1
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Fan J, Dong Y, Sun Y, Ji Y, Feng J, Yan P, Zhu Y. Mucus and Biofilm Penetrating Nanoplatform as an Ultrasound-Induced Free Radical Initiator for Targeted Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400363. [PMID: 38558539 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is closely associated with the development of various gastric diseases. The effectiveness of current clinical antibiotic therapy is hampered by the rise of drug-resistant strains and the formation of H. pylori biofilm. This paper reports a sonodynamic nanocomposite PtCu3-PDA@AIPH@Fucoidan (PPAF), which consists of dopamine-modified inorganic sonosensitizers PtCu3, alkyl radicals (R•) generator AIPH and fucoidan, can penetrate the mucus layer, target H. pylori, disrupt biofilms, and exhibit excellent bactericidal ability. In vitro experiments demonstrate that PPAF exhibits excellent acoustic kinetic properties, generating a significant amount of reactive oxygen species and oxygen-independent R• for sterilization under ultrasound stimulation. Simultaneously, the produced N2 can enhance the cavitation effect, aiding PPAF nanoparticles in penetrating the gastric mucus layer and disrupting biofilm integrity. This disruption allows more PPAF nanoparticles to bind to biofilm bacteria, facilitating the eradication of H. pylori. In vivo experiments demonstrate that ultrasound-stimulated PPAF exhibited significant antibacterial efficacy against H. pylori. Moreover, it effectively modulated the expression levels of inflammatory factors and maintained gastrointestinal microbiota stability when compared to the antibiotic treatment group. In summary, PPAF nanoparticles present a potential alternative to antibiotics, offering an effective and healthy option for treating H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yuze Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yalan Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jie Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Peijuan Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yingnan Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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2
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Huang Q, Chen Y, Zhang W, Xia X, Li H, Qin M, Gao H. Nanotechnology for enhanced nose-to-brain drug delivery in treating neurological diseases. J Control Release 2024; 366:519-534. [PMID: 38182059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Despite the increasing global incidence of brain disorders, achieving sufficient delivery towards the central nervous system (CNS) remains a formidable challenge in terms of translating into improved clinical outcomes. The brain is highly safeguarded by physiological barriers, primarily the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which routinely excludes most therapeutics from entering the brain following systemic administration. Among various strategies investigated to circumvent this challenge, intranasal administration, a noninvasive method that bypasses the BBB to allow direct access of drugs to the CNS, has been showing promising results. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, in particular, have demonstrated remarkable capacities in overcoming the challenges posed by nose-to-brain drug delivery and facilitating targeted drug accumulation within the brain while minimizing side effects of systemic distribution. This review comprehensively summarizes the barriers of nose-to-brain drug delivery, aiming to enhance our understanding of potential physiological obstacles and improve the efficacy of nasal delivery in future trials. We then highlight cutting-edge nanotechnology-based studies that enhance nose-to-brain drug delivery in three key aspects, demonstrating substantial potential for improved treatment of brain diseases. Furthermore, the attention towards clinical studies will ease the regulatory approval process for nasal administration of nanomedicines targeting brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yongke Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, 783 Xindu Avenue, Xindu, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Xue Xia
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hanmei Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Meng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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3
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Kamankesh M, Yadegar A, Llopis-Lorente A, Liu C, Haririan I, Aghdaei HA, Shokrgozar MA, Zali MR, Miri AH, Rad-Malekshahi M, Hamblin MR, Wacker MG. Future Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Improved Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2302532. [PMID: 37697021 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a recalcitrant pathogen, which can cause gastric disorders. During the past decades, polypharmacy-based regimens, such as triple and quadruple therapies have been widely used against H. pylori. However, polyantibiotic therapies can disturb the host gastric/gut microbiota and lead to antibiotic resistance. Thus, simpler but more effective approaches should be developed. Here, some recent advances in nanostructured drug delivery systems to treat H. pylori infection are summarized. Also, for the first time, a drug release paradigm is proposed to prevent H. pylori antibiotic resistance along with an IVIVC model in order to connect the drug release profile with a reduction in bacterial colony counts. Then, local delivery systems including mucoadhesive, mucopenetrating, and cytoadhesive nanobiomaterials are discussed in the battle against H. pylori infection. Afterward, engineered delivery platforms including polymer-coated nanoemulsions and polymer-coated nanoliposomes are poposed. These bioinspired platforms can contain an antimicrobial agent enclosed within smart multifunctional nanoformulations. These bioplatforms can prevent the development of antibiotic resistance, as well as specifically killing H. pylori with no or only slight negative effects on the host gastrointestinal microbiota. Finally, the essential checkpoints that should be passed to confirm the potential effectiveness of anti-H. pylori nanosystems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Kamankesh
