Natural course of adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy: a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography analysis

Optical Coherence Tomography in Inherited Macular Dystrophies: A Review

Macular dystrophies (MDs) constitute a collection of hereditary retina disorders leading to notable visual impairment, primarily due to progressive macular atrophy. These conditions are distinguished by bilateral and relatively symmetrical abnormalities in the macula that significantly impair central visual function. Recent strides in fundus imaging, especially optical coherence tomography (OCT), have enhanced our comprehension and diagnostic capabilities for MD. OCT enables the identification of neurosensory retinal disorganization patterns and the extent of damage to retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor cells in the dystrophies before visible macular pathology appears on fundus examinations. It not only helps us in diagnostic retinal and choroidal pathologies but also guides us in monitoring the progression of, staging of, and response to treatment. In this review, we summarize the key findings on OCT in some of the most common MD.

Predictive Factors Influencing the Evolution of Acquired Vitelliform Lesions in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration Eyes

PURPOSE

In this study, we identify risk factors that predict the progression of acquired vitelliform lesions (AVLs) over time.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

SUBJECTS

One hundred sixty-three eyes of 132 patients with a diagnosis of intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD) with AVL.

METHODS

This retrospective study evaluated consecutive eyes with AMD from a retina clinic population and included 1181 patients and 2362 eyes. After excluding cases with associated geographic atrophy, macular neovascularization (MNV), vitreomacular traction, and those with <2 years of follow-up data, the final analysis cohort consisted of 163 eyes (132 patients) with ≥1 AVL. The first available visit in which an AVL was evident was considered the baseline visit, and follow-up data were collected from a visit 2 years (± 3 months) later. Progression outcomes at the follow-up visit were classified into 6 categories: resorbed, collapsed, MNV, stable, increasing, and decreasing. Subsequently, we analyzed the baseline characteristics for each category and calculated odds ratios (ORs) to predict these various outcomes.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The study focused on identifying predictive factors influencing the evolution of AVL in iAMD eyes.

RESULTS

In total, 163 eyes with AVL had follow-up data at 2 years. The collapsed group demonstrated a significantly greater baseline AVL height and width compared with other groups (P < 0.001). With regard to qualitative parameters, subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDDs) and intraretinal hyperreflective foci (IHRF) at the eye level, AVL located over drusen, and IHRF and external limiting membrane disruption over AVL were significantly more prevalent in the collapsed group compared with other groups (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Odds ratios for progressing to atrophy after 2 years of follow-up, compared with the resorbed group, were significant for SDD (OR, 2.82; P = 0.048) and AVL height (OR, 1.016; P = 0.006).

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of SDDs and greater AVL height significantly increases the risk of developing atrophy at the location of AVL after 2 years of follow-up. These findings may be of value in risk prognostication and defining patient populations for inclusion in future early intervention trials aimed at preventing progression to atrophy.

FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES

Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Retinal Imaging Findings in Inherited Retinal Diseases

Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) represent one of the major causes of progressive and irreversible vision loss in the working-age population. Over the last few decades, advances in retinal imaging have allowed for an improvement in the phenotypic characterization of this group of diseases and have facilitated phenotype-to-genotype correlation studies. As a result, the number of clinical trials targeting IRDs has steadily increased, and commensurate to this, the need for novel reproducible outcome measures and endpoints has grown. This review aims to summarize and describe the clinical presentation, characteristic imaging findings, and imaging endpoint measures that are being used in clinical research on IRDs. For the purpose of this review, IRDs have been divided into four categories: (1) panretinal pigmentary retinopathies affecting rods or cones; (2) macular dystrophies; (3) stationary conditions; (4) hereditary vitreoretinopathies.

Risk Factors for Worsening Morphology and Visual Acuity in Eyes with Adult-Onset Foveomacular Vitelliform Dystrophy

PURPOSE

To explore clinical risk factors and OCT features associated with worse visual acuity (VA), progression of disease, choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and atrophy in eyes with adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AOFVD).

DESIGN

Single-center, retrospective, observational cohort study.

PARTICIPANTS

Patients seen at Duke Eye Center between January 2012 and May 2023 with a diagnosis of AOFVD confirmed via OCT and fundus autofluorescence.

