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Haroon H, Ho AMC, Gupta VK, Dasari S, Sellgren CM, Cervenka S, Engberg G, Eren F, Erhardt S, Sung J, Choi DS. Cerebrospinal fluid proteomic signatures are associated with symptom severity of first-episode psychosis. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 171:306-315. [PMID: 38340697 PMCID: PMC10995989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Apart from their diagnostic, monitoring, or prognostic utility in clinical settings, molecular biomarkers may be instrumental in understanding the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Using untargeted metabolomics, we recently identified eight cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolites unique to first-episode psychosis (FEP) subjects compared to healthy controls (HC). In this study, we sought to investigate the CSF proteomic signatures associated with FEP. We employed 16-plex tandem mass tag (TMT) mass spectrometry (MS) to examine the relative protein abundance in CSF samples of 15 individuals diagnosed with FEP and 15 age-and-sex-matched healthy controls (HC). Multiple linear regression model (MLRM) identified 16 differentially abundant CSF proteins between FEP and HC at p < 0.01. Among them, the two most significant CSF proteins were collagen alpha-2 (IV) chain (COL4A2: standard mean difference [SMD] = -1.12, p = 1.64 × 10-4) and neuron-derived neurotrophic factor (NDNF: SMD = -1.03, p = 4.52 × 10-4) both of which were down-regulated in FEP subjects compared to HC. We also identified several potential CSF proteins associated with the pathophysiology and the symptom profile and severity in FEP subjects, including COL4A2, NDNF, hornerin (HRNR), contactin-6 (CNTN6), voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-3 (CACNA2D3), tropomyosin alpha-3 chain (TPM3 and TPM4). Moreover, several protein signatures were associated with cognitive performance. Although the results need replication, our exploratory study suggests that CSF protein signatures can be used to increase the understanding of the pathophysiology of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humza Haroon
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ada Man-Choi Ho
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vinod K Gupta
- Division of Surgery Research, Department of Surgery, Rochester, MN, USA; Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carl M Sellgren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Cervenka
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Engberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Feride Eren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Erhardt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaeyun Sung
- Division of Surgery Research, Department of Surgery, Rochester, MN, USA; Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA; Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA.
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2
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Cheng W, Huang J, Fu XQ, Tian WY, Zeng PM, Li Y, Luo ZG. Intrathecal delivery of AAV-NDNF ameliorates disease progression of ALS mice. Mol Ther 2023; 31:3277-3289. [PMID: 37766430 PMCID: PMC10638056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a uniformly lethal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive deterioration of motor neurons and neuromuscular denervation. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated delivery of trophic factors is being considered as a potential disease-modifying therapeutic avenue. Here we show a marked effect of AAV-mediated over-expression of neuron-derived neurotrophic factor (NDNF) on SOD1G93A ALS model mice. First, we adopt AAV-PHP.eB capsid to enable widespread expression of target proteins in the brain and spinal cord when delivered intrathecally. Then we tested the effects of AAV-NDNF on SOD1G93A mice at different stages of disease. Interestingly, AAV-NDNF markedly improved motor performance and alleviated weight loss when delivered at early post-symptomatic stage. Injection in the middle post-symptomatic stages still improved the locomotion ability, although it did not alleviate the loss of body weight. Injection in the late stage also extended the life span of SOD1G93A mice. Furthermore, NDNF expression promoted the survival of spinal motoneurons, reduced abnormal protein aggregation, and preserved the innervated neuromuscular functions. We further analyzed the signaling pathways of NDNF expression and found that it activates cell survival and growth-associated mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway and downregulates apoptosis-related pathways. Thus, intrathecally AAV-NDNF delivery has provided a potential strategy for the treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiu-Qing Fu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei-Ya Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Peng-Ming Zeng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhen-Ge Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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3
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Abstract
Reproduction involves a wide range of biological processes, including organ formation and development, neuroendocrine regulation, hormone production, and meiosis and mitosis. Infertility, the failure of reproduction, has become a major issue for human reproductive health and affects up to one in seven couples worldwide. Here, we review various aspects of human infertility, including etiology, mechanisms, and treatments, with a particular emphasis on genetics. We focus on gamete production and gamete quality, which is the core of successful reproduction. We also discuss future research opportunities and challenges to further expand our understanding of human infertility and improve patient care by providing precision diagnosis and personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pierre F Ray
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 380000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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4
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Kotan LD, Yildiz M, Turan I, Celiloglu C, Yuksel B, Topaloglu AK. A novel homozygous nonsense NDNF variant in Kallmann syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:831-834. [PMID: 36454653 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by pubertal failure and olfactory defects. Although many genes associated with KS have been reported, most are rare. Recently, heterozygous inactivating mutations in the neuron-derived neurotrophic factor gene (NDNF) were reported to cause KS. Here, we present a 14-year-old Kurdish boy with KS who has a novel homozygous nonsense c.1251C>A (p.Tyr417Ter) variant in NDNF. The variant was not observed in reference population databases and was predicted to be deleterious. Segregation analysis performed with Sanger sequencing indicated the autosomal recessive inheritance of the clinical phenotype. His heterozygous parents have experienced timely pubertal development and normal reproductive features. This study reported the first homozygous truncating NDNF variant, enabling the direct observation of the clinical consequences of predictively absent NDNF function. These results support the contention that the inactivating mutations in NDNF cause KS, and provide additional evidence for the complex inheritance of KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leman Damla Kotan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Melek Yildiz
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Turan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Can Celiloglu
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Bilgin Yuksel
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ali Kemal Topaloglu
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Al Sayed Y, Howard SR. Panel testing for the molecular genetic diagnosis of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism – a clinical perspective. Eur J Hum Genet 2022; 31:387-394. [PMID: 36517585 PMCID: PMC10133250 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCongenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare endocrine disorder that results in reproductive hormone deficiency and reduced potential for fertility in adult life. Discoveries of the genetic aetiology of CHH have advanced dramatically in the past 30 years, with currently over 40 genes recognised to cause or contribute to the development of this condition. The genetic complexity of CHH is further increased by the observation of di- and oligogenic, as well as classic monogenic, inheritance and incomplete penetrance. Very recently in the UK, a panel of 14 genes has been curated for the genetic diagnosis of CHH within the NHS Genomic Medicine Service programme. The aim of this review is to appraise the advantages and potential pitfalls of the use of a CHH panel in clinical endocrine diagnostics, and to consider the future avenues for developing this panel including the potential of whole exome or whole genome sequencing data analysis in this condition.