- Polymer Chemistry Department, School of Science, University of Tehran, PO Box 14155-6455, Tehran, 14144-6455, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985717411, Iran
| | - Antoni Llopis-Lorente
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Insituto de Salud Carlos III, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Chenguang Liu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, P.R. China
| | - Ismaeil Haririan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985717411, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985717411, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Miri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mazda Rad-Malekshahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
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4
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Meziu E, Shehu K, Koch M, Schneider M, Kraegeloh A. Impact of mucus modulation by N-acetylcysteine on nanoparticle toxicity. Int J Pharm X 2023; 6:100212. [PMID: 37771516 PMCID: PMC10522980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory mucus is a biological hydrogel that forms a protective barrier for the underlying epithelium. Modulation of the mucus layer has been employed as a strategy to enhance transmucosal drug carrier transport. However, a drawback of this strategy is a potential reduction of the mucus barrier properties, in particular in situations with an increased exposure to particles. In this study, we investigated the impact of mucus modulation on its protective role. In vitro mucus was produced by Calu-3 cells, cultivated at the air-liquid interface for 21 days and used for further testing as formed on top of the cells. Analysis of confocal 3D imaging data revealed that after 21 days Calu-3 cells secrete a mucus layer with a thickness of 24 ± 6 μm. Mucus appeared to restrict penetration of 500 nm carboxyl-modified polystyrene particles to the upper 5-10 μm of the layer. Furthermore, a mucus modulation protocol using aerosolized N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was developed. This treatment enhanced the penetration of particles through the mucus down to deeper layers by means of the mucolytic action of NAC. These findings were supported by cytotoxicity data, indicating that intact mucus protects the underlying epithelium from particle-induced effects on membrane integrity. The impact of NAC treatment on the protective properties of mucus was probed by using 50 and 100 nm amine-modified and 50 nm carboxyl-modified polystyrene nanoparticles, respectively. Cytotoxicity was only induced by the amine-modified particles in combination with NAC treatment, implying a reduced protective function of modulated mucus. Overall, our data emphasize the importance of integrating an assessment of the protective function of mucus into the development of therapy approaches involving mucus modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkeleda Meziu
- INM – Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Kristela Shehu
- INM – Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM – Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marc Schneider
- Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Annette Kraegeloh
- INM – Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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5
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Chen C, Beloqui A, Xu Y. Oral nanomedicine biointeractions in the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115117. [PMID: 37898337 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration is the preferred route of administration based on the convenience for and compliance of the patient. Oral nanomedicines have been developed to overcome the limitations of free drugs and overcome gastrointestinal (GI) barriers, which are heterogeneous across healthy and diseased populations. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview and comparison of the oral nanomedicine biointeractions in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in health and disease (GI and extra-GI diseases) and highlight emerging strategies that exploit these differences for oral nanomedicine-based treatment. We introduce the key GI barriers related to oral delivery and summarize their pathological changes in various diseases. We discuss nanomedicine biointeractions in the GIT in health by describing the general biointeractions based on the type of oral nanomedicine and advanced biointeractions facilitated by advanced strategies applied in this field. We then discuss nanomedicine biointeractions in different diseases and explore how pathological characteristics have been harnessed to advance the development of oral nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ana Beloqui
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; WEL Research Institute, avenue Pasteur, 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium.
