Andrade
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Carlo Paternoster
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Pascale Chevallier
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sofia Gambaro
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- National Research Council, Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy CNR-ICMATE, Genoa, 16149, Italy
| | | | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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In-Vitro Analysis of FeMn-Si Smart Biodegradable Alloy. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020568. [PMID: 35057286 PMCID: PMC8777802 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Special materials are required in many applications to fulfill specific medical or industrial necessities. Biodegradable metallic materials present many attractive properties, especially mechanical ones correlated with good biocompatibility with vivant bodies. A biodegradable iron-based material was realized through electric arc-melting and induction furnace homogenization. The new chemical composition obtained presented a special property named SME (shape memory effect) based on the martensite transformation. Preliminary results about this special biodegradable material with a new chemical composition were realized for the chemical composition and structural and thermal characterization. Corrosion resistance was evaluated in Ringer's solution through immersion tests for 1, 3, and 7 days, the solution pH was measured in time for 3 days with values for each minute, and electro-corrosion was measured using a potentiostat and a three electrode cell. The mass loss of the samples during immersion and electro-corrosion was evaluated and the surface condition was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). SME was highlighted with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results confirm the possibility of a memory effect of the materials in the wrought case and a generalized corrosion (Tafel and cyclic potentiometry and EIS) with the formation of iron oxides and a corrosion rate favorable for applications that require a longer implantation period.
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Wang C, Tonna C, Mei D, Buhagiar J, Zheludkevich ML, Lamaka SV. Biodegradation behaviour of Fe-based alloys in Hanks' Balanced Salt Solutions: Part II. The evolution of local pH and dissolved oxygen concentration at metal interface. Bioact Mater 2022; 7:412-425. [PMID: 34466742 PMCID: PMC8379426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercially pure Fe, Fe35Mn, and (Fe35Mn)5Ag alloys were prepared by uniaxial pressing of the mixture of individual powders, followed by sintering. The influence of the alloying elements Mn and Ag on the corrosion behaviour of these Fe-based alloys was investigated in Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS). Furthermore, the role of the components in HBSS, particularly Ca2+ ions during alloys degradation was studied. Distribution of local pH and dissolved oxygen concentration was measured 50 μm above the interface of the degrading alloys. The results revealed that 5 wt% Ag addition to Fe35Mn alloy triggered micro-galvanic corrosion, while uniform corrosion dominated in pure Fe and Fe35Mn. Fast precipitation of Ca-P-containing products on the surface of these Fe-based alloys buffered local pH at the metal interface, and blocked oxygen diffusion at the initial stages of immersion. In the (Fe35Mn)5Ag, the detachment or structural changes of Ca-P-containing products gradually diminished their barrier property. These findings provided valuable insights into the degradation mechanism of promising biodegradable Fe-based alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
| | - Christabelle Tonna
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Di Mei
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Joseph Buhagiar
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Mikhail L. Zheludkevich
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
- Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kiel, 24103, Germany
| | - Sviatlana V. Lamaka
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
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Tonna C, Wang C, Mei D, Lamaka SV, Zheludkevich ML, Buhagiar J. Biodegradation behaviour of Fe-based alloys in Hanks' Balanced Salt Solutions: Part I. material characterisation and corrosion testing. Bioact Mater 2022; 7:426-440. [PMID: 34466743 PMCID: PMC8379481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on Fe-based biodegradable alloys for implant applications has increased considerably over the past decade. However, there is limited information on the influence of testing electrolytes on corrosion product formation and general corrosion progress. In this work, the effect of Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) with or without Ca2+ on the corrosion of Fe, Fe35Mn and (Fe35Mn)5Ag powder-processed coupons has been studied using potentiodynamic polarisation, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and preliminary localised measurement of pH and dissolved oxygen concentration in close proximity to the metal surface. Both Fe35Mn and (Fe35Mn)5Ag alloys showed accelerated corrosion when compared to pure Fe based on potentiodynamic testing results, with FeMnAg exhibiting the highest corrosion rate in Ca2+-containing HBSS. The results indicate that in Ca2+-containing HBSS, the formation of a partially protective Ca/P layer decelerates the corrosion progress, whereas the Fe- and Mn-phosphates formed in Ca2+-free HBSS do not have the same effect. The Ca/P layer on (Fe35Mn)5Ag experienced a reduction in resistance following several hours of testing, indicating partial loss of its protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christabelle Tonna