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Villamayor PR, Gullón J, Quintela L, Sánchez-Quinteiro P, Martínez P, Robledo D. Sex separation unveils the functional plasticity of the vomeronasal organ in rabbits. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1034254. [PMID: 36340690 PMCID: PMC9634631 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1034254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory cues are vital for social and sexual behaviours and are primarily detected and processed by the vomeronasal system (VNS), whose plastic capacity has been investigated in mice. However, studying chemosensory plasticity outside of laboratory conditions may give a more realistic picture of how the VNS adapts to a changing environment. Rabbits are a well-described model of chemocommunication since the discovery of the rabbit mammary pheromone and their vomeronasal organ (VNO) transcriptome was recently characterised, a first step to further study plasticity-mediated transcriptional changes. In this study, we assessed the plastic capacity of the rabbit male and female VNO under sex-separation vs. sex-combined scenarios, including adults and juveniles, to determine whether the rabbit VNO is plastic and, if so, whether such plasticity is already established at early stages of life. First, we characterised the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the VNO of rabbit male and female under sex-separation and compared it to sex-combined individuals, both in adults and juveniles, finding that differences between male and female were larger in a sex-separated scenario. Secondly, we analysed the number of DEGs between sex-separated and sex-combined scenarios, both in males and females. In adults, both sexes showed a high number of DEGs while in juveniles only females showed differences. Additionally, the vomeronasal receptor genes were strikingly downregulated in sex-separated adult females, whereas in juveniles upregulation was shown for the same condition, suggesting a role of VRs in puberty onset. Finally, we described the environment-modulated plastic capacity of genes involved in reproduction, immunity and VNO functional activity, including G-protein coupled receptors. Our results show that sex-separation induces sex- and stage-specific gene expression differences in the VNO of male and female rabbit, both in adults and juveniles. These results bring out for the first time the plastic capacity of the rabbit VNO, supporting its functional adaptation to specifically respond to a continuous changing environment. Finally, species-specific differences and individual variability should always be considered in VNO studies and overall chemocommunication research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R. Villamayor
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Física, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal e Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Luis Quintela
- Departamento de Patoloxía Animal, Facultade de Veterinaria Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Sánchez-Quinteiro
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal e Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Paulino Martínez
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Física, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Diego Robledo
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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7
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Chachlaki K, Messina A, Delli V, Leysen V, Maurnyi C, Huber C, Ternier G, Skrapits K, Papadakis G, Shruti S, Kapanidou M, Cheng X, Acierno J, Rademaker J, Rasika S, Quinton R, Niedziela M, L'Allemand D, Pignatelli D, Dirlewander M, Lang-Muritano M, Kempf P, Catteau-Jonard S, Niederländer NJ, Ciofi P, Tena-Sempere M, Garthwaite J, Storme L, Avan P, Hrabovszky E, Carleton A, Santoni F, Giacobini P, Pitteloud N, Prevot V. NOS1 mutations cause hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with sensory and cognitive deficits that can be reversed in infantile mice. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabh2369. [PMID: 36197968 PMCID: PMC7613826 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abh2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway in hypothalamic neurons plays a key role in the regulation of the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is crucial for reproduction. We hypothesized that a disruption of neuronal NO synthase (NOS1) activity underlies some forms of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on a cohort of 341 probands with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism to identify ultrarare variants in NOS1. The activity of the identified NOS1 mutant proteins was assessed by their ability to promote nitrite and cGMP production in vitro. In addition, physiological and pharmacological characterization was carried out in a Nos1-deficient mouse model. We identified five heterozygous NOS1 loss-of-function mutations in six probands with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (2%), who displayed additional phenotypes including anosmia, hearing loss, and intellectual disability. NOS1 was found to be transiently expressed by GnRH neurons in the nose of both humans and mice, and Nos1 deficiency in mice resulted in dose-dependent defects in sexual maturation as well as in olfaction, hearing, and cognition. The pharmacological inhibition of NO production in postnatal mice revealed a critical time window during which Nos1 activity shaped minipuberty and sexual maturation. Inhaled NO treatment at minipuberty rescued both reproductive and behavioral phenotypes in Nos1-deficient mice. In summary, lack of NOS1 activity led to GnRH deficiency associated with sensory and intellectual comorbidities in humans and mice. NO treatment during minipuberty reversed deficits in sexual maturation, olfaction, and cognition in Nos1 mutant mice, suggesting a potential therapy for humans with NO deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Chachlaki
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, UMR-S 1172, Lille F-59000, France.,FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille F-59000, France.,Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland.,University Research Institute of Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens 115 27, Greece
| | - Andrea Messina
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
| | - Virginia Delli
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, UMR-S 1172, Lille F-59000, France.,FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Valerie Leysen
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, UMR-S 1172, Lille F-59000, France.,FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Csilla Maurnyi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 43 Szigony St., Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Chieko Huber
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Gaëtan Ternier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, UMR-S 1172, Lille F-59000, France.,FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Katalin Skrapits
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 43 Szigony St., Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Georgios Papadakis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
| | - Sonal Shruti
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, UMR-S 1172, Lille F-59000, France.,FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Maria Kapanidou
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Xu Cheng
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
| | - James Acierno
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
| | - Jesse Rademaker
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
| | - Sowmyalakshmi Rasika
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, UMR-S 1172, Lille F-59000, France.,FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Richard Quinton