| | - Yining Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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6
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Kumari N, Siddhanta K, Panja S, Joshi V, Jogdeo C, Kapoor E, Khan R, Kollala SS, Kumar B, Sil D, Singh AB, Murry DJ, Oupický D. Oral Delivery of Nucleic Acid Therapies for Local and Systemic Action. Pharm Res 2023; 40:107-122. [PMID: 36271204 PMCID: PMC9589866 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid (NA) therapy has gained importance over the past decade due to its high degree of selectivity and minimal toxic effects over conventional drugs. Currently, intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) formulations constitute majority of the marketed formulations containing nucleic acids. However, oral administration is traditionally preferred due to ease of administration as well as higher patient compliance. To leverage the benefits of oral delivery for NA therapy, the NA of interest must be delivered to the target site avoiding all degrading and inhibiting factors during its transition through the gastrointestinal tract. The oral route presents myriad of challenges to NA delivery, making formulation development challenging. Researchers in the last few decades have formulated various delivery systems to overcome such challenges and several reviews summarize and discuss these strategies in detail. However, there is a need to differentiate between the approaches based on target so that in future, delivery strategies can be developed according to the goal of the study and for efficient delivery to the desired site. The goal of this review is to summarize the mechanisms for target specific delivery, list and discuss the formulation strategies used for oral delivery of NA therapies and delineate the similarities and differences between local and systemic targeting oral delivery systems and current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kumari
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6849, USA
| | - Kasturi Siddhanta
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6849, USA
| | - Sudipta Panja
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6849, USA
| | - Vineet Joshi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Chinmay Jogdeo
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6849, USA
| | - Ekta Kapoor
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6849, USA
| | - Rubayat Khan
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6849, USA
| | - Sai Sundeep Kollala
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Balawant Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Diptesh Sil
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6849, USA
| | - Amar B Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Daryl J Murry
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - David Oupický
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6849, USA.
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7
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Puri V, Kaur VP, Singh A, Singh C. Recent advances on drug delivery applications of mucopenetrative/mucoadhesive particles: A review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Castellani S, Trapani A, Elisiana Carpagnano G, Cotoia A, Laselva O, Pia Foschino Barbaro M, Corbo F, Cinnella G, De Giglio E, Larobina D, Di Gioia S, Conese M. Mucopenetration study of solid lipid nanoparticles containing magneto sensitive iron oxide. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 178:94-104. [PMID: 35926759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In most chronic respiratory diseases, excessive viscous airway secretions oppose a formidable permeation barrier to drug delivery systems (DDSs), with a limit to their therapeutic efficacy for the targeting epithelium. Since mucopenetration of DDSs with slippery technology (i.e. PEGylation) has encountered a reduction in the presence of sticky and complex airway secretions, our aim was to evaluate the relevance of magnetic PEGylated Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (mSLNs) for pulling them through chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) airway secretions. Thus, COPD sputum from outpatient clinic, respiratory secretions aspirated from high (HI) and low (LO) airways of COPD patients in acute respiratory insufficiency, and porcine gastric mucus (PGM) were investigated for their permeability to mSLN particles under a magnetic field. Rheological tests and mSLN adhesion to airway epithelial cells (AECs) were also investigated. The results of mucopenetration show that mSLNs are permeable both in PGM sputum and in COPD, while HI and LO secretions are always impervious. Parallel rheological results show a different elastic property, which can be associated with different mucus mesostructures. Finally, adhesion tests confirm the role of the magnetic field in improving the interaction of SLNs with epithelial cells. Overall, our results reveal that mesostructure is of paramount importance in determining the mucopenetration of magnetic SLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Castellani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy
| | - Adriana Trapani
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Cotoia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Onofrio Laselva
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Filomena Corbo
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Gilda Cinnella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Elvira De Giglio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Larobina
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials - National Research Council of Italy, Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - Sante Di Gioia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Massimo Conese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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9