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
| | - Di Mei
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Sviatlana V. Lamaka
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
| | - Mikhail L. Zheludkevich
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
- Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kiel, 24103, Germany
| | - Joseph Buhagiar
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
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Shi W, Li H, Mitchell K, Zhang C, Zhu T, Jin Y, Zhao D. A multi-dimensional non-uniform corrosion model for bioabsorbable metallic vascular stents. Acta Biomater 2021; 131:572-580. [PMID: 34265472 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioabsorbable metallic vascular stents (BMVSs) are an innovative technological advancement in the medical engineering field of vascular implants. BMVSs have great potential to revolutionize vascular intervention, but the lack of understanding of the construction material's natural corrosion within the body inhibits the use in clinical medicine. In this study, a corrosion function concept for in vivo implants was created to develop a multi-dimensional, non-uniform corrosion model with a larger goal of simulating the mechanical integrity of BMVSs. This proposed corrosion model simulates the corrosion rate and its effects on magnesium (Mg) alloy AZ31 based on continuum damage mechanics. The model was calibrated using three degradation experiments on Mg alloy specimens. These experiments focused on multi-dimensional corrosion, mass loss rate, and mechanical integrity during the corrosion process. Lastly, to verify the applicability of the proposed model, the resulting corrosion behaviors and mechanical characteristics of the BMVSs were implemented into a finite element framework to produce an overarching simulation of the BMVS's degradation in vivo. The results of the experiments and simulations revealed a proportional link between the corrosion of BMVSs and the number of exposed surfaces. A non-linear decline in mechanical integrity with increasing mass loss was also discovered through experimentation and modeling. Furthermore, the model and simulation can provide some details about changes in morphology and mechanics during BMVS corrosion. This work gives new insights into accurately modeling for BMVS degradation and can be used to optimize product development of BMVSs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bioabsorbable metallic vascular stents (BMVSs) are an innovative technological advancement in the medical engineering field of vascular implants. Despite BMVSs have great potential to revolutionize vascular intervention, the lack of understanding of the construction material's natural corrosion within the body inhibits their use in clinical medicine. In this study, a novel multi-dimensional non-uniform corrosion model was proposed to unveil the mechanisms during the in vivo degradation of bioabsorbable metallic implants, which can accurately capture the overlooked changes in morphology and mechanics during BMVS corrosion. This work provides a technical solution to enhance the modeling accuracy in BMVS degradation and can be further used to optimize the design of BMVSs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Shi
- Key Laboratory for Precision & Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, No.2 Linggong Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Key Laboratory for Precision & Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, No.2 Linggong Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Kellen Mitchell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Precision & Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, No.2 Linggong Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Tingzhun Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yifei Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Danyang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Precision & Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, No.2 Linggong Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China.
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Scafa Udriște A, Niculescu AG, Grumezescu AM, Bădilă E. Cardiovascular Stents: A Review of Past, Current, and Emerging Devices. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2498. [PMID: 34065986 PMCID: PMC8151529 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide is coronary artery disease, a condition characterized by the narrowing of the artery due to plaque deposits. The standard of care for treating this disease is the introduction of a stent at the lesion site. This life-saving tubular device ensures vessel support, keeping the blood-flow path open so that the cardiac muscle receives its vital nutrients and oxygen supply. Several generations of stents have been iteratively developed towards improving patient outcomes and diminishing adverse side effects following the implanting procedure. Moving from bare-metal stents to drug-eluting stents, and recently reaching bioresorbable stents, this research field is under continuous development. To keep up with how stent technology has advanced in the past few decades, this paper reviews the evolution of these devices, focusing on how they can be further optimized towards creating an ideal vascular scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Scafa Udriște
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.S.U.); (E.B.)
- Cardiology Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital Bucharest, 014461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elisabeta Bădilă
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.S.U.); (E.B.)