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute and the Royal Victoria Infirmary, University of Newcastle , Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Marek Niedziela
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan 61-701, Poland
| | - Dagmar L'Allemand
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen 9000, Switzerland
| | - Duarte Pignatelli
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital S João; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto; IPATIMUP Research Institute, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Mirjam Dirlewander
- Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Children's Hospital, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva CH1205, Switzerland
| | - Mariarosaria Lang-Muritano
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital, Zürich 8032, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Kempf
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Catteau-Jonard
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, UMR-S 1172, Lille F-59000, France.,FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille F-59000, France.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstretic, Jeanne de Flandres Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Nicolas J Niederländer
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Ciofi
- Inserm, U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33077, France
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14004, Spain.,Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC/HURS), Cordoba 14004, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba 14004, Spain
| | - John Garthwaite
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6DH, UK
| | - Laurent Storme
- FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille F-59000, France.,Department of Neonatology, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHU of Lille, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Paul Avan
- Université de Clerremont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 43 Szigony St., Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Alan Carleton
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Federico Santoni
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, UMR-S 1172, Lille F-59000, France.,FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, UMR-S 1172, Lille F-59000, France.,FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille F-59000, France
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8
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Tian W, Qi H, Wang Z, Qiao S, Wang P, Dong J, Wang H. Hormone supply to the pituitary gland: A comprehensive investigation of female‑related tumors (Review). Int J Mol Med 2022; 50:122. [PMID: 35946461 PMCID: PMC9387558 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus acts on the pituitary gland after signal integration, thus regulating various physiological functions of the body. The pituitary gland includes the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis, which differ in structure and function. The hypothalamus-hypophysis axis controls the secretion of adenohypophyseal hormones through the pituitary portal vein system. Thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, gonadotropin, growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL) are secreted by the adenohypophysis and regulate the functions of the body in physiological and pathological conditions. The aim of this review was to summarize the functions of female-associated hormones (GH, PRL, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone) in tumors. Their pathophysiology was described and the mechanisms underlying female hormone-related diseases were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Tian
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Qi
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Zhimei Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hi‑Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Sen Qiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, D‑66421 Homburg‑Saar, Germany
| | - Ping Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Junhong Dong
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
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9
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Saengkaew T, Howard SR. Genetics of pubertal delay. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 97:473-482. [PMID: 34617615 PMCID: PMC9543006 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The timing of pubertal development is strongly influenced by the genetic background, and clinical presentations of delayed puberty are often found within families with clear patterns of inheritance. The discovery of the underlying genetic regulators of such conditions, in recent years through next generation sequencing, has advanced the understanding of the pathogenesis of disorders of pubertal timing and the potential for genetic testing to assist diagnosis for patients with these conditions. This review covers the significant advances in the understanding of the biological mechanisms of delayed puberty that have occurred in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansit Saengkaew
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of MedicinePrince of Songkla UniversitySongkhlaThailand
| | - Sasha R. Howard
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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The Clinical and Genetic Characteristics in Children with Idiopathic Hypogonadotropin Hypogonadism. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:7973726. [PMID: 36245975 PMCID: PMC9553531 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7973726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Idiopathic hypogonadotropin hypogonadism (IHH) is caused by hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction. This is divided into Kallmann syndrome which has an impaired sense of smell and hypogonadotropin hypogonadism with normal olfactory (nIHH sense. Approximately 60% of patients are associated with Kallmann syndrome, whereas there are approximately 40% with hypogonadotropin hypogonadism (nIHH). This disease is associated with various variants in genes along with different phenotypic characteristics, and even those gene variations could also lead to the cancer formation in patients. So, current study has been designed to investigate and to better understand the characteristics of various IHH-associated genes and the correlation between IHH genes and phenotype. Methods. The cohort included 14 children with IHH (6 patients of KS and 8 patients of IHH), including 13 boys and 1 girl. Exclusion criteria are as follows: diagnosis of secondary hypogonadotropin hypogonadism due to tumor, trauma, drugs, or other systemic diseases. Clinical data and genetic results were analyzed. Results. Almost all male patients showed micropenis (12/13, 92.3%), and few of them had cryptorchidism (5/13, 41.7%). A total of 6 genes, CHD7, PROKR2, ANOS1, FGFR1, SEMA3A, and NDNF, were detected. CHD7 was the most common (11/17, 64.7%), and the main mutation type was missense mutation (14/16, 87.5%). Six reported variants and 10 new variants (5 genes, including entire ANSO1 duplicates) were found. Neonatal variation was detected in 3 patients with IHH. Eight patients inherited the variation from their father, while five patients inherited it from their mother. One patient had both FGFR1 and SEMA3A gene variants, while the other had two different CHD7 gene variants and entire ANSO1 repeats. According to ACMG criteria, 4 variants were pathogenic (P), 2 were possibly pathogenic (LP), and 8 had uncertain significance (US). In patients with P or LP (5/6, 83.3%), we found that extragonadal symptoms were more common. Conclusions. It was concluded that variations in the studied genes could lead to the IHH. Ten new variants have been reported which may lead to different symptoms of IHH. For CHD7 variants, the rare sequencing variants (RSVs) of P or LP showed commonly associated with CHARGE syndrome. Findings of the current study may help for the better diagnosis and treatment of IHH.