METHODS

Baseline and final-visit images from eyes with AOFVD were examined. Disease stage was assigned, and presence of atrophy or CNV was determined. Clinical and OCT features associated with progression to atrophy and CNV were determined using t tests and chi-square analysis. Correlation with lower VA was determined using linear regression.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Association of clinical characteristics and OCT features with worse VA, progression of disease, CNV, and atrophy as determined by independent t tests, chi-square analysis, and linear regression (P < 0.05).

RESULTS

One hundred one eyes (63 patients) met inclusion criteria for this study, with mean follow-up duration of 48 months (standard deviation, 31 months). Fifty-one percent of eyes progressed beyond baseline staging during follow-up; among baseline stage 1 eyes, incidence of atrophy was 0.068/person-year; incidence of CNV was 0.022/person-year. Risk factors for worse final VA were baseline presence of vitreomacular traction ([VMT], P = 0.006), ellipsoid zone attenuation (P = 0.02), and increased lesion height and width (P < 0.001). Predictors of progression include diabetes mellitus (P = 0.01), statin use (P = 0.03), presence of hyperreflective foci (P = 0.01), and increased lesion width and volume (P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively). Predictors of atrophy include the baseline presence of VMT (P = 0.02), decreased choroidal thickness (P = 0.03), and greater maximal height, width, and volume of the lesion (P = 0.03, P = 0.02, and P = 0.009, respectively). Lower baseline VA (P = 0.03) and increased lesion volume (P = 0.04) were associated with CNV.

CONCLUSIONS

Clinical and OCT imaging features at baseline may prove useful in stratifying patient risk for progression, atrophy, CNV, and worse VA. Features such as statin use, diabetes, baseline VA, and laterality should be accounted for. OCT features, such as lesion size, VMT, ellipsoid zone attenuation, choroidal thickness, and hyperreflective foci, may impart greater risk of poor outcomes. Future prospective analysis accounting for the time to development of atrophy and CNV is needed.

FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES

Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Central serous chorioretinopathy: An evidence-based treatment guideline

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a relatively common disease that causes vision loss due to macular subretinal fluid leakage and it is often associated with reduced vision-related quality of life. In CSC, the leakage of subretinal fluid through defects in the retinal pigment epithelial layer's outer blood-retina barrier appears to occur secondary to choroidal abnormalities and dysfunction. The treatment of CSC is currently the subject of controversy, although recent data obtained from several large randomized controlled trials provide a wealth of new information that can be used to establish a treatment algorithm. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of our current understanding regarding the pathogenesis of CSC, current therapeutic strategies, and an evidence-based treatment guideline for CSC. In acute CSC, treatment can often be deferred for up to 3-4 months after diagnosis; however, early treatment with either half-dose or half-fluence photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the photosensitive dye verteporfin may be beneficial in selected cases. In chronic CSC, half-dose or half-fluence PDT, which targets the abnormal choroid, should be considered the preferred treatment. If PDT is unavailable, chronic CSC with focal, non-central leakage on angiography may be treated using conventional laser photocoagulation. CSC with concurrent macular neovascularization should be treated with half-dose/half-fluence PDT and/or intravitreal injections of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor compound. Given the current shortage of verteporfin and the paucity of evidence supporting the efficacy of other treatment options, future studies-ideally, well-designed randomized controlled trials-are needed in order to evaluate new treatment options for CSC.

Retinal sensitivity and fundus autofluorescence in adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy

The present study aimed to compare retinal sensitivity (RS) at each stage and to evaluate the relationship between RS and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) pattern in adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AOFVD). We retrospectively reviewed 17 eyes of 13 patients with AOFVD. In addition to best-corrected visual acuity (VA), RS within the affected lesion and optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements were carried out in each participant. All the examined eyes were classified into 4 stages and 3 FAF patterns. RS was superimposed on OCT fundus image and RS within the affected lesion was calculated in each eye. The relationships between visual functions (VA and RS within the affected lesion) and stages and also FAF patterns were analyzed using the linear mixed model. As a result, RS within the affected lesion was significantly associated with FAF pattern, but not with stage. In contrast, VA was correlated with neither stages nor FAF patterns. Our current result suggested that RS within the affected lesion was related to FAF patterns but this was not the case with VA in eyes with AOFVD, demonstrating the usefulness of measuring RS, not only VA, to comprehend the disease status in AOFVD.