- Internal Medicine Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital Bucharest, 014461 Bucharest, Romania
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13
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Corrosion Mechanisms of High-Mn Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steels: A Critical Review. METALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/met11020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels have higher strength and ductility than conventional steels. Deformation mechanisms producing twins that prevent gliding and stacking of dislocations cause a higher ductility than that of steel grades with the same strength. TWIP steels are considered to be within the new generation of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). However, some aspects, such as the corrosion resistance and performance in service of TWIP steel materials, need more research. Application of TWIP steels in the automotive industry requires a proper investigation of corrosion behavior and corrosion mechanisms, which would indicate the optimum degree of protection and the possible decrease in costs. In general, Fe−Mn-based TWIP steel alloys can passivate in oxidizing acid, neutral, and basic solutions, however they cannot passivate in reducing acid or active chloride solutions. TWIP steels have become as a potential material of interest for automotive applications due to their effectiveness, impact resistance, and negligible harm to the environment. The mechanical and corrosion performance of TWIP steels is subjected to the manufacturing and processing steps, like forging and casting, elemental composition, and thermo-mechanical treatment. Corrosion of TWIP steels caused by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors has posed a serious problem for their use. Passivity breakdown caused by pitting, and galvanic corrosion due to phase segregation are widely described and their critical mechanisms examined. Numerous studies have been performed to study corrosion behavior and passivation of TWIP steel. Despite the large number of articles on corrosion, few comprehensive reports have been published on this topic. The current trend for development of corrosion resistance TWIP steel is thoroughly studied and represented, showing the key mechanisms and factors influencing corrosion processes, and its consequences on TWIP steel. In addition, suggestions for future works and gaps in the literature are considered.
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Nie Y, Chen G, Peng H, Tang S, Zhou Z, Pei F, Shen B. In vitro and 48 weeks in vivo performances of 3D printed porous Fe-30Mn biodegradable scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:724-740. [PMID: 33340734 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Porous Fe-Mn biodegradable scaffolds fabricated by 3D printing are considered as a promising alternative biomaterial for repairing load-bearing bone defects. However, the mechanical adaptability, the thoughtful in vitro biocompatibility and especially the long-term in vivo osseointegration and biodegradation performances have not been investigated to date. Herein, the porous Fe-30Mn biodegradable scaffolds fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) had the adjustable elastic modulus ranging from 10.04 GPa to 14.88 GPa by regulating the porosity from 37.89% to 47.17%. In vitro indirect and direct cytotoxicity as well as cell adhesion experiments demonstrated biocompatibility and a large number of cells with stretched filopodia adhered to the scaffolds. 48 weeks in vivo experiments showed that the scaffolds had no harm to liver and kidney, and exhibited long-term in vivo osseointegration performance. Volumes of the scaffolds decreased by 10.1-20.9%, and the retrieved scaffolds showed decreased elastic modulus (decreased by 34.1-42.3%) and yield strength (decreased by 15.8-23.3%) after the 48 weeks in vivo degradation. The Fe-30Mn-femoral condyle complex maintained the same level of stiffness as intact controls during 48 weeks. In summary, the porous Fe-30Mn biodegradable scaffolds fabricated by SLM could be a reliable and practical alternative for repairing load-bearing bone defects.
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Cockerill I, See CW, Young ML, Wang Y, Zhu D. Designing Better Cardiovascular Stent Materials - A Learning Curve. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2005361. [PMID: 33708033 PMCID: PMC7942182 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202005361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular stents are life-saving devices and one of the top 10 medical breakthroughs of the 21st century. Decades of research and clinical trials have taught us about the effects of material (metal or polymer), design (geometry, strut thickness, and the number of connectors), and drug-elution on vasculature mechanics, hemocompatibility, biocompatibility, and patient health. Recently developed novel bioresorbable stents are intended to overcome common issues of chronic inflammation, in-stent restenosis, and stent thrombosis associated with permanent stents, but there is still much to learn. Increased knowledge and advanced methods in material processing have led to new stent formulations aimed at improving the performance of their predecessors but often comes with potential tradeoffs. This review aims to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of stent material interactions with the host within five areas of contrasting characteristics, such as 1) metal or polymer, 2) bioresorbable or permanent, 3) drug elution or no drug elution, 4) bare or surface-modified, and 5) self-expanding or balloon-expanding perspectives, as they relate to pre-clinical and clinical outcomes and concludes with directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irsalan Cockerill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA
| | - Carmine Wang See
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Marcus L. Young
