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Omar HM, Fahmy M, Abuowarda M. Hand palm sparganosis: morphologically and genetically confirmed Spirometra erinaceieuropaei in a fourteen-year-old girl, Egypt. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:859-864. [PMID: 38009142 PMCID: PMC10667186 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Two spargana of 5 and 7 cm long were removed from the right-hand palm of 14-year-old girl at the General Hospital, Qalyubia, Egypt. Sparganum is the 2nd larval stage (pleurocercoid) of Diphyllobothrid cestode species develops in the vertebrate second intermediate host through ingestion of the crustacean first intermediate host.Dogs and cats are the final hosts get infected through predation of the second vertebrate host.Human attracts infection through drinking water contaminated with the infected crustacean host or consumption of the flesh of of vertebrate hosts such as frogs and reptilian species. The surgically removed specimens were parsitologically identified as a non-proliferative metacestodes of a spirometran species that then on molecular analysis proved to be Spirometra erinaceieuropaei. The present report has allocated Egypt on the world sparganosis map.Molecular characterization of 28 S rRNA of S. erinaceieuropae and correlation to other Spirometra spp. from the Nile countries, particularly Ethiopia and Lake Victoria countries where the Nile waters originate, and from China were dealt with. Drinking of contaminated fresh water is the only proposed mode of infection in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein M. Omar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211 Egypt
| | - Magdy Fahmy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211 Egypt
| | - Mai Abuowarda
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211 Egypt
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Diagnosis and surgical management of orbital sparganosis. Eye (Lond) 2019; 33:1418-1422. [PMID: 30944463 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE/BACKGROUND Orbital sparganosis represents an extremely rare condition with only a few cases being reported in literature. Here we describe cases of orbital sparganosis, including their etiology, clinical findings, and surgical outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective review was performed on patients with orbital sparganosis, who were treated at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, of Sun Yat-sen University, China between 2000 and 2012. RESULTS Five patients (three males and two females, one right orbit and four left orbits) were identified. Their mean age was 14.8 years (range = 6-33 years). Four cases were contracted from eating raw snakes and fishes, or placing poultices of frog on open wounds. All cases showed a swelling and/or redness of the eyelid and conjunctiva, and a migrating inflammation was present in one of the cases. High levels of blood eosinophils were observed in three of these cases. Of the two patients examined using computed tomography, one showed a diffuse soft tissue infiltration and a punctate calcification, while one of the three patients examined using magnetic resonance imaging displayed an annular "tunnel sign" within the lesion. All patients underwent an anterior orbitotomy and the entire worm was removed with no surgical complications. CONCLUSIONS Orbital sparganosis should be highly suspected in patients with a history of eating raw snakes and frogs, a migrating orbital inflammation and the presence of eosinophilia. Orbital imaging examinations play an important role in the diagnosis of orbital sparganosis. Surgical removal of the entire worm is required.
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Gherman CM, Mihalca AD. A synoptic overview of golden jackal parasites reveals high diversity of species. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:419. [PMID: 28915831 PMCID: PMC5603039 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The golden jackal (Canis aureus) is a species under significant and fast geographic expansion. Various parasites are known from golden jackals across their geographic range, and certain groups can be spread during their expansion, increasing the risk of cross-infection with other carnivores or even humans. The current list of the golden jackal parasites includes 194 species and was compiled on the basis of an extensive literature search published from historical times until April 2017, and is shown herein in synoptic tables followed by critical comments of the various findings. This large variety of parasites is related to the extensive geographic range, territorial mobility and a very unselective diet. The vast majority of these parasites are shared with domestic dogs or cats. The zoonotic potential is the most important aspect of species reported in the golden jackal, some of them, such as Echinococcus spp., hookworms, Toxocara spp., or Trichinella spp., having a great public health impact. Our review brings overwhelming evidence on the importance of Canis aureus as a wild reservoir of human and animal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Călin Mircea Gherman
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Daniel Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Johnson G, Gardner J, Fukai T, Goto K. Cutaneous Sparganosis: A Rare Parasitic Infection. J Cutan Pathol 2015; 42:159-163. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Johnson
- Emory University; Department of Pathology; Atlanta Georgia
| | - Jerad Gardner
- Univeristy of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Departments of Dermatology and Pathology; Little Rock Arkansas
| | - Takao Fukai
- IMS Fujimi General Hospital; Department of Plastic Surgery; Fujimi-city Saitama Japan
| | - Keisuke Goto
- Kainan Hospital; Department of Diagnostic Pathology; Yatomi-city Aichi Japan
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Johnson G, Gardner J, Fukai T, Goto K. Cutaneous sparganosis: a rare parasitic infection. J Cutan Pathol 2015; 42:1-5. [PMID: 25626616 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Johnson
- Emory University, Department of Pathology, Atlanta, Georgia