Advanced ImageJ Analysis in Degenerative Acquired Vitelliform Lesions Using Techniques Based on Optical Coherence Tomography

Acquired vitelliform lesions (AVLs) are associated with a large spectrum of retinal diseases, among which is age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The purpose of this study was to characterize AVLs' evolution in AMD patients using optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology and ImageJ software. We measured AVLs' size and density and followed their impacts over surrounding retinal layers. Average retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) thickness in the central 1 mm quadrant (45.89 ± 27.84 µm vs. 15.57 ± 1.40 µm) was significantly increased, as opposed to the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness, which was decreased (77.94 ± 18.30 µm vs. 88.64 ± 7.65 µm) in the vitelliform group compared to the control group. We found a continuous external limiting membrane (ELM) in 55.5% of the eyes compared to a continuous ellipsoid zone (EZ) in 22.2% of the eyes in the vitelliform group. The difference between the mean AVLs' volume at baseline compared to the last visit for the nine eyes with ophthalmologic follow-up was not statistically significant (p = 0.725). The median follow-up duration was 11 months (range 5-56 months). Seven eyes (43.75%) were treated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelium growth factor (anti-VEGF) agent injections, in which we noted a 6.43 ± 9 letter decrease in the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The increased RPE thickness could suggest hyperplasia contrary to the decreased ONL, which could mirror the impact of the vitelliform lesion on photoreceptors (PR). Eyes that received anti-VEGF injections did not show signs of improvement regarding BCVA.

The pseudohypopyon stage in adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy

PURPOSE

To gain insight into the pathogenesis of adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AFVD) via assessment of its pseudohypopyon stage (PHS).

METHODS

Retrospectively, data were collected in a tertiary center from established cohorts of a genetically evaluated AFVD and best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD) eyes in the pseudohypopyon stage. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, LogMAR), lesion characterization, including lesion dimensions, liquefaction areas and patterns (altitudinal or lateral), and ellipsoid zone integrity were analyzed from spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images.

RESULTS

Out of 167 eyes of 90 AFVD patients and 56 eyes of 28 BVMD patients, 8 eyes of six AFVD patients and five eyes of four BVMD patients were at the PHS were included. The mean LogMAR BCVA ± SD was 0.21 ± 0.20 and 0.41 ± 0.10 in AFVD and BVMD diseases, respectively (p = 0.13). Seven AFVD eyes (87.5%) demonstrated lateral liquefaction, while all BVMD eyes demonstrated an altitudinal pattern (p = 0.005). Maximal horizontal lesion diameters were 1.41 ± 0.46 mm and 2.64 ± 0.77 mm in AFVD and BVMD, respectively (p = 0.02). AFVD patients were older (69 ± 14) than BVMD patients (22 ± 13; p = 0.009).

CONCLUSION

The pseudohypopyon stage in AFVD is often characterized by a lateral liquefaction pattern, unlike the altitudinal pattern characterizing BVMD. Age, lesion size, or pathogenesis pathways may underline the different pseudohypopyon stage patterns in AFVD and BVMD.

Photoreceptor and Retinal Pigment Epithelium Relationships in Eyes With Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy Revealed by Multimodal Adaptive Optics Imaging

Purpose

To assess the structure of cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD) arising from various genetic etiologies.

Methods

Multimodal adaptive optics (AO) imaging was performed in 11 patients with VMD using a custom-assembled instrument. Non-confocal split detection and AO-enhanced indocyanine green were used to visualize the cone photoreceptor and RPE mosaics, respectively. Cone and RPE densities were measured and compared across BEST1-, PRPH2-, IMPG1-, and IMPG2-related VMD.

