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Povroznik MD. Initial Specimen Diversion Device Utilization Mitigates Blood Culture Contamination Across Regional Community Hospital and Acute Care Facility. Am J Med Qual 2022; 37:405-412. [PMID: 35353719 PMCID: PMC9426727 DOI: 10.1097/jmq.0000000000000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A West Virginia regional community hospital incorporated an initial specimen diversion device (ISDD) into conventional blood culture protocol with the objective to bring the hospital-wide blood culture contamination (BCC) rate from a 3.06% preintervention rate to a target performance level below 1%. Emergency department staff, laboratory phlebotomists, and nursing staff on acute-critical care floors were trained on ISDD (Steripath Gen2, Magnolia Medical Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA) operating procedure and utilized the device for blood culture sample collection with adult patients from September 2020 through April 2021. Of 5642 blood culture sets collected hospital-wide, 4631 were collected with the ISDD, whereas the remaining sets were collected via the conventional method. The ISDD BCC rate of 0.78% differed from the conventional method BCC rate of 4.06% observed during the intervention period (chi-squared test P < 0.00001). The ISDD group attained a sub-1% BCC rate to satisfy the intervention objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Povroznik
- Department of Quality, WVU Medicine: United Hospital Center, Bridgeport, WV
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Tahir MJ, Zaman M, Babar MS, Imran F, Ajmal AN, Malik M, Khan JK, Ullah I, Asghar MS. Microbiological Impacts of Decontamination of Stethoscopes and Assessment of Disinfecting Practices among Physicians in Pakistan: A Quality Improvement Survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:tpmd211283. [PMID: 35576950 PMCID: PMC9294694 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to determine bacterial contamination of stethoscopes used by doctors before and after disinfecting with isopropyl alcohol and analyze their practices of disinfecting stethoscopes. Samples from stethoscopes were taken before and after disinfecting with 70% isopropyl alcohol swab with the help of a sterile swab. All swabs were inoculated on Blood and MacConkey agar plates and were examined for growth. Stethoscopes of 78 doctors were sampled which included 45 (58%) males and 33 (42%) females. Before decontamination of diaphragms with isopropyl alcohol, 27 (34.6%) diaphragms had "growth" while 51 (65.4%) had "no growth." After decontamination with isopropyl alcohol, 5 (6.4%) had "growth" while 73 (93.6%) had "no growth." The most common microorganism isolated from stethoscopes' diaphragms was methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), that is, 14 out of 78 (17.9%). The survey also evaluated factors associated with contamination of stethoscopes. Most doctors 71(91%) believe that stethoscopes can be a source of infection and 55.1% (N = 43) responded that both diaphragm and bell of stethoscopes can transmit infections. Many doctors (41%, N = 32) reported that "forgetfulness/laziness" was the barrier which they faced regarding stethoscope hygiene followed by "lack of time" (21.8%, N = 17). The contamination rate (66.6%) is highest in those doctors who are using their stethoscopes for 3-5 years. Of them, 30 doctors (38.5%) never decontaminated their stethoscopes among which 17 had growth in their stethoscopes before cleaning with isopropyl alcohol, while three had growth even after decontamination. Most doctors used sanitizer (29.5%) and isopropyl alcohol (25.6%) as cleaning agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid Tahir
- Ameer-ud-Din Medical College, Affiliated with University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Musharaf Zaman
- Ameer-ud-Din Medical College, Affiliated with University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saad Babar
- Ameer-ud-Din Medical College, Affiliated with University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Imran
- Ameer-ud-Din Medical College, Affiliated with University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aasma Noveen Ajmal
- Ameer-ud-Din Medical College, Affiliated with University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muna Malik
- Ameer-ud-Din Medical College, Affiliated with University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
- Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Society of Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jalees Khalid Khan
- Ameer-ud-Din Medical College, Affiliated with University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Undergraduate Research Organization, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Naseer Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Impact of sterile gloves on blood-culture contamination rates: A randomized clinical trial. Am J Infect Control 2022; 50:49-53. [PMID: 34492326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing the blood-culture contamination rate is a constant challenge for health services. This study aimed to analyze whether blood-culture (BC) collection using sterile gloves reduces the contamination rate when compared to the non-sterile gloves, and to compare baseline and intervention periods. METHODS A randomized clinical trial, performed in an intensive care unit in Brazil and paired in two groups: sterile (BCs obtained with modified sterile technique: only sterile gloves; no fenestrated drape or dedicated sterile collection kit) and clean (clean technique: usual care with non-sterile gloves). Two paired blood samples were obtained from each patient by trained and calibrated nurses. BCs were processed by conventional microbiological methods and the results were issued by blinded microbiologists. RESULTS There was no difference (P = 1.00) in the contamination rate of BC between the sterile (1%) and clean (1%) groups. However, there was a significant difference (P = 0.05; relative risk: 0.17; 95% confidence interval: 0.04-0.70) in the contamination rate between baseline (6.1%; 20/330) and intervention (1%; 2/200). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the aseptic care provided in obtaining samples is more important than the sterile technique itself, and highlights the value of standardizing the practices, qualification and calibration of phlebotomists.