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Yellapragada V, Eskici N, Wang Y, Madhusudan S, Vaaralahti K, Tuuri T, Raivio T. Time and dose-dependent effects of FGF8-FGFR1 signaling in GnRH neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276003. [PMID: 35833364 PMCID: PMC9403748 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), acting through the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), has an important role in the development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-expressing neurons (GnRH neurons). We hypothesized that FGF8 regulates differentiation of human GnRH neurons in a time- and dose-dependent manner via FGFR1. To investigate this further, human pluripotent stem cells were differentiated during 10 days of dual-SMAD inhibition into neural progenitor cells, followed either by treatment with FGF8 at different concentrations (25 ng/ml, 50 ng/ml or 100 ng/ml) for 10 days or by treatment with 100 ng/ml FGF8 for different durations (2, 4, 6 or 10 days); cells were then matured through DAPT-induced inhibition of Notch signaling for 5 days into GnRH neurons. FGF8 induced expression of GNRH1 in a dose-dependent fashion and the duration of FGF8 exposure correlated positively with gene expression of GNRH1 (P<0.05, Rs=0.49). However, cells treated with 100 ng/ml FGF8 for 2 days induced the expression of genes, such as FOXG1, ETV5 and SPRY2, and continued FGF8 treatment induced the dynamic expression of several other genes. Moreover, during exposure to FGF8, FGFR1 localized to the cell surface and its specific inhibition with the FGFR1 inhibitor PD166866 reduced expression of GNRH1 (P<0.05). In neurons, FGFR1 also localized to the nucleus. Our results suggest that dose- and time-dependent FGF8 signaling via FGFR1 is indispensable for human GnRH neuron ontogeny. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: This article demonstrates the essential role FGF8–FGFR1 signaling has in the development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-expressing neurons by using a human stem cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatram Yellapragada
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nazli Eskici
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yafei Wang
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shrinidhi Madhusudan
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Vaaralahti
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Tuuri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 00029 Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taneli Raivio
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, 00029 Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Kowalski TW, Lord VO, Sgarioni E, Gomes JDA, Mariath LM, Recamonde-Mendoza M, Vianna FSL. Transcriptome meta-analysis of valproic acid exposure in human embryonic stem cells. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 60:76-88. [PMID: 35635998 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a widely used antiepileptic drug not recommended in pregnancy because it is teratogenic. Many assays have assessed the impact of the VPA exposure on the transcriptome of human embryonic stem-cells (hESC), but the molecular perturbations that VPA exerts in neurodevelopment are not completely understood. This study aimed to perform a transcriptome meta-analysis of VPA-exposed hESC to elucidate the main biological mechanisms altered by VPA effects on the gene expression. Publicly available microarray and RNA-seq transcriptomes were selected in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. Samples were processed according to the standard pipelines for each technology in the Galaxy server and R. Meta-analysis was performed using the Fisher-P method. Overrepresented genes were obtained by evaluating ontologies, pathways, and phenotypes' databases. The meta-analysis performed in seven datasets resulted in 61 perturbed genes, 54 upregulated. Ontology and pathway enrichments suggested neurodevelopment and neuroinflammatory effects; phenotype overrepresentation included epilepsy-related genes, such as SCN1A and GABRB2. The NDNF gene upregulation was also identified; this gene is involved in neuron migration and survival during development. Sub-network analysis proposed TGFβ and BMP pathways activation. These results suggest VPA exerts effects in epilepsy-related genes even in embryonic cells. Neurodevelopmental genes, such as NDNF were upregulated and VPA might also disturb several development pathways. These mechanisms might help to explain the spectrum of VPA-induced congenital anomalies and the molecular effects on neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayne Woycinck Kowalski
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Medical Population Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Bioinformatics Core, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Centro Universitário CESUCA, Cachoeirinha, Brazil.
| | - Vinícius Oliveira Lord
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Centro Universitário CESUCA, Cachoeirinha, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Sgarioni
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Julia do Amaral Gomes
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Medical Population Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiza Monteavaro Mariath
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariana Recamonde-Mendoza
- Bioinformatics Core, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Institute of Informatics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sales Luiz Vianna
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Medical Population Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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13
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Opportunities and challenges for the use of common controls in sequencing studies. Nat Rev Genet 2022; 23:665-679. [PMID: 35581355 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-022-00487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies using large-scale genome and exome sequencing data have become increasingly valuable in identifying associations between genetic variants and disease, transforming basic research and translational medicine. However, this progress has not been equally shared across all people and conditions, in part due to limited resources. Leveraging publicly available sequencing data as external common controls, rather than sequencing new controls for every study, can better allocate resources by augmenting control sample sizes or providing controls where none existed. However, common control studies must be carefully planned and executed as even small differences in sample ascertainment and processing can result in substantial bias. Here, we discuss challenges and opportunities for the robust use of common controls in high-throughput sequencing studies, including study design, quality control and statistical approaches. Thoughtful generation and use of large and valuable genetic sequencing data sets will enable investigation of a broader and more representative set of conditions, environments and genetic ancestries than otherwise possible.