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Zhang JY, Liu XX, Lin JY, Bao XY, Peng JQ, Gong ZP, Luan X, Chen Y. Biomimetic engineered nanocarriers inspired by viruses for oral-drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:121979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Awad A, Madla CM, McCoubrey LE, Ferraro F, Gavins FK, Buanz A, Gaisford S, Orlu M, Siepmann F, Siepmann J, Basit AW. Clinical translation of advanced colonic drug delivery technologies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114076. [PMID: 34890739 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery to the colon offers a myriad of benefits, including treatment of local diseases, direct access to unique therapeutic targets and the potential for increasing systemic drug bioavailability and efficacy. Although a range of traditional colonic delivery technologies are available, these systems exhibit inconsistent drug release due to physiological variability between and within individuals, which may be further exacerbated by underlying disease states. In recent years, significant translational and commercial advances have been made with the introduction of new technologies that incorporate independent multi-stimuli release mechanisms (pH and/or microbiota-dependent release). Harnessing these advanced technologies offers new possibilities for drug delivery via the colon, including the delivery of biopharmaceuticals, vaccines, nutrients, and microbiome therapeutics for the treatment of both local and systemic diseases. This review details the latest advances in colonic drug delivery, with an emphasis on emerging therapeutic opportunities and clinical technology translation.
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11
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Charbaji R, Kar M, Theune LE, Bergueiro J, Eichhorst A, Navarro L, Graff P, Stumpff F, Calderón M, Hedtrich S. Design and Testing of Efficient Mucus-Penetrating Nanogels-Pitfalls of Preclinical Testing and Lessons Learned. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007963. [PMID: 33719187 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces pose a challenging environment for efficient drug delivery. Various delivery strategies such as nanoparticles have been employed so far; yet, still yielding limited success. To address the need of efficient transmucosal drug delivery, this report presents the synthesis of novel disulfide-containing dendritic polyglycerol (dPG)-based nanogels and their preclinical testing. A bifunctional disulfide-containing linker is coupled to dPG to act as a macromolecular crosslinker for poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) and poly-N-isopropylmethacrylamide (PNIPMAM) in a precipitation polymerization process. A systematic analysis of the polymerization reveals the importance of a careful polymer choice to yield mucus-degradable nanogels with diameters between 100 and 200 nm, low polydispersity, and intact disulfide linkers. Absorption studies in porcine intestinal tissue and human bronchial epithelial models demonstrate that disulfide-containing nanogels are highly efficient in overcoming mucosal barriers. The nanogels efficiently degrade and deliver the anti-inflammatory biomacromolecule etanercept into epithelial tissues yielding local anti-inflammatory effects. Over the course of this work, several problems are encountered due to a limited availability of valid test systems for mucosal drug-delivery systems. Hence, this study also emphasizes how critical a combined and multifaceted approach is for the preclinical testing of mucosal drug-delivery systems, discusses potential pitfalls, and provides suggestions for solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Charbaji
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2-4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mrityunjoy Kar
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Loryn E Theune
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julián Bergueiro
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Eichhorst
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2-4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucila Navarro
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2-4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Graff
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2-4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Stumpff
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2-4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, V6T1Z3, Canada
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12
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Advanced materials for drug delivery across mucosal barriers. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:13-29. [PMID: 33141051 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mucus is a viscoelastic gel that traps pathogens and other foreign particles to limit their penetration into the underlying epithelium. Dosage forms containing particle-based drug delivery systems are trapped in mucosal layers and will be removed by mucus turnover. Mucoadhesion avoids premature wash-off and prolongs the residence time of drugs on mucus. Moreover, mucus penetration is essential for molecules to access the underlying epithelial tissues. Various strategies have been investigated to achieve mucoadhesion and mucus penetration of drug carriers. Innovations in materials used for the construction of drug-carrier systems allowed the development of different mucoadhesion and mucus penetration delivery systems. Over the last decade, advances in the field of materials chemistry, with a focus on biocompatibility, have led to the expansion of the pool of materials available for drug delivery applications. The choice of materials in mucosal delivery is generally dependent on the intended therapeutic target and nature of the mucosa at the site of absorption. This review presents an up-to-date account of materials including synthesis, physical and chemical modifications of mucoadhesive materials, nanocarriers, viral mimics used for the construction of mucosal drug delivery systems.