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA
| | - Yadong Wang
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Spandana D, Desai H, Chakravarty D, Vijay R, Hembram K. Fabrication of a biodegradable Fe-Mn-Si alloy by field assisted sintering. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Loffredo S, Paternoster C, Giguère N, Barucca G, Vedani M, Mantovani D. The addition of silver affects the deformation mechanism of a twinning-induced plasticity steel: Potential for thinner degradable stents. Acta Biomater 2019; 98:103-113. [PMID: 31004841 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
While Fe-based alloys have already been reported to possess all mechanical properties required for vascular stenting, their relatively low degradation rate in vivo still constitutes their main bottleneck. The inflammatory reaction generated by a stent is inversely proportional to its mass. Therefore, the tendency in stenting is to lower the section so to reduce the inflammatory reaction. Twinning-induced plasticity steels (TWIP) possess excellent mechanical properties for envisaging the next generation of thinner degradable cardiovascular stents. To accelerate the degradation, the addition of noble elements was proposed, aimed at promoting corrosion by galvanic coupling. In this context, silver was reported to generally increase the degradation rate. However, its impact on the deformation mechanism of TWIP steels has not been reported yet. Results show that the use of Ag significantly reduces the ductility without altering the strength of the material. Furthermore, the presence of Ag was found to promote a different deformation texture, thus stimulating the formation of mechanical martensite. Since a stent works in the deformed state, understanding the microstructure and texture resulting from plastic deformation can effectively help to forecast the degradation mechanisms taking place during implantation and the expected degradation time. Moreover, knowing the deformed microstructure allows to understand the formability of very small tubes, as precursors of the next generation of thin section degradable stents. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Commercial degradable magnesium stents are limited from their relatively big structure size. Twinning-induced plasticity steels possess outstanding mechanical properties, but their degradation time goes beyond the timeframe expected from clinics. The inclusion of noble Ag particles, which favor galvanic coupling, is known to promote corrosion and solve this limitation. However, it is necessary to understand the impact that Ag has on the deformation microstructure and on the mechanical properties. The addition of Ag reduces the ductility of a twinning-induced plasticity steel because of a different deformation microstructure. Since a stent works in a deformed state inside an artery, understanding the microstructural evolution after plastic deformation allows to better predict the device performances during service life.
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Wang Z, Zheng Q, Guan S, Sun Z, Liu S, Zhang B, Duan T, Xu K. In vitro and in vivo assessment of the biocompatibility of an paclitaxel-eluting poly-l-lactide-coated Mg-Zn-Y-Nd alloy stent in the intestine. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 105:110087. [PMID: 31546433 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhui Wang
- Luoyang Central Hospital affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang 471000, China.
| | - Qiuxia Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Shaokang Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45002, China.
| | - Zongbin Sun
- Luoyang Central Hospital affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Shaopeng Liu
- Luoyang Central Hospital affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- Luoyang Central Hospital affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Tinghe Duan
- Luoyang Central Hospital affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Luoyang Central Hospital affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang 471000, China
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Caligari Conti M, Aquilina D, Paternoster C, Vella D, Sinagra E, Mantovani D, Cassar G, Schembri Wismayer P, Buhagiar J. Influence of cold rolling on in vitro cytotoxicity and electrochemical behaviour of an Fe-Mn-C biodegradable alloy in physiological solutions. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00926. [PMID: 30761362 PMCID: PMC6286181 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of cold-worked Fe-13Mn-1.2C steel, as candidate material for scaffolding and stenting applications, have been investigated. The study of the electrochemical corrosion susceptibility of Fe-13Mn-1.2C alloy in protein bearing and non-protein bearing physiological solutions, revealed that there were no differences between the as-received, 10% and 20% cold worked Fe-13Mn-1.2C samples. Although protein addition reduces the overall corrosion rate in static immersion degradation tests for both the cold worked and non-cold worked alloys, there were no discernible differences in the corrosion rates of samples with different percentages of cold work deformations. Similarly, potentiodynamic testing showed no differences between the corrosion rates in solutions with and without protein addition. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) results—post static immersion—showed similar values of Fe and Mn concentrations in the electrolyte for all the investigated conditions. Cold working was found to increase Grain Average Misorientation (GAM) and deformation twins within the steel, and, consequently, this led to an increase in the elastic modulus. Hence, cold-rolling may be used to achieve smaller sections (volumes) in order to support the equivalent load of the non-cold worked counterpart, giving a larger surface area to the volume ratio, thereby increasing the corrosion rate, and, in turn, rendering the degradation process shorter. When considering cytocompatibility in vitro, the collected supernatant particulate free Fe-13Mn-1.2C steel electrolytes were seen to be equally cytocompatible with no differences being observed between the different percentage cold work conditions. The presence of solid 80 μm size particles in the seeded elutions were seen to change the results and render the Fe-13Mn-1.2C steel non-cytocompatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Caligari Conti