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14
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Akiyama T, Seidel CW, Gibson MC. The feedback regulator nord controls Dpp/BMP signaling via extracellular interaction with dally in the Drosophila wing. Dev Biol 2022; 488:91-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Ogawa S, Yamamoto N, Hagio H, Oka Y, Parhar IS. Multiple gonadotropin-releasing hormone systems in non-mammalian vertebrates: Ontogeny, anatomy, and physiology. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13068. [PMID: 34931380 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Three paralogous genes for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; gnrh1, gnrh2, and gnrh3) and GnRH receptors exist in non-mammalian vertebrates. However, there are some vertebrate species in which one or two of these paralogous genes have become non-functional during evolution. The developmental migration of GnRH neurons in the brain is evolutionarily conserved in mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians, and jawed teleost fish. The three GnRH paralogs have specific expression patterns in the brain and originate from multiple sites. In acanthopterygian teleosts (medaka, cichlid, etc.), the preoptic area (POA)-GnRH1 and terminal nerve (TN)-GnRH3 neuronal types originate from the olfactory regions. In other fish species (zebrafish, goldfish and salmon) with only two GnRH paralogs (GnRH2 and GnRH3), the TN- and POA-GnRH3 neuronal types share the same olfactory origin. However, the developmental origin of midbrain (MB)-GnRH2 neurons is debatable between mesencephalic or neural crest site. Each GnRH system has distinctive anatomical and physiological characteristics, and functions differently. The POA-GnRH1 neurons are hypophysiotropic in nature and function in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction. The non-hypophysiotropic GnRH2/GnRH3 neurons probably play neuromodulatory roles in metabolism (MB-GnRH2) and the control of motivational state for sexual behavior (TN-GnRH3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ogawa
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Fish Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hanako Hagio
- Laboratory of Fish Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Oka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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16
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Di Schiavi E, Vistoli G, Moretti RM, Corrado I, Zuccarini G, Gervasoni S, Casati L, Bottai D, Merlo GR, Maggi R. Anosmin-1-Like Effect of UMODL1/Olfactorin on the Chemomigration of Mouse GnRH Neurons and Zebrafish Olfactory Axons Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836179. [PMID: 35223856 PMCID: PMC8874799 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impairment of development/migration of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons is the main cause of Kallmann's syndrome (KS), an inherited disorder characterized by hypogonadism, anosmia, and other developmental defects. Olfactorin is an extracellular matrix protein encoded by the UMODL1 (uromodulin-like 1) gene expressed in the mouse olfactory region along the migratory route of GnRH neurons. It shares a combination of WAP and FNIII repeats, expressed in complementary domains, with anosmin-1, the product of the ANOS1 gene, identified as the causative of KS. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of olfactorin in vitro and in vivo models. The results show that olfactorin exerts an anosmin-1-like strong chemoattractant effect on mouse-immortalized GnRH neurons (GN11 cells) through the activation of the FGFR and MAPK pathways. In silico analysis of olfactorin and anosmin-1 reveals a satisfactory similarity at the N-terminal region for the overall arrangement of corresponding WAP and FNIII domains and marked similarities between WAP domains’ binding modes of interaction with the resolved FGFR1–FGF2 complex. Finally, in vivo experiments show that the down-modulation of the zebrafish z-umodl1 gene (orthologous of UMODL1) in both GnRH3:GFP and omp2k:gap-CFPrw034 transgenic zebrafish strains leads to a clear disorganization and altered fasciculation of the neurites of GnRH3:GFP neurons crossing at the anterior commissure and a significant increase in olfactory CFP + fibers with altered trajectory. Thus, our study shows olfactorin as an additional factor involved in the development of olfactory and GnRH systems and proposes UMODL1 as a gene worthy of diagnostic investigation in KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Di Schiavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Manuela Moretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences DISFEB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corrado
- Department Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Zuccarini
- Department Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Gervasoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lavinia Casati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Bottai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Roberto Merlo
- Department Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- *Correspondence: Roberto Maggi,
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17
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Yang S, Wu X, Daoutidou EI, Zhang Y, Shimell M, Chuang KH, Peterson AJ, O'Connor MB, Zheng X. The NDNF-like factor Nord is a Hedgehog-induced extracellular BMP modulator that regulates Drosophila wing patterning and growth. eLife 2022; 11:73357. [PMID: 35037619 PMCID: PMC8856659 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) pattern the developing Drosophila wing by functioning as short- and long-range morphogens, respectively. Here, we show that a previously unknown Hh-dependent mechanism fine-tunes the activity of BMPs. Through genome-wide expression profiling of the Drosophila wing imaginal discs, we identify nord as a novel target gene of the Hh signaling pathway. Nord is related to the vertebrate Neuron-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (NDNF) involved in congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and several types of cancer. Loss- and gain-of-function analyses implicate Nord in the regulation of wing growth and proper crossvein patterning. At the molecular level, we present biochemical evidence that Nord is a secreted BMP-binding protein and localizes to the extracellular matrix. Nord binds to Decapentaplegic (Dpp) or the heterodimer Dpp-Glass-bottom boat (Gbb) to modulate their release and activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Nord is a dosage-dependent BMP modulator, where low levels of Nord promote and high levels inhibit BMP signaling. Taken together, we propose that Hh-induced Nord expression fine-tunes both the range and strength of BMP signaling in the developing Drosophila wing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, Washington, United States
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, Washington, United States
| | - Euphrosyne I Daoutidou
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, Washington, United States
| | - MaryJane Shimell
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Kun-Han Chuang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, Washington, United States
| | - Aidan J Peterson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Michael B O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, Washington, United States
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18