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Comparison of the effects of the intestinal permeation enhancers, SNAC and sodium caprate (C 10): Isolated rat intestinal mucosae and sacs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 158:105685. [PMID: 33359131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SNAC and C10 are intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) used in formulations of peptides for oral delivery in clinical trials. Our aims were to compare their: (i) mechanism of action in isolated rat intestinal mucosae mounted in Ussing chambers and in non-everted gut sacs, (ii) effects on mucosa integrity in those models and also in in situ intra-jejunal instillations and (iii) interactions with intestinal mucus. SNAC increased the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of the paracellular marker, FITC-dextran 4000 (FD4), across isolated rat gastric mucosae in concentration-dependent fashion, whereas C10 did not, while both reduced the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). In isolated jejunal and colonic mucosae, both agents increased the Papp of [14C]-mannitol and FD4 whereas C10 but not SNAC reduced TEER. 20 mM SNAC was required to achieve the efficacy of 10 mM C10 in jejunal and colonic mucosae. In isolated non-everted jejunal and colonics sacs, FD4 flux increases were observed in the presence of both PEs. Histology of mucosae revealed that both PEs induced minor epithelial damage to the mucosa at concentrations that increased fluxes. Jejunal tissue withstood epithelial damage in the following order: intra jejunal in situ instillations > jejunal sacs > isolated jejunal mucosae. Both PEs modulated viscoelastic properties of porcine jejunal mucus without altering rheological properties. In conclusion, SNAC and C10 are reasonably efficacious PEs in rat intestinal tissue with common overall mechanistic features. Their potency and toxic potential are low, in agreement with clinical trial data.
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Tong T, Wang L, You X, Wu J. Nano and microscale delivery platforms for enhanced oral peptide/protein bioavailability. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5804-5823. [PMID: 33016274 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01151g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, peptide/protein drugs have attracted considerable attention owing to their superior targeting and therapeutic effect and fewer side effects compared with chemical drugs. Oral administration modality with enhanced patient compliance is increasingly being recognized as an ideal route for peptide/protein delivery. However, the limited permeation efficiency and low oral bioavailability of peptide/protein drugs significantly hinder therapeutic advances. To address these problems, various nano and microscale delivery platforms have been developed, which offer significant advantages in oral peptide/protein delivery. In this review, we briefly introduce the transport mechanisms of oral peptide/protein delivery and the primary barriers to this delivery process. We also highlight the recent advances in various nano and microscale delivery platforms designed for oral peptide/protein delivery. We then summarize the existing strategies used in these delivery platforms to improve the oral bioavailability and permeation efficiency of peptide/protein therapeutics. Finally, we discuss the major challenges faced when nano and microscale systems are used for oral peptide/protein delivery. This review is expected to provide critical insight into the design and development of oral peptide/protein delivery systems with significant therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Tong
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong, Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
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Brayden D, Hill T, Fairlie D, Maher S, Mrsny R. Systemic delivery of peptides by the oral route: Formulation and medicinal chemistry approaches. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 157:2-36. [PMID: 32479930 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In its 33 years, ADDR has published regularly on the po5tential of oral delivery of biologics especially peptides and proteins. In the intervening period, analysis of the preclinical and clinical trial failures of many purported platform technologies has led to reflection on the true status of the field and reigning in of expectations. Oral formulations of semaglutide, octreotide, and salmon calcitonin have completed Phase III trials, with oral semaglutide being approved by the FDA in 2019. The progress made with oral peptide formulations based on traditional permeation enhancers is against a background of low and variable oral bioavailability values of ~1%, leading to a current perception that only potent peptides with a viable cost of synthesis can be realistically considered. Desirable features of candidates should include a large therapeutic index, some stability in the GI tract, a long elimination half-life, and a relatively low clearance rate. Administration in nanoparticle formats have largely disappointed, with few prototypes reaching clinical trials: insufficient particle loading, lack of controlled release, low epithelial particle uptake, and lack of scalable synthesis being the main reasons for discontinuation. Disruptive technologies based on engineered devices promise improvements, but scale-up and toxicology aspects are issues to address. In parallel, medicinal chemists are synthesizing stable hydrophobic macrocyclic candidate peptides of lower molecular weight and with potential for greater oral bioavailability than linear peptides, but perhaps without the same requirement for elaborate drug delivery systems. In summary, while there have been advances in understanding the limitations of peptides for oral delivery, low membrane permeability, metabolism, and high clearance rates continue to hamper progress.