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Ho TH, Lin MC, Yu WW, Lai PH, Sheu SJ, Bee YS. Ocular sparganosis mimicking an orbital idiopathic inflammatory syndrome. Orbit 2013; 32:395-398. [PMID: 24215169 DOI: 10.3109/01676830.2013.833253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sparganosis is an infection by the parasitic tapeworm larvae of Spirometra species. Ocular sparganosis is a rare disease that is easily misdiagnosed. We reported a rare case of ocular sparganosis mimicking orbital idiopathic inflammatory syndrome at initial presentation. A 34-year-old female presented with rapid progressive swelling of her left eyelid and mild proptosis for the duration of one month. The other ocular examinations were normal and the thyroid function was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a fusiform enlargement and mild heterogenous enhancement of the superior oblique muscle of the left orbit. First she received prednisolone therapy and the proptosis partially improved. Six months later, a white, flat and wrinkled string like worm wriggled out from the caruncular conjunctiva of the left eye. The pathology results confirmed that the worm was a Spirometra species larva. After removal of the larva and treatment with praziquantel, the proptosis was resolved without recurrence. Ocular sparganosis is a rare disease and only a few case reports have been reported. The drug therapy has not been effective and the surgical removal is the principal therapy. Despite its rarity, ocular sparganosis should be considered as a possible cause of orbital inflammation in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Hsuan Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung , Taiwan , ROC
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Chu S, Lu X, Wang Y, Gao G, Xv F, Zee CS, Yao Z. Magnetic resonance imaging features of pathologically proven cerebral sparganosis. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:867-77. [PMID: 23680666 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513480925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to identify characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of cerebral sparganosis, a rare parasitic disease caused by the plerocercoid larva of Spirometra mansoni. Methods This retrospective study reviewed medical records, computed tomography (CT) and MRI scans and pathological specimens from patients with pathologically proven cerebral sparganosis. The location, signal intensity and contrast enhancement characteristics of the lesions were assessed. Results Records of 12 patients (seven male and five female; age range 8–35 years) were reviewed. A total of 13 lesions were identified: of the 10 patients with supratentorial lesions, nine had a single lesion and one had bilateral hemispheric lesions. Two patients had a single lesion in the ependyma of the 4th ventricle. All lesions were iso-hypointense on T1-weighted images, slightly hypointense on T2-weighted images and surrounded by extensive oedema. Ten of the 13 lesions demonstrated a ‘string-knots sign’, characterized by a tangled string in a knot-like shape on contrast-enhanced MRI. Conclusion A string-knots sign enhancement pattern in cortical–subcortical regions should suggest the diagnosis of cerebral sparganosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Chu
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingsui Lu
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Neuropathology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Gejun Gao
- Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feijia Xv
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi-Shing Zee
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhenwei Yao
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Ye H, Du Y, Liu G, Luo X, Yang H. Author Reply:. Can J Ophthalmol 2013; 48:130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ye H, Du Y, Liu G, Luo X, Yang H. Clinical features of 8 cases of orbital sparganosis in southern China. Can J Ophthalmol 2012; 47:453-7. [PMID: 23036548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe clinicoradiologic characteristics of orbital sparganosis. DESIGN Retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS We studied 8 patients diagnosed with orbital sparganosis at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center between 1999 and 2011. METHODS A thorough review of clinical and imaging manifestations. RESULTS The primary clinical manifestations were redness and edema of the eyelids and conjunctivas (100%); proptosis (mild in 87.5% of cases and severe in 12.5%); subconjunctival yellow-white granulomatous lesions (75.0%); and migratory hyperemic masses of the eyelid or conjunctiva (50.0%). Of the patients, 6 had diffuse orbital or nodular masses on computed tomography imaging, 2 had the "tunnel sign" on magnetic resonance imaging, and 1 had subconjunctival tubular lesions on ultrasound biomicroscopy imaging. CONCLUSIONS Subconjunctival yellow-white granulomatous lesions, migratory hyperemic masses, and the tunnel sign on magnetic resonance imaging are characteristic clues to preoperative diagnosis of orbital sparganosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 Xianlie South Rd., Guangzhou, China
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Preechawat P, Poonyathalang A, Panyakorn S, Dekumyoy P. Sparganosis Mimicking an Orbital Myositis. Neuroophthalmology 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/01658107.2011.593252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Mentz MB, Procianoy F, Maestri MK, Rott MB. Human ocular sparganosis in southern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2011; 53:51-3. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652011000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first case of human ocular sparganosis in the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. A young female patient presented with three periocular moveable inflammatory masses in her right eye, during two years. By surgical excisional biopsy, a helminth larval stage was removed and identified as sparganum. Clinical, laboratory and epidemiological data on this parasite are presented.
