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Li SJ, Wu YL, Chen JH, Shen SY, Duan J, Xu HE. Autoimmune diseases: targets, biology, and drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:674-685. [PMID: 38097717 PMCID: PMC10943205 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) arise from a breakdown in immunological self-tolerance, wherein the adaptive immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells, tissues and organs. AIDs impose excessive treatment costs and currently rely on non-specific and universal immunosuppression, which only offer symptomatic relief without addressing the underlying causes. AIDs are driven by autoantigens, targeting the autoantigens holds great promise in transforming the treatment of these diseases. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying different AIDs and the identification of specific autoantigens are critical. In this review, we categorize AIDs based on their underlying causes and compile information on autoantigens implicated in each disease, providing a roadmap for the development of novel immunotherapy regimens. We will focus on type 1 diabetes (T1D), which is an autoimmune disease characterized by irreversible destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the Langerhans islets of the pancreas. We will discuss insulin as possible autoantigen of T1D and its role in T1D pathogenesis. Finally, we will review current treatments of TID and propose a potentially effective immunotherapy targeting autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350000, China.
| | - Yan-Li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Juan-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shi-Yi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jia Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, 528400, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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Benne N, Ter Braake D, Stoppelenburg AJ, Broere F. Nanoparticles for Inducing Antigen-Specific T Cell Tolerance in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864403. [PMID: 35392079 PMCID: PMC8981588 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect many people worldwide. Current treatment modalities focus on the reduction of disease symptoms using anti-inflammatory drugs which can lead to side effects due to systemic immune suppression. Restoration of immune tolerance by down-regulating auto-reactive cells in an antigen-specific manner is currently the “holy grail” for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. A promising strategy is the use of nanoparticles that can deliver antigens to antigen-presenting cells which in turn can enhance antigen-specific regulatory T cells. In this review, we highlight some promising cell targets (e.g. liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and splenic marginal zone macrophages) for exploiting natural immune tolerance processes, and several strategies by which antigen-carrying nanoparticles can target these cells. We also discuss how nanoparticles carrying immunomodulators may be able to activate tolerance in other antigen-presenting cell types. Finally, we discuss some important aspects that must be taken into account when translating data from animal studies to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Benne
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle Ter Braake
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arie Jan Stoppelenburg
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Griffin JD, Huayamares SG, Walston TR, Song JY, Shao M, Sedlacek AR, Diaz DL, Chakravarti AR, Berkland CJ. Brain Homogenate Decoys for Antigen-Specific Cell Amplification. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:387-391. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Daniel Griffin
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Sebastian G. Huayamares
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Towne R. Walston
- School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States
| | - Jimmy Y. Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Michael Shao
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Alexander R. Sedlacek
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Deanna L. Diaz
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Aparna R. Chakravarti
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Cory J. Berkland
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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Song JY, Griffin JD, Larson NR, Christopher MA, Middaugh CR, Berkland CJ. Synthetic Cationic Autoantigen Mimics Glatiramer Acetate Persistence at the Site of Injection and Is Efficacious Against Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:603029. [PMID: 33537031 PMCID: PMC7848024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic peptide, K-PLP, consisting of 11-unit poly-lysine (K11) linked via polyethylene glycol (PEG) to proteolipid protein epitope (PLP) was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for efficacy in ameliorating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by PLP. K-PLP was designed to mimic the cationic nature of the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treatment, glatiramer acetate (GA). With a pI of ~10, GA is able to form visible aggregates at the site of injection via electrostatic interactions with the anionic extracellular matrix. Aggregation further facilitates the retention of GA at the site of injection and draining lymph nodes, which may contribute to its mechanism of action. K-PLP with a pI of ~11, was found to form visible aggregates in the presence of glycosaminoglycans and persist at the injection site and draining lymph nodes in vivo, similar to GA. Additionally, EAE mice treated with K-PLP showed significant inhibition of clinical symptoms compared to free poly-lysine and to PLP, which are the components of K-PLP. The ability of the poly-lysine motif to retain PLP at the injection site, which increased the local exposure of PLP to immune cells may be an important factor affecting drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Y Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - J Daniel Griffin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Nicholas R Larson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Matthew A Christopher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
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