Results

Within macular lesions associated with VMD, both cone and RPE densities were reduced below normal, to 37% of normal cone density (eccentricity 0.2 mm) and to 8.4% of normal RPE density (eccentricity 0.5 mm). Outside of lesions, cone and RPE densities were slightly reduced (both to 92% of normal values), but with high degree of variability in the individual measurements. Comparison of juxtalesional cone and RPE measurements (<1 mm from the lesion edge) revealed significant differences in RPE density across the four genes (P < 0.05). Overall, cones were affected to a greater extent than RPE in patients with IMPG1 and IMPG2 pathogenic variants, but RPE was affected more than cones in BEST1 and PRPH2 VMD. This trend was observed even in contralateral eyes from a subset of five patients who presented with macular lesions in only one eye.

Conclusions

Assessment of cones and RPE in retinal locations outside of the macular lesions reveals a pattern of cone and RPE disruption that appears to be gene dependent in VMD. These findings provide insight into the cellular pathogenesis of disease in VMD.

Correlation of features on OCT with visual acuity and Gass lesion type in Best vitelliform macular dystrophy

OBJECTIVE

To correlate structural features seen on optical coherence tomography (OCT) with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and Gass lesion type in patients with Best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD).

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This is a retrospective case series of consecutive patients with molecularly confirmed BEST1-associated BVMD. OCT scans were reviewed for lesion status and presence of subretinal pillar, focal choroidal excavation (FCE), intraretinal fluid or atrophy. Available OCT angiography images were used to evaluate for the presence of choroidal neovascularisation (CNV). These features were then correlated with BCVA and Gass lesion type.

RESULTS

95 eyes from 48 patients (mean age 38.9 years, range 4-87) were included. The presence of a pillar (24.2%), FCE (20.0%) and atrophy (7.4%) were associated with poor BCVA (p<0.05). Gass lesion type 1 eyes were correlated with good BCVA (LogMAR <0.4) whereas type 5 eyes had poor BCVA (LogMAR >0.4). Among 65 eyes with longitudinal data (mean follow-up 5.1 years), 7 eyes (10.8%) reverted from higher to lower Gass lesion type; of these, 4 eyes (57.1%) had CNV responsive to intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment.

CONCLUSION

OCT-based structural features are readily identifiable in patients with BVMD and have prognostic importance due to their correlation with BCVA.

Progression of Subclinical Pachychoroid Neovasculopathy to an Active Neovascularization in the Presence of Acquired Vitelliform Lesions

We describe a unique case of bilateral acquired vitelliform lesions in a 67-year-old-female with pachychoroid associated with subretinal fluid in the right eye (OD) and a nonexudative choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) in the left eye (OS). Multimodal imaging performed at baseline and over the ensuing two years showed an increase in the OS vitelliform lesions with a concurrent transformation of quiescent CNVM to an exudative form. Further studies are warranted to gain better insight into the etiopathogenesis of these vitelliform lesions in pachychoroid and their potential role in instigating CNVM activation.

Incidence and risk factors for macular atrophy in Acquired Vitelliform Lesions

PURPOSE

To study the time course to macular atrophy (MA) and associated risk factors in eyes with Acquired Vitelliform Lesions (AVL) as they vary between patients and between eyes of an individual.

DESIGN

Single centre, retrospective, observational cohort study.

SUBJECTS

Consecutive patients registered between Jan 2009 to Jan 2014 with first diagnosis of AVL confirmed by multimodal imaging were included. Eyes with baseline MA or choroidal neovascularization were excluded.

METHODS

Patient demographics were collected. Serial optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) were graded and analysed. Turnbull's estimator was employed, and time censored at 5 years. Multivariable Weibull parametric proportional hazards models was used to assess association of risk factors with MA, following adjustment for age and gender. Hazard ratios are reported with 95% CI.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

Time to the first OCT evidence of MA stratified by presenting visual acuity (VA) and AVL lesion subtypes. Secondary outcome included risk factors for incident MA.