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Daniel Aquilina
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Carlo Paternoster
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC-I, Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering & CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Daniel Vella
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Emmanuel Sinagra
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC-I, Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering & CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Glenn Cassar
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Pierre Schembri Wismayer
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Joseph Buhagiar
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
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Abstract
Nowadays, alongside metallic biomaterials, there is increasing interest in using degradable metals in an appreciable number of medical applications. There are new kinds of metallic biomaterials for medical applications and many new findings have been reported over the past few years. Iron-based materials are a solution for biodegradable applications based on their mechanical and chemical properties. In order to control the corrosion rate of the Fe10Mn6Si alloy, we proposed the use of two additional elements, Ca and Mg, as corrosion promoters. The new material was obtained in an air-controlled atmosphere furnace after five melting operations. The material was in vitro analyzed from a corrosion resistance point of view. The experiments were realized by immersion (7, 14, and 30 days) in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution at 37 °C and a constant pH, and by electrochemical tests (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear polarization (LP), cyclic polarization (CP)). Material surfaces before and after corrosion tests were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. A discussion on the degradation rate of the material was realized from a comparison of the results. The results presented good composition homogeneity after the re-melting stages, with low percentages of Ca and Mg in the material, but with an adequate spread in the alloy.
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Magnetron-Sputtered, Biodegradable FeMn Foils: The Influence of Manganese Content on Microstructure, Mechanical, Corrosion, and Magnetic Properties. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11040482. [PMID: 29570633 PMCID: PMC5951328 DOI: 10.3390/ma11040482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
FeMn alloys show a great potential for the use as a biodegradable material for medical vascular implants. To optimize the material properties, with respect to the intended application, new fabrication methods also have to be investigated. In this work different Fe–FeMn32 multilayer films were deposited by magnetron sputtering. The deposition was done on a substrate structured by UV lithography. This technique allows the fabrication of in-situ structured foils. In order to investigate the influence of the Mn content on the material properties foils with an overall Mn content of 5, 10, 15, and 17 wt % were fabricated. The freestanding foils were annealed post-deposition, in order to homogenize them and adjust the material properties. The material was characterized in terms of microstructure, corrosion, mechanical, and magnetic properties using X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, electrochemical polarization, immersion tests, uniaxial tensile tests, and vibrating sample magnetometry. Due to the unique microstructure that can be achieved by the fabrication via magnetron sputtering, the annealed foils showed a high mechanical yield strength (686–926 MPa) and tensile strength (712–1147 MPa). Owing the stabilization of the non-ferromagnetic ε- and γ-phase, it was shown that even Mn concentrations of 15–17 wt % are sufficient to distinctly enhance the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatibility of FeMn alloys.
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Tkachenko S, Horynová M, Casas-Luna M, Diaz-de-la-Torre S, Dvořák K, Celko L, Kaiser J, Montufar EB. Strength and fracture mechanism of iron reinforced tricalcium phosphate cermet fabricated by spark plasma sintering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 81:16-25. [PMID: 29477027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present work studies the microstructure and mechanical performance of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) based cermet toughened by iron particles. A novelty arises by the employment of spark plasma sintering for fabrication of the cermet. Results showed partial transformation of initial alpha TCP matrix to beta phase and the absence of oxidation of iron particles, as well as a lack of chemical reaction between TCP and iron components during sintering. The values of compressive and tensile strength of TCP/Fe cermet were 3.2 and 2.5 times, respectively, greater than those of monolithic TCP. Fracture analysis revealed the simultaneous action of crack-bridging and crack-deflection microstructural toughening mechanisms under compression. In contrast, under tension the reinforcing mechanism was only crack-bridging, being the reason for smaller increment of strength. Elastic properties of the cermet better matched values reported for human cortical bone. Thereby the new TCP/Fe cermet has potential for eventual use as a material for bone fractures fixation under load-bearing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhii Tkachenko
