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Donato S, Nieto S, Ray LA. The Brief Alcohol Use Disorder Severity Scale: An Initial Validation Evaluation. Alcohol Alcohol 2022; 57:762-767. [PMID: 36063825 PMCID: PMC9651986 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The goal of this study was to develop a standard measure of AUD severity that includes multiple dimensions and can be used in clinical settings to inform treatment selection. METHODS A large sample (n = 1939) of moderate to heavy drinkers was amassed from six psychopharmacology studies. The severity factor was comprised of four dimensions: withdrawal, craving, AUD symptoms and alcohol-related consequences. First, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to examine model fit. Next, a comprehensive item list from the four measures (i.e. CIWA, DrinC, PACs and SCID-5 AUD criteria) was reduced through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Once the final items were merged into a preliminary assessment, an EFA was run to observe the factor structure. Initial validation of the measure was obtained via associations with clinical endpoints. RESULTS The chi-square test statistic (${\chi}^2(2)=2.432\ P=0.297$) for a single-factor model of severity demonstrated good fit. Additional goodness-of-fit indices from the CFA revealed similar support for the single-factor model of severity (i.e. SRMSR = 0.011; RMSEA = 0.011; CFI = 0.999). Next, nine items from the individual EFAs were selected based on factor loading. The final EFA conducted on the 9-item scale demonstrated that a single factor model of severity best fit the data. Analysis of the psychometric properties revealed good internal consistency ($\alpha$= 0.79). CONCLUSIONS The current study extends upon the measurement of severity and supports a brief severity measure. This brief 9-item scale can be leveraged in future studies as a screening instrument and as a tool for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna Donato
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steven Nieto
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Vergara VM, Espinoza FA, Calhoun VD. Identifying Alcohol Use Disorder With Resting State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data: A Comparison Among Machine Learning Classifiers. Front Psychol 2022; 13:867067. [PMID: 35756267 PMCID: PMC9226579 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.867067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a burden to society creating social and health problems. Detection of AUD and its effects on the brain are difficult to assess. This problem is enhanced by the comorbid use of other substances such as nicotine that has been present in previous studies. Recent machine learning algorithms have raised the attention of researchers as a useful tool in studying and detecting AUD. This work uses AUD and controls samples free of any other substance use to assess the performance of a set of commonly used machine learning classifiers detecting AUD from resting state functional network connectivity (rsFNC) derived from independent component analysis. The cohort used included 51 alcohol dependent subjects and 51 control subjects. Despite alcohol, none of the 102 subjects reported use of nicotine, cannabis or any other dependence or habit formation substance. Classification features consisted of whole brain rsFNC estimates undergoing a feature selection process using a random forest approach. Features were then fed to 10 different machine learning classifiers to be evaluated based on their classification performance. A neural network classifier showed the highest performance with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.79. Other good performers with similar AUC scores were logistic regression, nearest neighbor, and support vector machine classifiers. The worst results were obtained with Gaussian process and quadratic discriminant analysis. The feature selection outcome pointed to functional connections between visual, sensorimotor, executive control, reward, and salience networks as the most relevant for classification. We conclude that AUD can be identified using machine learning classifiers in the absence of nicotine comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Vergara
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Flor A Espinoza
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Baggio S, Iglesias K, Duarte M, Nicastro R, Hasler R, Euler S, Debbané M, Starcevic V, Perroud N. Validation of self-report measures of narcissism against a diagnostic interview. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266540. [PMID: 35385531 PMCID: PMC8986001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI) and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) are often used to screen for pathological narcissism but have rarely been validated against a clinician-administered diagnostic interview. Our study evaluated the convergent validity of the PNI and NPI against a diagnostic interview for narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) in a clinical population. We used data from a psychiatric outpatient center located in Switzerland (n = 123). Correlations between PNI/NPI and NPD ranged between .299 and .498 (common variance 9.0–24.8%). The PNI and NPI should be used carefully to screen for NPD. We highlight a need to increase the compatibility between the conceptual underpinnings of the PNI, NPI and NPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Baggio
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Katia Iglesias
- School of Health Sciences (HEdS-FR), HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Miguel Duarte
- Service of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rosetta Nicastro
- Service of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roland Hasler
- Service of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- NCCR Synapsy, Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Euler
- Department of Consultation Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Debbané
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vladan Starcevic
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Nepean Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nader Perroud
- Service of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Hilde P, Ingeborg R, Anne B. Are short AUDIT screeners effective in identifying unhealthy drinking of varying severity? A prison population study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 229:109153. [PMID: 34800804 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether brief versions of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) can be used as graded severity measures is largely unknown. We examined the performance of eight such brief screeners in a prison population, and compared their effectiveness in detecting hazardous drinking, harmful drinking, and possible alcohol dependence as classified by the full ten-item AUDIT. METHODS The study sample included pre-prison drinkers who participated in the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) study (n = 758). We conducted receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analyses and estimated the area under the curve (AUROC) to assess the performance of AUDIT-C (three consumption items) and four-item versions that consisted of AUDIT-C and one additional item. RESULTS AUDIT-C performed very well in detecting unhealthy drinking of varying severity (AUROCs of 0.933 or 0.935). Four-item versions performed even better. Of these, the well-established AUDIT-4 was superior in identifying harmful drinking (AUROC=0.969) and possible alcohol dependence (AUROC=0.976). For AUDIT-C, the optimal cut-points in terms of the highest combined sensitivity and specificity were ≥ 6 (hazardous drinking), ≥ 8 (harmful drinking) and ≥ 8 or ≥ 9 (possible dependence). The corresponding cut-points on AUDIT-4 were ≥ 6, ≥ 9 and ≥ 10. The highest cut-point whereby all cases of possible dependence were identified was ≥ 6 on AUDIT-C and ≥ 8 on AUDIT-4. At these cut-points, almost all individuals with harmful drinking were also detected. CONCLUSIONS AUDIT-C and AUDIT-4 were both highly effective in detecting hazardous drinking, harmful drinking and possible alcohol dependence. AUDIT-4 was superior, notably as a graded severity measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pape Hilde
- University College of Norwegian Correctional Service, Norway.
| | | | - Bukten Anne
- University College of Norwegian Correctional Service, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo,. Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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