RESULTS

A total of 237 eyes (132 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Incident MA was detected in 52/237 (21.9%) eyes by 5 years. Stratified by baseline VA, 40.3%eyes with VA≤ 70 letters developed atrophy within 5 years of first diagnosis in contrast to 10.3% eyes with VA>70 letters (p<0.001). Based on lesion type only 12.9% eyes with vitelliform lesion at baseline developed MA versus 39.8% and 44.2% eyes with pseudohypopyon or vitelliruptive lesion type respectively. In adjusted analysis, baseline factors associated with increased risk of MA included VA≤70 letters (HR 5.54; 95% CI 2.30-13.34), base width (HR 1.22; 95% CI 1.16-1.28), maximum height (HR 2.61; 95% CI 1.82-3.74), presence of SDD (HR 2.83; 95% CI 1.34 -5.96) and disrupted external limiting membrane (HR 2.81; 95% CI 1.34-5.86).

CONCLUSION

Baseline VA of 70 letters or less (Snellen ≤20/40) and pseudohypopyon or vitelliruptive lesion type attribute highest risk for MA. Other prognostic indicators for MA include baseline presence of SDD, disrupted ELM and larger lesion area.

Clinical and molecular findings in patients with pattern dystrophy

Purposes: To study the clinical and genetic background of a series of Italian patients affected by pattern dystrophy (PD).Methods: We reviewed patients with a clinical diagnosis of PD examined at the Eye Clinic in Florence from 2012 to 2019. We took into consideration patients with a standard ophthalmological examination, personal and familial ophthalmological history, fundus imaging, and molecular genetic analysis of genes PRPH2 and BEST1. We labelled patients with BEST1 and PRPH2 mutations as m-PD group (mutated) whereas patients with no mutations in these 2 genes as nm-PD group (non-mutated).Results: Seventy-seven PD patients were assessed (average age 59.7 ± 14.2, range 31-88 years). Fifty patients were placed in the nm-PD group and 27 in the m-PD. Pathogenic BEST1 and PRPH2 mutations were detected in 7% and 22% of PD patients, respectively. In total, we reported 1 BEST1 and 8 PRPH2 novel mutations. Ten patients were characterized by drusen in the nm-PD group whereas in no patients in the m-PD group drusen were detected at the fundus.Conclusions: An important proportion of patients affected by PD showed BEST1 or PRPH2 mutations. Patients affected by drusen represent a different sub-phenotype. Genetic examination is recommended for a correct clinical management.

Serous business: Delineating the broad spectrum of diseases with subretinal fluid in the macula

A wide range of ocular diseases can present with serous subretinal fluid in the macula and therefore clinically mimic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). In this manuscript, we categorise the diseases and conditions that are part of the differential diagnosis into 12 main pathogenic subgroups: neovascular diseases, vitelliform lesions, inflammatory diseases, ocular tumours, haematological malignancies, paraneoplastic syndromes, genetic diseases, ocular developmental anomalies, medication-related conditions and toxicity-related diseases, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and tractional retinal detachment, retinal vascular diseases, and miscellaneous diseases. In addition, we describe 2 new clinical pictures associated with macular subretinal fluid accumulation, namely serous maculopathy with absence of retinal pigment epithelium (SMARPE) and serous maculopathy due to aspecific choroidopathy (SMACH). Differentiating between these various diseases and CSC can be challenging, and obtaining the correct diagnosis can have immediate therapeutic and prognostic consequences. Here, we describe the key differential diagnostic features of each disease within this clinical spectrum, including representative case examples. Moreover, we discuss the pathogenesis of each disease in order to facilitate the differentiation from typical CSC.

Desferrioxamine-Related Pseudo-Vitelliform Dystrophy and the Effect of Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

We report a case of a 72-year-old female who developed bilateral pseudo-vitelliform dystrophy after taking desferrioxamine for the treatment of chronic iron overload. The patient then developed a right superior hemiretinal vein occlusion associated with intraretinal fluid in the right eye and was treated with monthly intravitreal aflibercept injections for 3 months followed by as required treatment. In addition to the intraretinal fluid responding to anti-VEGF treatment, there was a reduction in the size of the pseudo-vitelliform subfoveal deposit height, which was not seen in the untreated eye. Our case of an uncommon presentation of desferrioxamine-related maculopathy associated with a vein occlusion and the changes associated with intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment may help with the potential hypotheses of the pathophysiology of desferrioxamine-related pseudo-vitelliform retinal lesions and help with the potential future treatments of the condition.

