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Marinelli A, Trachanas K, Corso M, Costa A, Bonapace S, Molon G. Epicardial adipose tissue, pulmonary veins anatomy, and the P-wave/PR interval ratio in young patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm O2 2023; 4:692-699. [PMID: 38034892 PMCID: PMC10685158 DOI: 10.1016/j.hroo.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is uncommon in the youngest population. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume has been proposed as an independent AF risk factor. Objective The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the impact of the EAT, the anatomy of the pulmonary veins (PVs), and electrocardiogram (ECG) features in these young patients with AF. Methods Sixty-two patients divided in 2 groups, one with history of paroxysmal AF treated with ablation and the other, a control group, all younger than 30 years of age, were included. Computed tomography scans were performed in both groups to estimate the PVs anatomy and EAT volume. Twelve-lead ECGs were performed in all patients. Patients underwent follow-up in our outpatient clinic (35.9 ± 18.3 months). Results In the AF group, the EAT volume around the left atrium was 22.25 ± 9.3 cm3 compared with 12.61 ± 3.37 cm3, showing a statistically significance difference (P = .003). Family history resulted to be another significant risk factor (P = .009). During follow-up, 67.7% of the patients treated were still free of events. The anatomy and morphology of the right-sided PVs seemed to play a more consistent role in the patients with AF recurrences (P = .04). The P/PR ratio, a new ECG index, seemed predict AF recurrences after ablation (P = .03). Conclusion The abundance of EAT seems related to the risk of developing AF in young patients. The recurrence of AF is about 33% and does not seem related to the EAT volume, but rather to the anatomy of the PVs. A higher P/PR ratio might suggest recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Marinelli
- Cardiology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Trachanas
- Cardiology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy
| | - Maurizio Corso
- Cardiology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy
| | - Alessandro Costa
- Cardiology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonapace
- Cardiology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy
| | - Giulio Molon
- Cardiology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy
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Dural IE, Onrat E, Çelik S, Gokaslan S, Vurmaz A, Emren SV, Yalım Z, Avşar A. Epicardial Fat Tissue Thickness and Omentin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.36660/ijcs.20200242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Zhou Y, Zha L, Pan S. The Risk of Atrial Fibrillation Increases with Earlier Onset of Obesity: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:1388-1398. [PMID: 36035367 PMCID: PMC9413561 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.72334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity is a well-established risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF). Previous epidemiological research on obesity and AF often focused on adult populations and now broadened to earlier in life. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationships between obesity at different periods of life and the risk of AF. Methods: A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study design using summarised data from 6 genome-wide association studies (GWASs) was employed in this study. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with adult obesity, childhood obesity, childhood body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI (WHRadjBMI), birth weight and AF were independently retrieved from large-scale GWASs. For SNP identification, the genome-wide significance threshold was set at p <5.00×10-8. To obtain causal estimates, MR analysis was conducted using the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method. The weighted median, MR-Egger methods and MR-robust adjusted profile score (MR-RAPS) were used to evaluate the robustness of MR analysis. Results: A total of 204 SNPs were identified as the genetic instrumental variables (5 SNPs for childhood obesity, 13 SNPs for childhood BMI, 137 SNPs for birth weight, 35 SNPs for adult WHRadjBMI, and 14 SNPs for adult obesity). The results of MR analysis demonstrated that the genetically predicted adult obesity, childhood BMI, and birth weight were associated with AF risk. Notably, a 1 unit standard deviation (1-SD) increase in adult obesity was related to a 13% increased risk of AF [p=6.51×10-7, OR, 1.13 (95% CI, 1.08-1.19)], a 1-SD increase in childhood BMI was related to a 18% increased risk of AF [p=1.77×10-4, OR, 1.18 (95% CI, 1.08-1.29)], and a 1-SD increase in birth weight was related to a 26% increased risk of AF [p=1.27×10-7, OR, 1.26 (95% CI, 1.16-1.37)]. There was no evidence of pleiotropy or heterogeneity between the MR estimates obtained from multiple SNPs. Conclusion: Our study reveals the association of genetic susceptibility to obesity with a higher risk of AF. Moreover, an earlier age at obesity was associated with an increased risk of AF. Therefore, public awareness of the dangers of obesity and active early weight control may prevent the development of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Zhou
- Heart Center, Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingfeng Zha
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Silin Pan