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Hoang TPN, Ghori MU, Conway BR. Topical Antiseptic Formulations for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:558. [PMID: 33921124 PMCID: PMC8071503 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are usually acute conditions of inflammatory microbial occupation of the skin layers and underlying soft tissues. SSTIs are one of the most frequent types of infection, typically requiring medical intervention and contribute to morbidity and mortality in both primary care and hospitalised patients. Due to the dramatic rise of antibiotic resistance, antiseptic agents can be potential alternatives for the prevention and treatment of SSTIs. Notably, they are commonly recommended in many global practical guidelines for use in per- and post- operative procedures. A range of antiseptics, including chlorhexidine, triclosan, alcohol, and povidone-iodine, are used and are mainly formulated as traditional, simple dosage forms such as solutions and semi-solids. However, in recent years, there have been studies reporting the potential for nanotechnology in the delivery of antiseptics. In this review, we have collated the scientific literature that focuses on topical antiseptic formulations for prevention and treatment of SSTIs, and have divided findings into traditional and advanced formulations. We conclude that although nanotechnological formulations have demonstrated potential advantages for delivering drugs; nevertheless, there is still scope for traditional formulations and further development of optimised topical formulations to address the rise of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Phuong Nga Hoang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (T.P.N.H.); (M.U.G.)
| | - Muhammad Usman Ghori
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (T.P.N.H.); (M.U.G.)
| | - Barbara R. Conway
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (T.P.N.H.); (M.U.G.)
- Institute of Skin Integrity and Infections Prevention, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
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Doern GV, Carroll KC, Diekema DJ, Garey KW, Rupp ME, Weinstein MP, Sexton DJ. Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: A Comprehensive Update on the Problem of Blood Culture Contamination and a Discussion of Methods for Addressing the Problem. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 33:e00009-19. [PMID: 31666280 PMCID: PMC6822992 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00009-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we present a comprehensive discussion of matters related to the problem of blood culture contamination. Issues addressed include the scope and magnitude of the problem, the bacteria most often recognized as contaminants, the impact of blood culture contamination on clinical microbiology laboratory function, the economic and clinical ramifications of contamination, and, perhaps most importantly, a systematic discussion of solutions to the problem. We conclude by providing a series of unanswered questions that pertain to this important issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary V Doern
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Karen C Carroll
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel J Diekema
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kevin W Garey
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mark E Rupp
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Melvin P Weinstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel J Sexton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Lalezari A, Cohen MJ, Svinik O, Tel-Zur O, Sinvani S, Al-Dayem YA, Block C, Moses AE, Oster Y, Salameh S, Strahilevitz J. A simplified blood culture sampling protocol for reducing contamination and costs: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 26:470-474. [PMID: 31539635 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Blood culture contamination carries risks for patients, such as unnecessary antimicrobial therapy and other additional hazards and costs. One method shown to be effective in reducing contamination is initial blood specimen diversion during collection. We hypothesized that initial blood specimen diversion without a designated device or procedure would suffice for reduction in blood culture contamination rate. METHODS From 1 September 2017 through to 6 September 2018, we conducted a randomized controlled trial to assess the effect of an initial-specimen diversion technique (ISDT) on the rate of blood-culture contamination by changing the order of sampling using regular vacuum specimen tubes instead of commercially available sterile diversion devices. We included adults from whom the treating physician planned to take blood cultures and additional blood chemistry tests. Additionally, we evaluated the potential economic benefits of an ISDT. This was a researcher-initiated trial, Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03088865. RESULTS In all, 756 patients were enrolled. This method, compared with the standard procedure in use at our medical centre, reduced contamination by 66% (95% CI 17%-86%), from 20/400 (5%) with the standard method to 6/356 (1.6%) with the ISDT, without compromising detection of true bloodstream infection and at no additional cost. Hospital-wide implementation of ISDT was associated with a 1.1% saving in hospitalization days. CONCLUSIONS We offer this novel approach as a simple, cost-effective measure to reduce risks to patient safety from contaminated blood cultures, without the need for using costly devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lalezari
- Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - M J Cohen
- Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - O Svinik
- Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - O Tel-Zur
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hadassah Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - S Sinvani
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hadassah Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Y Abed Al-Dayem
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah Medical Centre, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - C Block
- Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah Medical Centre, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - A E Moses
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah Medical Centre, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Y Oster
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah Medical Centre, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - S Salameh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hadassah Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - J Strahilevitz
- Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah Medical Centre, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Intra-articular Corticosteroid Injections for Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: What the Orthopaedic Provider Needs to Know. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2019; 27:e758-e766. [PMID: 30531239 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-18-00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-articular corticosteroid injections have been used for decades in the management of symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee and remain a common practice. The pain relief from a steroid injection is thought to work by reducing inflammation within the arthritic knee. Substantial variability remains among providers with regard to the technique used to perform the procedure, including the site of the injection, the medications injected, and the level of sterility. The success of steroid injections in relieving arthritic knee pain most often occurs in the short term. However, the efficacy of intra-articular corticosteroid injections varies within the published literature. The latest American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons clinical practice guideline does not support conclusive recommendations about the use of intra-articular corticosteroid injections for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Providers should be aware of the adverse effects and potential complications of these injections when using them in clinical practice.