Assessment of retinal vessel density in adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy by optical coherence tomography angiography

BACKGROUND

To evaluate retinal thickness, area of foveal avascular zone (FAZ), flow area and flow density of choriocapillaris, vessel density of both superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) of eyes with adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AOFVD) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) and compare the results with healthy controls.

METHODS

17 eyes of 14 patients diagnosed with AOFVD and 17 eyes of 17 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination and a 6 x 6 mm macular OCT-A scanning. Quantiative results of retinal thickness, retinal vessel density of SCP and DCP, FAZ area, flow area and flow density of choriocapillaris were analyzed.

RESULTS

No statistically significant differences were noted in the vessel density of the SCP, except for the parafoveal nasal sector (P = 0.048). Similarly, no statistically significant differences were observed in the vessel density of the DCP, except for the parafoveal (P = 0.037) and the parafoveal temporal (P = 0.048) sectors. The choriocapillaris flow area and the flow density were significantly lower in the patients with AOFVD than in the healthy controls (P = 0.001 for both). The mean FAZ area and the retinal thickness measurements were comparable in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with AOFVD show vascular abnormalities that can be detected with OCT-A. OCT-A, as a noninvasive imaging modality, could provide a new perspective for understanding the pathophysiology of AOFVD and could also be useful in the follow-up of these patients and in the management of the disease progression.

Age-related macular degeneration masqueraders: From the obvious to the obscure

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide with increasing prevalence owing to increased life expectancy. Intravitreal injections of antivascular endothelial growth factor agents are commonly used in exudative AMD and oral antioxidant medication for nonexudative AMD; however, many disorders mimic exudative and nonexudative AMD, and misdiagnosis can seriously affect the management of these patients. We summarize the demographics and clinical and imaging characteristics of each of the conditions that masquerade as AMD. As some of the conditions have features of AMD, a short update on the classical features of AMD is also included.

Natural course of adult-onset vitelliform lesions in eyes with and without comorbid subretinal drusenoid deposits

PURPOSE

Adult vitelliform lesions (AVL) are associated with age related macular degeneration (AMD) and subretinal drusenoid deposits (SRDD). We evaluated the natural course of AVL, assessing the influence of SRDD on disease progression, visual function and incidence of macular atrophy (MA) and choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM).

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was conducted between January 2011 and March 2016. Demographic, clinical and imaging data from 26 consecutive AVL patients were analysed following case note review. Optical coherence tomography images were graded for SRDD and patients divided into those with/without SRDD. Outcomes included presenting/changes in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and incidence of MA/CNVM.

RESULTS

Mean age was 78.6 ± 7.6 years. Mean follow-up was 51.5 ± 25.6 months. Twelve patients (46.2%) had SRDD at presentation with 3 more (11.5%) developing them. Subjects with SRDD were older (mean 81.7 ± 6.1 years vs 74.3 ± 7.6 years, p = 0.010). Mean presenting BCVA was worse in SRDD eyes (0.39 ± 0.31 logMAR vs 0.19 ± 0.18 logMAR, p = 0.017). Eight of 15 patients with SRDD (53.3%) developed incident MA or CNVM; higher than those with no SRDD (1/11, 9.1%; p = 0.036). Two patients (7.7%) developed full thickness macular holes.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with AVL and SRDD likely represent an advanced pathological stage or phenotype with worse visual outcome and higher risk of MA/CNVM. Possible overlap with AMD exists. Follow-up, counselling and provisions for early detection/treatment of complications should be made. Better classification including improved understanding of phenotypic and genetic variations with reference to comorbid diseases including AMD is required. Presence of SRDD in AVL offers a dichotomous classification, indicating risk of future MA/CNVM formation.

Study of vessel density in adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy with optical coherence tomography angiography

BACKGROUND

To evaluate retinal and choriocapillaris (CC) vessel density in macular region in patients affected by adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AOFVD) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) METHODS: A total forty-four right eyes of 44 AOFVD patients (20 females, 24 males, mean age 69.17 ± 11.57 years) divided in 3 stages (vitelliform, pseudohypopyon and vitelliruptive) and 60 normal right eyes of 60 controls (20 females, 40 males, mean age 66.04 ± 6.40 years) were included in this prospective study. We evaluated the vessel density of superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP) and CC in different macular areas (whole image, parafovea and fovea). We also analyzed the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) with Enhanced Depth Image (EDI)-OCT.