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Gach A, Pinkier I, Wysocka U, Sałacińska K, Salachna D, Szarras-Czapnik M, Pietrzyk A, Sakowicz A, Nykel A, Rutkowska L, Rybak-Krzyszkowska M, Socha M, Jamsheer A, Jakubowski L. New findings in oligogenic inheritance of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Arch Med Sci 2022; 18:353-364. [PMID: 35316923 PMCID: PMC8924836 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.98909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism results from a dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which is essential for the development and function of the reproductive system. It may be associated with anosmia, referred to as Kallmann syndrome, or a normal sense of smell. Numerous studies have proven that hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is not simply a monogenic Mendelian disease, but that more than one gene may be involved in its pathogenesis in a single patient. The oligogenic complex architecture underlying the disease is still largely unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to screen for DNA variants in a cohort of 47 patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The NGS panel consists of over 50 well-known and candidate genes, associated with hypogonadotropic state. RESULTS Here we report the identification of new oligogenic variants in SPRY4/SEMA3A, SRA1/SEMA7A, CHD7/SEMA7A, CCDC141/POLR3B/POLR3B, and PROKR2/SPRY4/NSMF. These genes are known to contribute to the phenotype of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, yet our results point to potential new "partners" underlying digenic and trigenic patterns. CONCLUSIONS The finding supports the importance of oligogenic inheritance and demonstrates the complexity of genetic architecture in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. It also underlines the necessity for developing fine-tuned guidelines to provide a tool for adequate and precise sequence variant classification in non-Mendelian conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gach
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Pinkier
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Urszula Wysocka
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kinga Sałacińska
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dominik Salachna
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Szarras-Czapnik
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pietrzyk
- Department of Genetics and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Agata Sakowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Nykel
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lena Rutkowska
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Magda Socha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jamsheer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Lucjusz Jakubowski
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
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Abstract
Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is a group of rare developmental disorders characterized by low gonadotropin levels in the face of low sex steroid hormone concentrations. IHH is practically divided into two major groups according to the olfactory function: normal sense of smell (normosmia) nIHH, and reduced sense of smell (hyposmia/anosmia) Kallmann syndrome (KS). Although mutations in more than 50 genes have been associated with IHH so far, only half of those cases were explained by gene mutations. Various combinations of deleterious variants in different genes as causes of IHH have been increasingly recognized (Oligogenic etiology). In addition to the complexity of inheritance patterns, the spontaneous or sex steroid-induced clinical recovery from IHH, which is seen in approximately 10–20% of cases, blurs further the phenotype/genotype relationship in IHH, and poses challenging steps in new IHH gene discovery. Beyond helping for clinical diagnostics, identification of the genetic mutations in the pathophysiology of IHH is hoped to shed light on the central governance of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis through life stages. This review aims to summarize the genetic etiology of IHH and discuss the clinical and physiological ramifications of the gene mutations.
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20
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Li J, Lin SM, Qiao JD, Liu XR, Wang J, Jiang M, Zhang J, Zhong M, Chen XQ, Zhu J, He N, Su T, Shi YW, Yi YH, Liao WP. CELSR3 variants are associated with febrile seizures and epilepsy with antecedent febrile seizures. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 28:382-389. [PMID: 34951123 PMCID: PMC8841303 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To identify novel pathogenic gene of febrile seizures (FS)/epilepsy with antecedent FS (EFS+). Methods The trio‐based whole‐exome sequencing was performed in a cohort of 462 cases with FS/EFS+. Silico programs, sequence alignment, and protein modeling were used to predict the damaging of variants. Statistical testing was performed to analyze gene‐based burden of variants. Results Five heterozygous missense variants in CELSR3 were detected in five cases (families) with eight individuals (five females, three males) affected. Two variants were de novo, and three were identified in families with more than one individual affected. All the variants were predicted to be damaging in silico tools. Protein modeling showed that the variants resulted in disappearance of multiple hydrogen bonds and one disulfide bond, which potentially caused functional impairments of protein. The frequency of CELSR3 variants identified in this study was significantly higher than that in controls. All affected individuals were diagnosed with FS/EFS+, including six patients with FS and two patients with EFS+. All cases presented favorable outcomes without neurodevelopmental disorders. Conclusions CELSR3 variants are potentially associated with FS/EFS+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Mei Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Da Qiao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mi Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Changde Hospital, Changde, China
| | - Min Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu-Qin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Na He
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Su
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Wu Shi
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Hong Yi
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ping Liao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Sun SS, Wang RX. Molecular diagnosis of Kallmann syndrome with diabetes by whole exome sequencing and bioinformatic approaches. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:2058-2072. [PMID: 35047120 PMCID: PMC8696644 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i12.2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a hypogonadotropic hypogonadism accompanied by anosmia or hyposmia. It is associated with the low secretion of gonadotropins which can lead to other abnormal endocrine metabolism disorders such as diabetes. Through genetic and molecular biological methods, more than 10 KS pathogenic genes have been found.
AIM To identify the existing mutation sites of KS with diabetes and reveal the relationship between genotype and phenotype.
METHODS We studied KS pathogenesis through high-throughput exome sequencing on four diabetes’ patients with KS for screening the potential pathogenic sites and exploring the genotype-phenotype correlation. Clinical data and peripheral blood samples were collected from the patients. White blood cells were separated and genomic DNA was extracted. High-throughput sequencing of all exons in the candidate pathogenic genes of probands was performed, and the results obtained were analyzed.
RESULTS Sequencing revealed mutations in the KLB p.T313M, ANOS1 p.C172F, and IGSF10 gene (p.Lys1819Arg and p.Arg1035Thr) at different sites, which may have been associated with disease onset.