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Hughes JA, Cabilan CJ, Williams J, Ray M, Coyer F. The effectiveness of interventions to reduce peripheral blood culture contamination in acute care: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev 2018; 7:216. [PMID: 30497526 PMCID: PMC6267024 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-018-0877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood cultures are an integral part of the diagnosis of bacteremia in unwell patients. The treatment of bacteremia involves the rapid and accurate identification of the causative agent grown from the blood cultures collected. Contamination of blood cultures with non-pathogenic microbes such as skin commensals causes false positive results and subsequent unnecessary and potentially harmful interventions. While guidelines for blood culture quality recommend no more than 2-3% contamination rate, rates up to 12% are reported in the literature. There have been a number of methods proposed to reduce the contamination of blood cultures, including educational interventions, changing of skin cleansing preparations and introduction of blood culture collection packs in acute care settings. This protocol outlines methods to identify and evaluate interventions to reduce blood culture contamination in the acute care setting. METHODS The reviewers will conduct a systematic search of literature in CINHAL, PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central register of controlled trials. Unpublished works will be identified in ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. Articles will be assessed for relevance based on their title and abstract. Remaining relevant citations will have their full text retrieved and assessed against eligibility criteria. All studies that meet the eligibility criteria will have their methodological quality appraised. Assessments for relevance and methodological quality will be conducted independently by two reviewers. If appropriate, data will be analysed using the Mantel-Haenszel method under a random effects model. Heterogeneity of the studies will be assessed using the I 2 and chi-squared statistic. Meta-analysis will be attempted if the data is suitable. DISCUSSION This review will identify and summarise the interventions previously described in the literature aimed at reducing peripherally collected blood culture contamination rates in acute care. These findings have the potential to lead to multifaceted interventions based on previous evidence to reduce blood culture contamination in the acute setting. Reductions in the proportion of contaminated blood cultures have the potential to save money, unrequired treatment (particularly antimicrobials) and hospital bed days. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION In accordance with guidelines outlined in the PRISMA-P methodology, this protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) on December 8, 2017, and last updated on January 4, 2018 (registration number CRD42017081650).
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Hughes
- School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Emergency and Trauma Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Ground Floor, Dr James Mayne Building, Butterfield Street, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029 Australia
| | - C. J. Cabilan
- Clinical Research Officer, Emergency Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Julian Williams
- Emergency and Trauma Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Ground Floor, Dr James Mayne Building, Butterfield Street, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029 Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mercedes Ray
- Emergency and Trauma Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Ground Floor, Dr James Mayne Building, Butterfield Street, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029 Australia
| | - Fiona Coyer
- School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Intensive Care Services, Critical Care and Clinical Support Services, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute for Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
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Dargère S, Cormier H, Verdon R. Contaminants in blood cultures: importance, implications, interpretation and prevention. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24:964-969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Guembe M, Sánchez-Carrillo C. The role of time to positivity of blood cultures on the diagnosis of true CoNS bacteraemia. Infect Dis (Lond) 2018; 50:666-667. [PMID: 29996739 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2018.1467039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- María Guembe
- a Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases , Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón , Madrid , Spain.,b Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón , Madrid , Spain
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Carrillo
- a Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases , Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón , Madrid , Spain
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