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Karalunas SL, Dude J, Figuracion M, Lane SP. Momentary Dynamics Implicate Emotional Features in the ADHD Phenotype. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024:10.1007/s10802-024-01206-9. [PMID: 38771497 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Emotional dysregulation is increasingly recognized as important to the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) phenotype alongside inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. Studies of ADHD have relied primarily on trait-based conceptualizations that emphasize stability of symptoms across moderate developmental timescales (i.e., months to years). Trait-based conceptualizations provide a critical view but fail to account for short-term dynamic variations in the expression of ADHD symptoms and emotion. This leaves a gap in our understanding of the short-term variation in ADHD symptom expression and the dynamic relationships among ADHD symptoms and emotion. Here, we assessed caregiver report of ADHD symptoms and positive and negative emotion using ecological momentary approaches over 2 weeks in a sample of 36 children with and without ADHD between the ages of 7-12 years old. Between-person (RKF) and within-person (RC) reliability were estimated. Multilevel models tested specific covariation hypotheses between ADHD symptoms and emotion. Analyses confirmed that ADHD and emotion ratings were reliable as individual differences (i.e., between-person; RKF range 0.93-1.0) and moment-to-moment change (i.e., within-person; Rc range 0.66-0.88) measures. Multilevel models found little evidence for lagged effects between domains, but consistently identified concurrent expression of ADHD symptoms and emotions; inattention covaried most strongly with negative emotion and hyperactivity-impulsivity covaried most strongly with positive emotion. Results demonstrate the importance of complementing trait-level conceptualizations with assessment of momentary dynamics. Momentary assessment suggests important covariation of ADHD symptoms and emotion as part of the ADHD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Dude
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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Du TV, Lane SP, Miller JD, Lynam DR. Momentary assessment of the relations between narcissistic traits, interpersonal behaviors, and aggression. J Pers 2024; 92:405-420. [PMID: 36942531 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study explores the associations among narcissistic traits, interpersonal behaviors, and aggression using repeated, situation-based measurement. We examine narcissism's relations with aggression across three levels of its theorized hierarchy (level 1: narcissism; level 2: grandiose vs. vulnerable narcissism; level 3: antagonism, agentic extraversion, and narcissistic neuroticism). METHODS Using an experience-sampling approach, the current study examined the effects of narcissism and its finer-grained components on daily affective experiences and aggressive behaviors in the context of interpersonal interactions. Data were collected from 477 undergraduate students who were instructed to complete four prompts a day for ten consecutive days. RESULTS Narcissism at the global construct level positively predicted multiple indices of episodic aggression (i.e., aggressive temper, aggressive urge, verbal aggression). At the dual-dimension level, grandiose narcissism specifically predicted aggression, and then at the trifurcated level, interpersonal antagonism predicted aggression by itself and in interaction with event-level negative affect. Negative affect consistently exhibited both within- and between-person effects on aggression. CONCLUSION In real-life social interactions, narcissism dimensions differentially affect the way individuals experience social interactions and process negative affect, and thus in both research and clinical practice, narcissism is best assessed as a heterogeneous, multidimensional construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei V Du
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Sean P Lane
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Joshua D Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Donald R Lynam
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Acuff SF, Padovano HT, Carpenter RW, Emery NN, Miranda R. Effects of social drinking context on subjective effects, affect, and next-day appraisals in the natural environment. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:755-765. [PMID: 38439602 PMCID: PMC11015969 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drinking commonly occurs in social settings and may bolster social reinforcement. Laboratory studies suggest that subjective effects and mood are mechanisms through which the social context influences alcohol consumption. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) may be useful for extending these findings to the natural environment. This pre-registered secondary analysis of EMA data investigated the influence of the social environment on: (1) stimulating and sedating subjective effects of alcohol, (2) contentedness and negative affect, and (3) next-day evaluations of the drinking occasion. METHODS Nontreatment seeking adults reporting past-month heavy drinking (N = 131; Mage = 28.09; 42% female) completed 7 days of EMA (in the morning, at random, and following drinking prompts), which included questions on their social context (drinking in the presence of known others or alone), contemporaneous stimulating and sedating effects, contentedness and negative affect, alcohol consumption, and next-day evaluations of a prior day's drinking event (how satisfying/pleasant was drinking). We used multi-level models in SAS 9.4 M7 software to examine relations among the variables. RESULTS Contemporaneous subjective effects (stimulating or sedating), negative affect, and contentedness did not significantly depend on the social context. For next-day evaluations of pleasure/satisfaction from drinking, context effects were dependent on consumption totals. As the total number of standard drinks consumed increased, recollections of pleasure/satisfaction were higher when drinking had occurred with others, relative to alone. At lower consumption totals, next-day evaluations did not appear to depend on social context. CONCLUSIONS When reported contemporaneously, subjective effects and affect do not appear dependent upon the presence of known others. However, heavier drinking events, relative to lighter drinking events, are appraised more favorably the following day when occurring within social contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F. Acuff
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Recovery Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Ryan W. Carpenter
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Noah N. Emery
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert Miranda
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, Riverside, RI, USA
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Racine SE, Bicaker E, Trolio V, Lane SP. Acting impulsively when "upset": Examining associations among negative urgency, undifferentiated negative affect, and impulsivity using momentary and experimental methods. J Pers 2024. [PMID: 38429250 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Negative urgency is a personality pathway toward impulsive behavior that increases risk for transdiagnostic psychopathology. Limited research supports the core tenant of urgency theory, that is, that individuals with high trait negative urgency act more impulsive when experiencing increased negative emotion. We hypothesized that it may not be negative emotion intensity, but difficulty in differentiating among negative emotions, that prompts impulsive behavior among individuals with elevated negative urgency. METHODS We tested this hypothesis in 200 undergraduates using both ecological momentary assessment (measured momentary undifferentiated negative affect and impulsivity) and experimental methods (manipulated emotion differentiation and measured behavioral impulsivity). RESULTS Momentary undifferentiated negative affect predicted impulsivity in the specific domains of work/school and exercise, but interactions between momentary undifferentiated negative affect and negative urgency were not supported. Manipulated emotion differentiation did not impact behavioral impulsivity regardless of negative urgency scores. CONCLUSION Inconsistent with theory, the impulsive behavior of individuals with negative urgency may not be conditional on elevated or undifferentiated negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Racine
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ege Bicaker
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vittoria Trolio
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sean P Lane
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Napolitano SC, Balling CE, Peckinpaugh I, Samuel DB, Lane SP. Perceived social support attenuates increased hostile reactions to traumatic threat. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:2566-2582. [PMID: 37435952 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extant literature has seldom examined the naturalistic role of reaction to threat on downstream emotional distress while also considering buffers, such as perceived social support, to acute negative mental health outcomes. The present study examined how trauma symptoms, in reaction to a global stressor, predicted increased psychological distress via elevated emotional hostility and whether perceived social support modified such effects. We predicted a priori that increased exposure to trauma would be associated with increased hostility and global psychological distress, but that this path would be attenuated by greater levels of perceived social support, as individuals who report greater support exhibit greater emotional coping. METHODS We recruited 408 adults from a large university in the Midwestern United States to participate in a survey assessing past-week trauma, hostility, distress, and perceived social support following the initial COVID-19 lockdown. The survey was conducted in March 2020, directly after strict shelter-in-place orders were locally mandated. To test our hypotheses, we employed a moderated mediation analysis approach. RESULTS Results demonstrate that higher trauma predicted increased hostility, which in turn predicted increased distress, and trauma predicted distress via hostility (an indirect effect). As hypothesized, higher perceived social support attenuated the association between trauma and hostility. CONCLUSION Results support a hostile emotional pathway that may increase distress in the context of increased traumatic impact; however, social support likely buffers these effects, particularly in the face of new or novel threats and stressors. Findings suggest broad application for understanding the relation between the introduction of stressors, psychological distress, and social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Napolitano
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - C E Balling
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - I Peckinpaugh