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Lee KJ, Myung NH, Park HW. A case of sparganosis in the leg. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2010; 48:309-12. [PMID: 21234233 PMCID: PMC3018580 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The life-span of the sparganum in humans is not exactly known, but it may survive longer than 5 years in some patients. We experienced a case infected with a sparganum that is presumed to have lived for 20 years in a patient's leg. The patient was a 60-year-old woman, and she was admitted to a hospital due to ankle pain that was aggravated on dorsiflexion. She had noticed a mass on her knee some 20 years ago, but she received no medical management for it. The mass moved into the ankle joint 3 months before the current admission, and then the aforementioned symptoms appeared. A living sparganum was recovered by surgery, and the calcified tract near the knee was proved to be the pathway along which the larva had passed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Joon Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
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Li MW, Lin HY, Xie WT, Gao MJ, Huang ZW, Wu JP, Li C, Lin RQ, Zhu XQ. Enzootic Sparganosis in Guangdong, People's Republic of China. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:1317-8. [PMID: 19751604 PMCID: PMC2815971 DOI: 10.3201/eid1508.090099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Song T, Wang WS, Zhou BR, Mai WW, Li ZZ, Guo HC, Zhou F. CT and MR characteristics of cerebral sparganosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007; 28:1700-5. [PMID: 17885230 PMCID: PMC8134205 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Sparganosis is a rare parasitic infection in humans by a larval cestode of the genus Spirometra. Preoperative diagnosis of cerebral sparganosis in the past has been very difficult. Our objective was to evaluate the CT and MR features of cerebral sparganosis in order to make a definite diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 25 patients (13 male and 12 female; age range, 9-83 years) who proved to have cerebral sparganosis. Fifteen patients underwent MR imaging: 2 patients had CT scanning, and the remaining 8 had both CT and MR scanning. We focused on evaluating the imaging features on CT and MR. RESULTS All patients showed edema and degeneration of cerebral white matter. All but 1 had a unilateral lesion. Twenty-two patients had ipsilateral ventricular dilation. The new finding was a tunnel sign, approximately 4 cm in length and 0.8 cm in width, column or fusiform shaped on postcontrast coronal and sagittal MR images (n = 10). Thirteen patients showed bead-like enhancement, but solitary ring enhancement was common on the CT images (n = 2). The wall of the ring and tunnel appeared isointense or slightly hyperintense on T2-weighted images. Punctate calcifications were seen in 6 patients on CT images but only in 3 patients on the MR images. Hemorrhage was seen in 4 patients on the MR images. An intact whitish, stringlike, living worm was found (n = 5). CONCLUSION The most characteristic finding was a tunnel sign on postcontrast MR images. The most common finding was bead-shaped enhancement. MR is superior to CT in demonstrating the extent and number of lesions, except punctate calcifications. Combined with clinical data and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the preoperative diagnosis of cerebral sparganosis could be established on MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Song
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, China.
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Kubota T, Itoh M. Sparganosis associated with orbital myositis. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2007; 51:311-2. [PMID: 17660998 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-007-0438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nobrega-Lee M, Hubbard G, Loverde P, Carvalho-Queiroz C, Conn DB, Rohde K, Dick EJ, Nathanielsz P, Martin D, Siler-Khodr T, Schlabritz-Loutsevitch N. Sparganosis in wild-caught baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis). J Med Primatol 2007; 36:47-54. [PMID: 17359466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2006.00177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sparganosis is the infection of a paratenic host with the plerocercoid metacestode of Spirometra spp. A 12-year-old captive, pregnant, wild-caught baboon from Tanzania had multiple subcutaneous nodules. METHODS Examination of the biopsied nodules revealed the presence of viable metacestodes. The histological morphology of the metacestodes was consistent with the genus Spirometra and other pseudophyllidean cestodes. Since species of Spirometra produce growth hormones that are active in mammals, we measured fetal and placental growth and hormone levels. Blood samples were taken from the mother and the cesarean-derived fetus for hematological, biochemical, and hormonal analyses and to test for the presence of antispargana antibodies. RESULTS Baboon placental weight and fetal hematological, biochemical, and morphometric parameters were within normal ranges. Antibody titers to spargana did not differ significantly between mother (1.08 OD(405)) and fetus (0.91 OD(405)). Baboon maternal insulin-like growth factor and growth hormone values were also within the normal range. Estradiol and progesterone analysis in four of these animals (antibody titers ranged from 0.71 to 1.7 OD(405)) showed no statistically significant difference with age- or phase-matched cycle parameters compared with antibody-negative females. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results that have been obtained, sparganosis did not appear to affect the endocrinological profile of pregnant and cycling female baboons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nobrega-Lee
- Tuskegee University School of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee, AL, USA
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