RESULTS

The vessel density of SCP and of DCP did not differ between patients and controls in all macular sectors. The vessel density of CC was lower in patients compared to controls but the difference turned out to be statistically significant only in foveal region (p < 0.001). We found that the foveal vessel density of the CC was lower in vitelliform stage and significantly increased in vitelliruptive stage (p = 0.031). At EDI-OCT, the SFCT revealed a statistically significant increase in patients compared to controls (p = 0.002) whereas it was similar in the different stages of this dystrophy (p = 0.276).

CONCLUSIONS

In vitelliform stage of AOFVD, OCTA and EDI-OCT can be useful to avoid mistakes of evaluation, due to the masking effect artifact. OCTA provides us a better understanding of the vascular role in the physiopathology of the macular diseases.

ADULT-ONSET FOVEOMACULAR VITELLIFORM DYSTROPHY EVALUATED BY MEANS OF OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY: A Comparison With Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Healthy Eyes

PURPOSE

To investigate alterations of superficial and deep retinal vascular densities, as well as of choroidal thickness, in patients affected by adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AOFVD).

METHODS

A total of 22 eyes (15 patients) affected by AOFVD were recruited in the study. Furthermore, 20 eyes of 20 healthy subjects and 20 eyes of 18 patients affected by intermediate dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were enrolled. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination, including optical coherence tomography angiography. Outcome measures were superficial vessel density, deep vessel density, and choroidal thickness.

RESULTS

Parafoveal superficial vessel density was increased in patients with AOFVD compared with the AMD group (50.6 ± 4.3% and 46.3 ± 4.3%, respectively, P = 0.016). Parafoveal deep vessel density was 57.9 ± 6.4% in patients with AOFVD, 52.2 ± 3.8% in patients with AMD, and 52.7 ± 6.0% in healthy controls (P = 0.006 and P = 0.035, respectively, after comparison with the AOFVD group).

CONCLUSION

We demonstrated that both superficial and deep vessel densities were significantly increased in patients with AOFVD, after the comparison with intermediate patients with AMD. These findings suggest that the pathogenic mechanisms in AOFVD are different from those in AMD and that optical coherence tomography angiography could be useful in differentiate early stages of these two diseases.

Retinal pigment epithelium aperture: A late-onset complication in adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy

Purpose:

The purpose of the study was to report aperture of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) as a late complication and an unreported finding during the natural course of adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AFVD).

Methods:

Four diagnosed cases of AFVD followed for a period ranging from 4 to 8 years. All patients had documented records of clinical examination, fundus autofluorescence and fluorescein angiography, and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography at regular intervals.

Results:

Besides the known stages in the natural course of AFVD, RPE aperture was noted as an additional finding during the vitelliruptive stage of the disease. The vitelliform material was noted beneath the disrupted RPE before disappearance. Accumulation of vitelliform material continued even after the vitelliruptive stage.

Conclusion:

RPE aperture may represent an ongoing process in the natural course of AFVD.

Quantitative changes in flow density in patients with adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy: an OCT angiography study

PURPOSE

To quantitatively compare the flow density, the retinal thickness, and the area of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) between patients with adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AOFVD) and a healthy controls.

METHODS

Thirteen eyes (eight patients) with AOFVD and 13 matched eyes (13 patients) without any ocular pathology were included in this study. A 6 × 6 mm optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) scan was performed for every included eye. The flow density (superficial retinal vascular layer, deep retinal vascular layer and choriocapillary layer), retinal thickness and FAZ (superficial retinal vascular layer and deep retinal vascular layer) were subsequently analyzed.