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Horynová
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mariano Casas-Luna
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sebastian Diaz-de-la-Torre
- CIITEC - Centro de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karel Dvořák
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Celko
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Edgar B Montufar
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Jurgeleit T, Quandt E, Zamponi C. Magnetron Sputtering as a Fabrication Method for a Biodegradable Fe32Mn Alloy. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10101196. [PMID: 29057837 PMCID: PMC5667002 DOI: 10.3390/ma10101196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable metals are a topic of great interest and Fe-based materials are prominent examples. The research task is to find a suitable compromise between mechanical, corrosion, and magnetic properties. For this purpose, investigations regarding alternative fabrication processes are important. In the present study, magnetron sputtering technology in combination with UV-lithography was used in order to fabricate freestanding, microstructured Fe32Mn films. To adjust the microstructure and crystalline phase composition with respect to the requirements, the foils were post-deposition annealed under a reducing atmosphere. The microstructure and crystalline phase composition were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, for mechanical characterization, uniaxial tensile tests were performed. The in vitro corrosion rates were determined by electrochemical polarization measurements in pseudo-physiological solution. Additionally, the magnetic properties were measured via vibrating sample magnetometry. The foils showed a fine-grained structure and a tensile strength of 712 MPa, which is approximately a factor of two higher compared to the sputtered pure Fe reference material. The yield strength was observed to be even higher than values reported in literature for alloys with similar composition. Against expectations, the corrosion rates were found to be lower in comparison to pure Fe. Since the annealed foils exist in the austenitic, and antiferromagnetic γ-phase, an additional advantage of the FeMn foils is the low magnetic saturation polarization of 0.003 T, compared to Fe with 1.978 T. This value is even lower compared to the SS 316L steel acting as a gold standard for implants, and thus enhances the MRI compatibility of the material. The study demonstrates that magnetron sputtering in combination with UV-lithography is a new concept for the fabrication of already in situ geometrically structured FeMn-based foils with promising mechanical and magnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Jurgeleit
- Chair for Inorganic Functional Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Eckhard Quandt
- Chair for Inorganic Functional Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Christiane Zamponi
- Chair for Inorganic Functional Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
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A novel high-strength and highly corrosive biodegradable Fe-Pd alloy: Structural, mechanical and in vitro corrosion and cytotoxicity study. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Long-term in vivo corrosion behavior, biocompatibility and bioresorption mechanism of a bioresorbable nitrided iron scaffold. Acta Biomater 2017; 54:454-468. [PMID: 28315492 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pure iron as a potential bioresorbable material for bioresorbable coronary scaffold has major disadvantages of slow corrosion and bioresorption. However, so far, there are neither quantitative data of long-term in vivo corrosion nor direct experimental evidence for bioresorption of pure iron and its alloys, which are fundamental and vital for developing novel Fe-based alloys overcoming the intrinsic drawbacks of pure iron. This work systemically investigated scaffold performance, long-term in vivo corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of a nitrided iron coronary scaffold and explored its bioresorption mechanism. It was found that the 70μm Fe-based scaffold was superior to a state of the art Co-Cr alloy stent (Xience Prime™) in terms of crossing profile, recoil and radial strength. Mass loss was 76.0±8.5wt% for the nitrided iron scaffold and 44.2±11.4wt% for the pure iron scaffold after 36months implantation in rabbit abdominal aorta (p<0.05). The Fe-based scaffold showed good long-term biocompatibility in both rabbit and porcine model. Its insoluble corrosion products were demonstrated biosafe and could be cleared away by macrophages from in situ to adventitia to be indiscernible by Micro Computed Tomography and probably finally enter the lymphatics and travel to lymph nodes after 53months implantion in porcine coronary artery. The results indicate that the nitrided iron scaffold with further improvements shall be promising for coronary application. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Pure iron as a potential bioresorbable material has major disadvantages of slow corrosion and bioresorption. However, so far, there are neither quantitative data of long-term in vivo corrosion nor direct experimental evidence for bioresorption of pure iron and its alloys. Only this work systemically investigated long-term in vivo corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of a nitrided iron coronary scaffold up to 53months after implantation and explored its bioresorption mechanism. These are fundamental and vital for developing novel Fe-based alloys overcoming the intrinsic drawbacks of pure iron. Novel testing and section-preparing methods were also provided in this work to facilitate future research and development of novel Fe-based alloy scaffolds.