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Liu T, Li J, Wu X, Zhang S, Lu Z, Li G, Li J, Chen S. Transferrin-targeting redox hyperbranched poly(amido amine)-functionalized graphene oxide for sensitized chemotherapy combined with gene therapy to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Drug Deliv 2019; 26:744-755. [PMID: 31340676 PMCID: PMC6711081 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1642421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A drug and gene co-delivery system with chemotherapeutic sensibilization was prepared and used for nasopharyngeal carcinoma therapy. For this purpose, the graphene oxide (GO) was conjugated with the redox hyperbranched poly(amido amine) (HPAA) and then the targeting molecule, transferrin (Tf), was also conjugated. The obtained Tf-HPAA-GO could co-deliver docetaxel (DOC) and MMP-9 shRNA plasmid (pMMP-9) effectively and showed the targeting effect to HNE-1 cells. The co-delivery system showed the effective drug and gene delivery ability with high cytotoxicity and gene transfection efficiency. Besides that, Tf-HPAA-GO/DOC also showed the chemotherapeutic sensibilization effect, the formulation containing HPAA segments showed much higher cytotoxicity than free DOC. Benefiting from the sensibilization effect and DOC/pMMP-9 co-delivery strategy, this Tf-HPAA-GO/DOC/pMMP-9 co-delivery system exhibited the significantly improved therapeutic efficacy to HNE-1 tumor in a combined manner which was confirmed by in vitro and in vivo assays. This strategy provided an easily delivery system combining the drug/gene co-delivery, chemotherapeutic sensibilization, and targeting into one single platform, which showed a promising application in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingzhen Li
- Department of Nephrology, Ningbo Yinzhou Second Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xidong Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangxi Testing Center of Medical Instruments, Nanchang, China
| | - Siyi Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongming Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanxue Li
- Department of Pediatric Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junzheng Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Dongguan Hospital of Jinan University, Dongguan, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Vass P, Démuth B, Hirsch E, Nagy B, Andersen SK, Vigh T, Verreck G, Csontos I, Nagy ZK, Marosi G. Drying technology strategies for colon-targeted oral delivery of biopharmaceuticals. J Control Release 2019; 296:162-178. [PMID: 30677436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In chronic intestinal diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, parenteral administration of biopharmaceuticals is associated with numerous disadvantages including immune reactions, infections, low patient compliance, and toxicity caused by high systemic bioavailability. One alternative that can potentially overcome these limitations is oral administration of biopharmaceuticals, where the local delivery will reduce the systemic exposure and furthermore the manufacturing costs will be lower. However, the development of oral dosage forms that deliver the biologically active form to the intestines is one of the greatest challenges for pharmaceutical technologists due to the sensitive nature of biopharmaceuticals. The present article discusses the various drug delivery technologies used to produce orally administered solid dosage forms of biopharmaceuticals with an emphasis on colon-targeted delivery. Solid oral dosage compositions containing different types of colon-targeting biopharmaceuticals are compiled followed by a review of currently applied and emerging drying technologies for biopharmaceuticals. The different drying technologies are compared in terms of their advantages, limitations, costs and their effect on product stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panna Vass
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | - Balázs Démuth
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | - Edit Hirsch
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | - Sune K Andersen
- Oral Solids Development, Janssen R&D, B-2340 Beerse, Turnhoutseweg 30, Belgium.