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - D B Samuel
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - S P Lane
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Napolitano SC, Lane SP, Hepp J, McDonald A, Trumbower C, Trull TJ. The roles of personality traits and close social contact in the expression of momentary borderline personality disorder symptoms in daily life. Personal Disord 2022; 13:494-504. [PMID: 34618505 PMCID: PMC8986887 DOI: 10.1037/per0000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dimensional models of personality, such as the five-factor model (FFM), have demonstrated strong coherence with the presentation of personality disorders, including borderline personality disorder (BPD). Given that select personality trait elevations have been linked to impairments in multiple life domains across diagnostic groups, we sought to replicate findings from a previous investigation of the utility of the FFM in predicting BPD-relevant outcomes (i.e., negative affect intensity and instability, impulsivity, and interpersonal disagreements) in the daily lives of those with BPD (Hepp et al., 2016) and community participants. As interpersonal context is instrumental in determining the strength of effects observed in studies examining individuals with BPD, we utilized ecological momentary assessment across 3 weeks (6 times daily; ntotal = 15,889) to test whether close social contact (CSC) would moderate the effects of personality on momentary outcomes. Overall, results suggest that CSC is an important moderator between the effects of personality and daily life outcomes for individuals with BPD (N = 56), but not for community individuals (N = 60). For individuals with BPD, CSC may function as both a protective buffer and a risk factor, depending on outcome. For example, CSC attenuates experience of negative affect intensity for individuals with elevated neuroticism, but CSC may predict more frequent disagreements for individuals who report lower agreeableness. We replicated approximately half of the original study's findings, and results support that FFM personality is predictive of BPD-relevant outcomes broadly. However, interpersonal context is key to understanding these relationships for individuals with BPD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye C. Napolitano
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - Sean P. Lane
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - Johanna Hepp
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim at Heidelberg University
| | - Abigail McDonald
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - Cassandra Trumbower
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - Timothy J. Trull
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211
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Aslinger EN, Lane SP, Lynam DR, Trull TJ. The influence of narcissistic vulnerability and grandiosity on momentary hostility leading up to and following interpersonal rejection. Personal Disord 2022; 13:199-209. [PMID: 34618506 PMCID: PMC8986878 DOI: 10.1037/per0000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Wide empirical support exists for 2 aspects of narcissism-grandiosity and vulnerability. Hostility is a form of interpersonal antagonism, which is considered central to narcissism broadly. Though it has often been subsumed by the concept of narcissistic grandiosity, interpersonal antagonism is associated with vulnerability as well. Rejection represents an interpersonal stressor that evokes hostility to a greater degree in those high in narcissism, with mixed evidence regarding whether it stems from threat to one's egotism (grandiosity) or low self-esteem (vulnerability). Therefore, investigating the associations between narcissistic dimensions and individuals' trajectories of hostility leading up to and following rejection may provide a basis for a more unified conceptualization. In this study, we leverage the wide range of narcissistic expression displayed in a combined sample of borderline personality disorder (N = 56) and community (N = 60) individuals who completed ambulatory assessments approximately 6 times per day for 21 consecutive days. We examine whether narcissistic vulnerability and grandiosity, as measured by NEO Personality Inventory facet combinations constructed based on the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory, moderate trajectories and overall levels of hostility surrounding self-reported interpersonal rejections. Grandiosity and vulnerability were independently positively associated with a faster rise in hostility leading up to rejection; however, greater grandiosity was uniquely associated with a greater spike in hostility at the occasion of rejection and subsequent faster recovery. These results are consistent with both the idea that grandiosity is proportionately more central to interpersonal antagonism and that antagonism serves as a bridge, connecting and reinforcing both narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Wycoff AM, Carpenter RW, Hepp J, Piasecki TM, Trull TJ. Real-time reports of drinking to cope: Associations with subjective relief from alcohol and changes in negative affect. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 130:641-650. [PMID: 34553959 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Many individuals report drinking alcohol to cope or relieve negative affective states, but existing evidence is inconsistent regarding whether individuals experience negatively reinforcing effects after drinking to cope (DTC). We used ecological momentary assessment to examine the effects of DTC during daily-life drinking episodes in a sample of current drinkers (N = 110; 52 individuals with borderline personality disorder and 58 community individuals). Multilevel models were used to test whether momentary and episode-level endorsement of DTC-depression and DTC-anxiety motives would be related to increased subjective drinking-contingent relief and decreased depression and anxiety during drinking episodes. Momentary DTC-anxiety predicted greater subsequent drinking-contingent relief, and greater episode-level DTC-anxiety and DTC-depression predicted greater drinking-contingent relief during the episode. However, we did not find decreased depression and anxiety following endorsement of DTC-depression and DTC-anxiety. Instead, we found that greater episode-level DTC-depression was associated with increased depression. Thus, findings suggest that individuals' negative affective states may not improve during DTC despite endorsing drinking-contingent relief. This discrepancy warrants further attention because subjective relief likely reinforces DTC, whereas awareness of one's change (or lack of change) in affect may provide valuable counterevidence for whether alcohol use is an effective coping strategy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Hung YH, Proctor RW, Choi JY, Hennes EP, Willis M, Lane SP. A User-centered Decision-aiding Process for Selecting Power Analysis Tools. PROCEEDINGS OF THE HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY ... ANNUAL MEETING. HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY. ANNUAL MEETING 2020; 64:2056-2060. [PMID: 34305382 PMCID: PMC8299903 DOI: 10.1177/1071181320641497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A priori power analyses have become increasingly popular in scientific communities, but the practice has not been widely discussed by HFE researchers. Given the complexity of conducting such analyses, software tools are essential. We review the emergence and current state of power analysis software tools, and use the concept of User-Centered Design as an analytical lens for examining the relationship between researchers' needs and power analysis tools' characteristics. Centering on users' wants and needs, we propose a decision-aiding process to assist researchers in identifying appropriate power analysis tools. This process consists of five user-centered considerations - two functional criteria (software input; software output) and three usability heuristics (learnability; ease of use; accessibility) - which are organized into a workflow. These criteria and heuristics are translated into questions that researchers should go through during the decision process. We illustrate use of the decision-aiding process with three example scenarios and lay out implications for researchers.
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Wycoff AM, Carpenter RW, Hepp J, Lane SP, Trull TJ. Drinking motives moderate daily-life associations between affect and alcohol use in individuals with borderline personality disorder. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2020; 34:745-755. [PMID: 32324000 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
People often report drinking to cope with negative affect (NA) or to enhance positive affect (PA). However, findings from daily life studies examining the interaction of motives and affect to predict alcohol use are mixed. Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) may be particularly susceptible to drinking for the purpose of changing affective states, representing a population in which these patterns may be more readily identifiable in daily life. We tested whether drinking motives moderate daily life associations between affect and drinking in individuals with BPD. Regular drinkers with BPD (N = 54; 81.5% female) completed ecological momentary assessments approximately 6-10 times daily for 21 days. We tested whether the interactions between (a) person-level coping motives and NA so far that day (i.e., cumulative-average NA), and (b) person-level enhancement and cumulative-average PA were associated with subsequent drinking. We also tested whether effects differed for the initiation versus continuation of a drinking episode. Using generalized estimating equations, the interaction between coping and cumulative-average NA was positively associated with momentary drinking, with some evidence for a stronger relation during the continuation of drinking. The interaction between enhancement motives and cumulative-average PA was positively associated with initiation but negatively associated with continuation of drinking. Our novel approach of using cumulative-average affect and distinguishing initiation and continuation of drinking allowed us to examine differential momentary patterns across the drinking episode, and results suggest that awareness of motives as well as affect leading up to and during drinking may be a useful intervention target. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Wycoff
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
| | | | - Johanna Hepp
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Heidelberg University
| | - Sean P Lane
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University
| | - Timothy J Trull
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
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King KM, Jackson KM. Improving the implementation of quantitative methods in addiction research: Introduction to the special issue. Addict Behav 2019; 94:1-3. [PMID: 31101388 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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