- Heart Center, Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Yamaguchi S, Otaki Y, Tamarappoo B, Yoshida J, Ikenaga H, Friedman J, Berman D, Dey D, Shiota T. The association between epicardial adipose tissue thickness around the right ventricular free wall evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography and left atrial appendage function. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 36:585-593. [PMID: 31894526 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-019-01748-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is associated with the development of atrial fibrillation (AF). EAT thickness identified on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). The relationship between EAT volume and left atrial appendage (LAA) function is not well-known. We aimed to investigate the associations between EAT thickness and LAA emptying flow velocity and LAA orifice area. This single-center retrospective study enrolled 202 patients who underwent both TTE and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). EAT thickness was measured on TTE in parasternal long-axis view. We measured LAA orifice areas in 41 patients with 3-dimensional TEE data. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationships between EAT thickness and LAA emptying flow velocity and LAA orifice area. We created a receiver operating characteristic curve for low LAA emptying flow velocity (< 20 cm/s) and determined the best cutoff for EAT thickness according to the maximum Youden index. There was a significant negative correlation between EAT thickness and LAA emptying flow velocity (ρ = - 0.56, P < 0.001) and a significant positive correlation between EAT thickness and LAA orifice area (ρ = 0.38, P = 0.014). The best EAT thickness cutoff value for low LAA emptying flow velocity was > 5.1 mm (c-statistics, 75.7%). A thickened EATT was associated with low LAA emptying flow velocity, which increases the risk of thromboembolic phenomena in the presence of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700, Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA. .,Department of Cardiology, Nakagami Hospital, 610 Noborikawa, Okinawa, 904-2195, Japan.
| | - Yuka Otaki
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700, Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Balaji Tamarappoo
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700, Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Jun Yoshida
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700, Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Hiroki Ikenaga
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700, Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - John Friedman
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700, Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Daniel Berman
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700, Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Damini Dey
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700, Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Takahiro Shiota
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700, Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
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Patel VB, Shah S, Verma S, Oudit GY. Epicardial adipose tissue as a metabolic transducer: role in heart failure and coronary artery disease. Heart Fail Rev 2018; 22:889-902. [PMID: 28762019 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-017-9644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are strongly associated with metabolic and cardiovascular disorders including dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, hypertension, and heart failure. Adipose tissue is identified as a complex endocrine organ, which by exerting a wide array of regulatory functions at the cellular, tissue and systemic levels can have profound effects on the cardiovascular system. Different terms including "epicardial," "pericardial," and "paracardial" have been used to describe adipose tissue deposits surrounding the heart. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a unique and multifaceted fat depot with local and systemic effects. The functional and anatomic proximity of EAT to the myocardium enables endocrine, paracrine, and vasocrine effects on the heart. EAT displays a large secretosome, which regulates physiological and pathophysiological processes in the heart. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) secretes adipose-derived relaxing factor, which is a "cocktail" of cytokines, adipokines, microRNAs, and cellular mediators, with a potent effect on paracrine regulation of vascular tone, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, atherosclerosis-susceptibility, and restenosis. Although there are various physiological functions of the EAT and PVAT, a phenotypic transformation can lead to a major pathogenic role in various cardiovascular diseases. The equilibrium between the physiological and pathophysiological properties of EAT is very delicate and susceptible to the influences of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Various adipokines secreted from EAT and PVAT have a profound effect on the myocardium and coronary arteries; targeting these adipokines could be an important therapeutic approach to counteract cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav B Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Saumya Shah
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Subodh Verma
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Prokineticin receptor-1-dependent paracrine and autocrine pathways control cardiac tcf21 + fibroblast progenitor cell transformation into adipocytes and vascular cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12804. [PMID: 29038558 PMCID: PMC5643307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fat tissue volume and vascular dysfunction are strongly associated, accounting for overall body mass. Despite its pathophysiological significance, the origin and autocrine/paracrine pathways that regulate cardiac fat tissue and vascular network formation are unclear. We hypothesize that adipocytes and vasculogenic cells in adult mice hearts may share a common cardiac cells that could transform into adipocytes or vascular lineages, depending on the paracrine and autocrine stimuli. In this study utilizing transgenic mice overexpressing prokineticin receptor (PKR1) in cardiomyocytes, and tcf21ERT-creTM-derived cardiac fibroblast progenitor (CFP)-specific PKR1 knockout mice (PKR1tcf−/−), as well as FACS-isolated CFPs, we showed that adipogenesis and vasculogenesis share a common CFPs originating from the tcf21+ epithelial lineage. We found that prokineticin-2 is a cardiomyocyte secretome that controls CFP transformation into adipocytes and vasculogenic cells in vivo and in vitro. Upon HFD exposure, PKR1tcf−/− mice displayed excessive fat deposition in the atrioventricular groove, perivascular area, and pericardium, which was accompanied by an impaired vascular network and cardiac dysfunction. This study contributes to the cardio-obesity field by demonstrating that PKR1 via autocrine/paracrine pathways controls CFP–vasculogenic- and CFP-adipocyte-transformation in adult heart. Our study may open up new possibilities for the treatment of metabolic cardiac diseases and atherosclerosis.