CONCLUSION The diagnosis of KS is challenging, especially in early puberty, and the clinical manifestations reflect physical delays in development and puberty. Timely diagnosis and treatment can induce puberty, thereby improving sexual, bone, metabolic and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Sun
- Clinical Lab, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Rui-Xue Wang
- Clinical Lab, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China
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22
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Lopez-Rodriguez D, Franssen D, Heger S, Parent AS. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their effects on puberty. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 35:101579. [PMID: 34563408 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sexual maturation in humans is characterized by a unique individual variability. Pubertal onset is a highly heritable polygenic trait but it is also affected by environmental factors such as obesity or endocrine disrupting chemicals. The last 30 years have been marked by a constant secular trend toward earlier age at onset of puberty in girls and boys around the world. More recent data, although more disputed, suggest an increased incidence in idiopathic central precocious puberty. Such trends point to a role for environmental factors in pubertal changes. Animal data suggest that the GnRH-neuronal network is highly sensitive to endocrine disruption during development. This review focuses on the most recent data regarding secular trend in pubertal timing as well as potential new epigenetic mechanisms explaining the developmental and transgenerational effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on pubertal timing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Delphine Franssen
- GIGA Neurosciences, Neuroendocrinology Unit, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Sabine Heger
- Children's Hospital Bult, Janusz-Korczak-Allee 12, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne-Simone Parent
- GIGA Neurosciences, Neuroendocrinology Unit, University of Liège, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Liège, Belgium.
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23
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Oleari R, Massa V, Cariboni A, Lettieri A. The Differential Roles for Neurodevelopmental and Neuroendocrine Genes in Shaping GnRH Neuron Physiology and Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9425. [PMID: 34502334 PMCID: PMC8431607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells that control sexual reproduction. During embryonic development, GnRH neurons migrate from the nose to the hypothalamus, where they receive inputs from several afferent neurons, following the axonal scaffold patterned by nasal nerves. Each step of GnRH neuron development depends on the orchestrated action of several molecules exerting specific biological functions. Mutations in genes encoding for these essential molecules may cause Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (CHH), a rare disorder characterized by GnRH deficiency, delayed puberty and infertility. Depending on their action in the GnRH neuronal system, CHH causative genes can be divided into neurodevelopmental and neuroendocrine genes. The CHH genetic complexity, combined with multiple inheritance patterns, results in an extreme phenotypic variability of CHH patients. In this review, we aim at providing a comprehensive and updated description of the genes thus far associated with CHH, by dissecting their biological relevance in the GnRH system and their functional relevance underlying CHH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Valentina Massa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy;
- CRC Aldo Ravelli for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Antonella Lettieri
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy;
- CRC Aldo Ravelli for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy
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24
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Tamaoka S, Suzuki E, Hattori A, Ogata T, Fukami M, Katoh-Fukui Y. NDNF variants are rare in patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Hum Genome Var 2021; 8:5. [PMID: 33531459 PMCID: PMC7854707 DOI: 10.1038/s41439-021-00137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although NDNF was recently reported as a novel causative gene for congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH), this conclusion has yet to be validated. In this study, we sequenced NDNF in 61 Japanese CHH patients. No variants, except for nine synonymous substitutions that appear to have no effect on splice-site recognition, were identified in NDNF coding exons or flanking intronic sequences. These results indicate the rarity of NDNF variants in CHH patients and highlight the genetic heterogeneity of CHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tamaoka
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erina Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hattori
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuko Katoh-Fukui
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Jiao SY, Yang YH, Chen SR. Molecular genetics of infertility: loss-of-function mutations in humans and corresponding knockout/mutated mice. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 27:154-189. [PMID: 33118031 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infertility is a major issue in human reproductive health, affecting an estimated 15% of couples worldwide. Infertility can result from disorders of sex development (DSD) or from reproductive endocrine disorders (REDs) with onset in infancy, early childhood or adolescence. Male infertility, accounting for roughly half of all infertility cases, generally manifests as decreased sperm count (azoospermia or oligozoospermia), attenuated sperm motility (asthenozoospermia) or a higher proportion of morphologically abnormal sperm (teratozoospermia). Female infertility can be divided into several classical types, including, but not limited to, oocyte maturation arrest, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), fertilization failure and early embryonic arrest. An estimated one half of infertility cases have a genetic component; however, most genetic causes of human infertility are currently uncharacterized. The advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies has greatly facilitated the identification of infertility-associated gene mutations in patients over the past 20 years. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review aims to conduct a narrative review of the genetic causes of human infertility. Loss-of-function mutation discoveries related to human infertility are summarized and further illustrated in tables. Corresponding knockout/mutated animal models of causative genes for infertility are also introduced. SEARCH METHODS A search of the PubMed database was performed to identify relevant studies published in English. The term 'mutation' was combined with a range of search terms related to the core focus of the review: infertility, DSD, REDs, azoospermia or oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF), primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), acephalic spermatozoa syndrome (ASS), globozoospermia, teratozoospermia, acrosome, oocyte maturation arrest, POI, zona pellucida, fertilization defects and early embryonic arrest. OUTCOMES Our search generated ∼2000 records. Overall, 350 articles were included in the final review. For genetic investigation of human infertility, the traditional candidate gene approach is proceeding slowly, whereas high-throughput sequencing technologies in larger cohorts of individuals is identifying an increasing number of causative genes linked to human infertility. This review provides a wide panel of gene mutations in several typical forms of human infertility, including DSD, REDs, male infertility (oligozoospermia, MMAF, PCD, ASS and globozoospermia) and female infertility (oocyte maturation arrest, POI, fertilization failure and early embryonic arrest). The causative genes, their identified mutations, mutation rate, studied population and their corresponding knockout/mutated mice of non-obstructive