| | - Tamás Vigh
- Oral Solids Development, Janssen R&D, B-2340 Beerse, Turnhoutseweg 30, Belgium
| | - Geert Verreck
- Oral Solids Development, Janssen R&D, B-2340 Beerse, Turnhoutseweg 30, Belgium
| | - István Csontos
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | - Zsombor K Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary.
| | - György Marosi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
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Guo Y, Wang T, Qiu H, Han M, Dong Z, Wang X, Wang Y. Hydroxycamptothecin nanoparticles based on poly/oligo (ethylene glycol): Architecture effects of nanocarriers on antitumor efficacy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 134:178-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Modulating intestinal mucus barrier for nanoparticles penetration by surfactants. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 14:543-551. [PMID: 32104481 PMCID: PMC7032225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving peroral delivery efficiency is always a persistent goal for both small-molecule and macromolecular drug development. However, intestinal mucus barrier which greatly impedes drug-loaded nanoparticles penetration is commonly overlooked. Therefore, in this study, taking fluorescent labeled PLGA (poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)) nanoparticles as a tool, the influence of anionic and nonionic surfactants on mucus penetration ability of nanoparticles and their mucus barrier regulating ability were studied. The movement of PLGA nanoparticles in mucus was tracked by multiple particles tracking method (MPT). Alteration of mucus properties by addition of surfactants was evaluated by rheology and morphology study. Rat intestinal villus penetration study was used to further evaluate penetration enhancement of nanoparticles. The effective diffusivities of the nanoparticles in surfactants pretreated mucus were increased by 2–3 times and the mucus barrier regulating capacity was also surfactant type dependent. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) increased the complex viscosity and viscoelastic properties of mucus, but poloxamer presented a decreased trend. Tween 80 maintained the rheological property of the mucus. With the mucus barrier regulated by surfactants, the penetration of nanoparticles in intestinal villus was obviously increased. In summary, the mucus penetration ability of nanoparticles could be enhanced by altering mucus microenvironment with surfactants. Tween 80 which largely retains the original mucus rheology and morphology properties may be a promising candidate for facilitating nanoparticle penetration through the mucus barrier with good safety profile.
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Liu J, Cao J, Cao J, Han S, Liang Y, Bai M, Sun Y. Mechanistic insight into the interaction of gastrointestinal mucus with oral diblock copolymers synthesized via ATRP method. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:2839-2856. [PMID: 29805260 PMCID: PMC5960240 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s160651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nanoparticles are increasingly used as drug carriers for oral administration. The delivery of drug molecules is largely dependent on the interaction of nanocarriers and gastrointestinal (GI) mucus, a critical barrier that regulates drug absorption. It is therefore important to understand the effects of physical and chemical properties of nanocarriers on the interaction with GI mucus. Unfortunately, most of the nanoparticles are unable to be prepared with satisfactory structural monodispersity to comprehensively investigate the interaction. With controlled size, shape, and surface chemistry, copolymers are ideal candidates for such purpose. Materials and methods We synthesized a series of diblock copolymers via the atom transfer radical polymerization method and investigated the GI mucus permeability in vitro and in vivo. Results Our results indicated that uncharged and hydrophobic copolymers exhibited enhanced GI absorption. Conclusion These results provide insights into developing optimal nanocarriers for oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianhua Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao No 3 Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Shangcong Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingfeng Bai
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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das Neves J, Sarmento B. Technological strategies to overcome the mucus barrier in mucosal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 124:1-2. [PMID: 29429608 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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