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Rietdorf K, MacQueen H. Investigating interactions between epicardial adipose tissue and cardiac myocytes: what can we learn from different approaches? Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3542-3560. [PMID: 27882550 PMCID: PMC5610165 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Some cardiovascular conditions can be modulated by lifestyle factors such as increased exercise or a healthier diet, but many require surgical or pharmacological interventions for their management. More targeted and less invasive therapies would be beneficial. Recently, it has become apparent that epicardial adipose tissue plays an important role in normal and pathological cardiac function, and it is now the focus of considerable research. Epicardial adipose tissue can be studied by imaging of various kinds, and these approaches have yielded much useful information. However, at a molecular level, it is more difficult to study as it is relatively scarce in animal models and, for practical and ethical reasons, not always available in sufficient quantities from patients. What is needed is a robust model system in which the interactions between epicardial adipocytes and cardiac myocytes can be studied, and physiologically relevant manipulations performed. There are drawbacks to conventional culture methods, not least the difficulty of culturing both cardiac myocytes and adipocytes, each of which has special requirements. We discuss the benefits of a three-dimensional co-culture model in which in vivo interactions can be replicated. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Perivascular Adipose Tissue - Potential Pharmacological Targets? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Rietdorf
- School of Life, Health and Chemical SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton KeynesUK
| | - Hilary MacQueen
- School of Life, Health and Chemical SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton KeynesUK
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Chilukoti RK, Giese A, Malenke W, Homuth G, Bukowska A, Goette A, Felix SB, Kanaan J, Wollert HG, Evert K, Verheule S, Jais P, Hatem SN, Lendeckel U, Wolke C. Atrial fibrillation and rapid acute pacing regulate adipocyte/adipositas-related gene expression in the atria. Int J Cardiol 2015; 187:604-13. [PMID: 25863735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Atrial fibrillation (AF) has been associated with increased volumes of epicardial fat and atrial adipocyte accumulation. Underlying mechanisms are not well understood. This study aims to identify rapid atrial pacing (RAP)/AF-dependent changes in atrial adipocyte/adipositas-related gene expression (AARE). METHODS Right atrial (RA) and adjacent epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) samples were obtained from 26 patients; 13 with AF, 13 in sinus rhythm (SR). Left atrial (LA) samples were obtained from 9 pigs (5 RAP, 4 sham-operated controls). AARE was analyzed using microarrays and RT-qPCR. The impact of diabetes/obesity on gene expression was additionally determined in RA samples (RAP ex vivo and controls) from 3 vs. 6 months old ZDF rats. RESULTS RAP in vivo of pigs resulted in substantial changes of AARE, with 66 genes being up- and 53 down-regulated on the mRNA level. Differential expression during adipocyte differentiation was confirmed using 3T3-L1 cells. In patients with AF (compared to SR), a comparable change in RA mRNA levels concerned a fraction of genes only (RETN, IGF1, HK2, PYGM, LOX, and NR4A3). RA and EAT were affected by AF to a different extent. In patients, concomitant disease contributes to AARE changes. CONCLUSIONS RAP, and to lesser extent AF, provoke significant changes in atrial AARE. In chronic AF, activation of this gene panel is very likely mediated by AF itself, AF risk factors and concomitant diseases. This may facilitate the development of an AF substrate by increasing atrial ectopic fat and fat infiltration of the atrial myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Chilukoti
- University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Giese
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - W Malenke
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - G Homuth
- University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Bukowska
- EUTRAF Working Group: Molecular Electrophysiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - A Goette
- EUTRAF Working Group: Molecular Electrophysiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Vincenz-Hospital, Paderborn, Germany
| | - S B Felix
- University Medicine Greifswald, Department of Cardiology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Kanaan
- Dr. Guth Clinics, Dept. of Cardiovascular Surgery, Karlsburg, Germany
| | - H-G Wollert
- Dr. Guth Clinics, Dept. of Cardiovascular Surgery, Karlsburg, Germany
| | - K Evert
- University Medicine Greifswald, Department of Pathology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Verheule
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P Jais
- Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut Lévêque, Université Victor-Segalen Bordeaux II, Pessac, France
| | - S N Hatem
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 1166 I, ICAN, Paris, France
| | - U Lendeckel
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - C Wolke
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Greifswald, Germany
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