azoospermia, MMAF, ASS, globozoospermia, oocyte maturation arrest, POI, fertilization failure and early embryonic arrest are further illustrated by tables. In this review, we suggest that (i) our current knowledge of infertility is largely obtained from knockout mouse models; (ii) larger cohorts of clinical cases with distinct clinical characteristics need to be recruited in future studies; (iii) the whole picture of genetic causes of human infertility relies on both the identification of more mutations for distinct types of infertility and the integration of known mutation information; (iv) knockout/mutated animal models are needed to show whether the phenotypes of genetically altered animals are consistent with findings in human infertile patients carrying a deleterious mutation of the homologous gene; and (v) the molecular mechanisms underlying human infertility caused by pathogenic mutations are largely unclear in most current studies. WILDER IMPLICATIONS It is important to use our current understanding to identify avenues and priorities for future research in the field of genetic causes of infertility as well as to apply mutation knowledge to risk prediction, genetic diagnosis and potential treatment for human infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ya Jiao
- Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Hong Yang
- Reproduction Medical Center of West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Su-Ren Chen
- Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
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26
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Ma W, Mao J, Wang X, Duan L, Song Y, Lian X, Zheng J, Liu Z, Nie M, Wu X. Novel Microdeletion in the X Chromosome Leads to Kallmann Syndrome, Ichthyosis, Obesity, and Strabismus. Front Genet 2020; 11:596. [PMID: 32670353 PMCID: PMC7327112 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A large deletion in Xp22.3 can result in contiguous gene syndromes, including X-linked ichthyosis (XLI) and Kallmann syndrome (KS), presenting with short stature, chondrodysplasia punctata, intellectual disability, and strabismus. XLI and KS are caused by the deletion of STS and ANOS1, respectively. Method Two KS patients with XLI were screened to identify possible pathogenic mutations using whole exome sequencing. The clinical characteristics, molecular genetics, treatment outcomes, and genotype–phenotype association for each patient were analyzed. Results We identified a novel 3,923 kb deletion within the Xp22.31 region (chrX: 5810838–9733877) containing STS, ANOS1, GPR143, NLGN4X, VCX-A, PUDP, and PNPLA4 in patient 1, who presented with KS, XLI, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and strabismus. We identified a novel 5,807 kb deletion within the Xp22.31-p22.33 regions (chrX: 2700083–8507807) containing STS, ANOS1, and other 24 genes in patient 2, who presented with KS, XLI, obesity, and strabismus. No developmental delay, abnormal speech development, or autistic behavior were noticed in either patient. Conclusion We identified two novel microdeletions in the X chromosome leading to KS and XLI. These findings contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive contiguous gene syndromes. Our research confirmed that the Kallmann-Ichthyosis phenotype is caused by microdeletions at the chromosome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlu Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangfeng Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwen Song
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolan Lian
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Nie
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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27
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Duan C, Allard J. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron development in vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 292:113465. [PMID: 32184073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are master regulators of the reproductive axis in vertebrates. During early mammalian embryogenesis, GnRH1 neurons emerge in the nasal/olfactory placode. These neurons undertake a long-distance migration, moving from the nose to the preoptic area and hypothalamus. While significant advances have been made in understanding the functional importance of the GnRH1 neurons in reproduction, where GnRH1 neurons come from and how are they specified during early development is still under debate. In addition to the GnRH1 gene, most vertebrate species including humans have one or two additional GnRH genes. Compared to the GnRH1 neurons, much less is known about the development and regulation of GnRH2 neuron and GnRH3 neurons. The objective of this article is to review what is currently known about GnRH neuron development. We will survey various cell autonomous and non-autonomous factors implicated in the regulation of GnRH neuron development. Finally, we will discuss emerging tools and new approaches to resolve open questions pertaining to GnRH neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunming Duan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - John Allard
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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28
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Cangiano B, Swee DS, Quinton R, Bonomi M. Genetics of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: peculiarities and phenotype of an oligogenic disease. Hum Genet 2020; 140:77-111. [PMID: 32200437 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A genetic basis of congenital isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) can be defined in almost 50% of cases, albeit not necessarily the complete genetic basis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques have led to the discovery of a great number of loci, each of which has illuminated our understanding of human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, either in respect of their embryonic development or their neuroendocrine regulation as the "pilot light" of human reproduction. However, because each new gene linked to CHH only seems to underpin another small percentage of total patient cases, we are still far from achieving a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of CHH. Patients have generally not benefited from advances in genetics in respect of novel therapies. In most cases, even genetic counselling is limited by issues of apparent variability in expressivity and penetrance that are likely underpinned by oligogenicity in respect of known and unknown genes. Robust genotype-phenotype relationships can generally only be established for individuals who are homozygous, hemizygous or compound heterozygotes for the same gene of variant alleles that are predicted to be deleterious. While certain genes are purely associated with normosmic CHH (nCHH) some purely with the anosmic form (Kallmann syndrome-KS), other genes can be associated with both nCHH and KS-sometimes even within the same kindred. Even though the anticipated genetic overlap between CHH and constitutional delay in growth and puberty (CDGP) has not materialised, previously unanticipated genetic relationships have emerged, comprising conditions of combined (or multiple) pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD), hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) and CHARGE syndrome. In this review, we report the current evidence in relation to phenotype and genetic peculiarities regarding 60 genes whose loss-of-function variants can disrupt the central regulation of reproduction at many levels: impairing GnRH neurons migration, differentiation or activation; disrupting neuroendocrine control of GnRH secretion; preventing GnRH neuron migration or function and/or gonadotropin secretion and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Cangiano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy.,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Du Soon Swee
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard Quinton
- Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK. .,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK.
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy.
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