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Mostavan A, Paternoster C, Tolouei R, Ghali E, Dubé D, Mantovani D. Effect of electrolyte composition and deposition current for Fe/Fe-P electroformed bilayers for biodegradable metallic medical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 70:195-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Huang T, Zheng Y, Han Y. Accelerating degradation rate of pure iron by zinc ion implantation. Regen Biomater 2016; 3:205-15. [PMID: 27482462 PMCID: PMC4966292 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbw020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pure iron has been considered as a promising candidate for biodegradable implant applications. However, a faster degradation rate of pure iron is needed to meet the clinical requirement. In this work, metal vapor vacuum arc technology was adopted to implant zinc ions into the surface of pure iron. Results showed that the implantation depth of zinc ions was about 60 nm. The degradation rate of pure iron was found to be accelerated after zinc ion implantation. The cytotoxicity tests revealed that the implanted zinc ions brought a slight increase on cytotoxicity of the tested cells. In terms of hemocompatibility, the hemolysis of zinc ion implanted pure iron was lower than 2%. However, zinc ions might induce more adhered and activated platelets on the surface of pure iron. Overall, zinc ion implantation can be a feasible way to accelerate the degradation rate of pure iron for biodegradable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yong Han
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China
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Mariot P, Leeflang M, Schaeffer L, Zhou J. An investigation on the properties of injection-molded pure iron potentially for biodegradable stent application. POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Uniform and accelerated degradation of pure iron patterned by Pt disc arrays. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23627. [PMID: 27033380 PMCID: PMC4817040 DOI: 10.1038/srep23627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pure iron has been confirmed as a promising biodegradable metal. However, the degradation rate of pure iron should be accelerated to meet the clinical requirements. In this work, two different designs of platinum disc arrays, including sizes of Φ20 μm × S5 μm and Φ4 μm × S4 μm, have been coated on the surface of pure iron. Corrosion tests showed the platinum discs formed plenty of galvanic cells with the iron matrix which significantly accelerated the degradation of pure iron. Simultaneously, due to the designability of the shape, size as well as distribution of Pt discs, the degradation rate as well as degradation uniformity of pure iron can be effectively controlled by coating with platinum discs. The cytotoxicity test results unveiled that Pt discs patterned pure iron exhibited almost no toxicity to human umbilical vein endothelial cells, but a significant inhibition on proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition, the hemolysis rate of Pt discs patterned pure iron was lower than 1%. Moreover, Pt discs also effectively reduced the number of adhered platelets. All these results indicated that Pt discs patterning is an effective way to accelerate degradation and improve biocompatibility of pure iron.
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He J, He FL, Li DW, Liu YL, Liu YY, Ye YJ, Yin DC. Advances in Fe-based biodegradable metallic materials. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20594a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review systematically summarizes recent studies on Fe-based biodegradable metallic materials and discusses these findings in terms of their processing methods, mechanical properties, degradability and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Feng-Li He
- Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Da-Wei Li
- Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Yang-Yang Liu
- Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Ya-Jing Ye
- Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Da-Chuan Yin
- Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
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Bukala J, Kwiatkowski P, Malachowski J. Numerical analysis of stent expansion process in coronary artery stenosis with the use of non-compliant balloon. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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32
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Auxetic coronary stent endoprosthesis: fabrication and structural analysis. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2015; 13:e127-35. [PMID: 25363078 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular heart disease is one of the leading health issues in the present era and requires considerable health care resources to prevent it. The present study was focused on the development of a new coronary stent based on novel auxetic geometry which enables the stent to exhibit a negative Poisson's ratio. Commercially available coronary stents have isotropic properties, whereas the vascular system of the body shows anisotropic characteristics. This results in a mismatch between anisotropic-isotropic properties of the stent and arterial wall, and this in turn is not favorable for mechanical adhesion of the commercially available coronary stents with the arterial wall. It is believed that an auxetic coronary stent with inherent anisotropic mechanical properties and negative Poisson's ratio will have good mechanical adhesion with the arterial wall. METHODS The auxetic design was obtained via laser cutting, and surface treatment was performed with acid pickling and electropolishing, followed by an annealing process. In vitro mechanical analysis was performed to analyze the mechanical performance of the auxetic coronary stent. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the effects of fabrication processes on the topography of the auxetic stent. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The elastic recoil (3.3%) of the in vitro mechanical analysis showed that the auxetic stent design effectively maintained the luminal patency of the coronary artery. Also, the auxetic coronary stent showed no foreshortening, therefore it avoids the problem of stent migration, by expanding in both the radial and longitudinal directions. By virtue of its synclastic behavior, the auxetic stent bulges outward when it is radially expanded through an inflated balloon.
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O’Brien B, Zafar H, Ibrahim A, Zafar J, Sharif F. Coronary Stent Materials and Coatings: A Technology and Performance Update. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 44:523-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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Obayi CS, Tolouei R, Paternoster C, Turgeon S, Okorie BA, Obikwelu DO, Cassar G, Buhagiar J, Mantovani D. Influence of cross-rolling on the micro-texture and biodegradation of pure iron as biodegradable material for medical implants. Acta Biomater 2015; 17:68-77. [PMID: 25644452 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Iron-based biodegradable metals have been shown to present high potential in cardiac, vascular, orthopaedic and dental in adults, as well as paediatric, applications. These require suitable mechanical properties, adequate biocompatibility while guaranteeing a low toxicity of degradation products. For example, in cardiac applications, stents need to be made by homogeneous and isotropic materials in order to prevent sudden failures which would impair the deployment site. Besides, the presence of precipitates and pores, chemical inhomogeneity or other anisotropic microstructural defects may trigger stress concentration phenomena responsible for the early collapse of the device. Metal manufacturing processes play a fundamental role towards the final microstructure and mechanical properties of the materials. The present work assesses the effect of mode of rolling on the micro-texture evolution, mechanical properties and biodegradation behaviour of polycrystalline pure iron. Results indicated that cross-rolled samples recrystallized with lower rates than the straight-rolled ones due to a reduction in dislocation density content and an increase in intensity of {100} crystallographic plane which stores less energy of deformation responsible for primary recrystallization. The degradation resulted to be more uniform for cross-rolled samples, while the corrosion rates of cross-rolled and straight-rolled samples did not show relevant differences in simulated body solution. Finally, this work shows that an adequate compromise between biodegradation rate, strength and ductility could be achieved by modulating the deformation mode during cold rolling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camillus Sunday Obayi
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC-I, Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering & CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Ranna Tolouei
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC-I, Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering & CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Carlo Paternoster
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC-I, Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering & CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Stephane Turgeon
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC-I, Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering & CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Boniface Adeleh Okorie
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Oray Obikwelu
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Glenn Cassar
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Malta, Malta
| | - Joseph Buhagiar
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Malta, Malta
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC-I, Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering & CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada.
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Safaie N, Khakbiz M, Sheibani S, Bagha PS. Synthesizing of Nanostructured Fe-Mn Alloys by Mechanical Alloying Process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mspro.2015.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wang Y, Zhang X. Vascular restoration therapy and bioresorbable vascular scaffold. Regen Biomater 2014; 1:49-55. [PMID: 26816624 PMCID: PMC4669005 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbu005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the evolution of minimally invasive intervention technologies for vascular restoration therapy from early-stage balloon angioplasty in 1970s, metallic bare metal stent and metallic drug-eluting stent technologies in 1990s and 2000s, to bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) technology in large-scale development in recent years. The history, the current stage, the challenges and the future of BVS development are discussed in detail as the best available approach for vascular restoration therapy. The criteria of materials selection, design and processing principles of BVS, and the corresponding clinical trial results are also summarized in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center For Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center For Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Microstructural and mechanical characteristics of porous iron prepared by powder metallurgy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 43:494-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Sing NB, Mostavan A, Hamzah E, Mantovani D, Hermawan H. Degradation behavior of biodegradable Fe35Mn alloy stents. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 103:572-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. B. Sing
- IJN‐UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Center & Faculty of Biosciences and Medical EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi MalaysiaJohor Bahru Malaysia
| | - A. Mostavan
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC‐I, Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering & CHU de Québec Research CenterLaval UniversityQuebec City Canada
| | - E. Hamzah
- Faculty of Mechanical EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi MalaysiaJohor Bahru Malaysia
| | - D. Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC‐I, Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering & CHU de Québec Research CenterLaval UniversityQuebec City Canada
| | - H. Hermawan
- IJN‐UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Center & Faculty of Biosciences and Medical EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi MalaysiaJohor Bahru Malaysia
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC‐I, Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering & CHU de Québec Research CenterLaval UniversityQuebec City Canada
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