RESULTS

The mean flow density was decreased in the AOFVD patients in all measured vascular layers. The difference from the control group was statistically significant in the parafoveal sector of the deep retinal vascular layer (P = 0.02), and a clear trend was found in the superficial retinal vascular layer (P = 0.05). Both groups had comparable FAZs in the superficial and deep retinal vascular layers. The retinal thickness values were higher in the fovea (P = 0.840) and lower in the parafoveal sectors (P = 0.125). The difference was significant in the superior parafoveal sector (P = 0.034).

CONCLUSIONS

Flow densities as measured by OCTA are decreased in the superficial retinal vascular layer and the deep retinal vascular layer in patients with AOFVD. These findings could be helpful for diagnosing and understanding the pathogenesis of this disease.

Microperimetric evaluation in patients with adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy

Introduction:

To compare mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), retinal sensitivity (RS), and bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA) in patients with adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AOFVD) and healthy subjects (HSs), reporting also functional disease-related changes in the different stages of the AOFVD disease.

Materials and Methods:

In this observational cross-sectional study, a total of 19 patients (30 eyes; 12 female and 7 male) with AOFVD were enrolled, and 30 patients (30 eyes; 16 female and 14 male) were recruited as age-matched control group (74.36 ± 9.17 years vs. 71.83 ± 6.99 years respectively, P = 0.11). All patients underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination, fundus autofluorescence and fluorescein angiography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and microperimetry (MP)-1 analysis. The data collection included mean BCVA, mean RS measured by means of MP-1, BCEA, and central retinal thickness.

Results:

All the functional parameters (BCVA, RS, and BCEA) were significantly worse in AOFVD group than HS. Subgroup analysis showed that the most significant functional changes, quantified by mean BCVA, RS, and BCEA, were in the atrophic stage (P = 0.03, P = 0.01, and P = 0.001, respectively). All the functional parameters were well correlated in the different stages.

Conclusions:

This study further confirms the good visual prognosis in the AOFVD eyes. Fixation stability measurement using BCEA demonstrates good evaluation of visual performance integrating traditional functional parameters. It may also serve for further rehabilitative purposes in atrophic eyes.

Clinical Characteristics, Choroidal Neovascularization, and Predictors of Visual Outcomes in Acquired Vitelliform Lesions

PURPOSE

To quantify the temporal properties of the acquired vitelliform lesion (AVL) life cycle, define the clinical characteristics of choroidal neovascularization (NV) in this setting, and determine the predictors of long-term visual outcomes.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

METHODS

Clinical and imaging data from 199 eyes of 124 consecutive patients with AVLs associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AOFVD) were analyzed. Volumetric calculations of vitelliform material were determined using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and the temporal properties of the AVL life cycle were quantified. The clinical characteristics of NV were assessed, as were the predictors of final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and change in BCVA.

RESULTS

Mean age was 79.2 ± 12.1 years. AVLs grew and collapsed at approximately the same rate (P = .275). Fifteen eyes (7.5%) developed NV, of which all were type 1. In 13 of these eyes, NV occurred during the collapse phase of the AVL life cycle, after the peak AVL volume was reached. The risk of NV (P = .006) and the decline in BCVA (P = .001) were both significantly greater among eyes with AMD. Foveal atrophy was the characteristic most significantly associated with final BCVA and change in BCVA from baseline (both P < .0005). The development of NV was not predictive of long-term visual outcomes (all P = .216).

CONCLUSIONS

Complications associated with AVLs typically occur during the collapse phase of the AVL life cycle. Visual outcomes and risk of NV are related to the underlying disease associated with AVLs.

Multimodal imaging of combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium associated with an acquired vitelliform lesion

Background

We present a case of a combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium associated with a subfoveal acquired vitelliform lesion induced by vitreomacular traction. The purpose of this report is to present a unifying hypothesis of these concurrent findings, as aided by multimodal imaging.

Case Presentation

A 25-year-old white man presented with a 6-month history of a visual disturbance in his left eye. At presentation, ophthalmic assessment showed a combined hamartoma adjacent to his optic nerve that had caused marked corrugation within the inner retinal surface. An acquired vitelliform lesion was present in the macula with an associated epiretinal membrane as demonstrated on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Optical coherence tomography angiography corroborated the clinical diagnosis of combined hamartoma.

Conclusions

We are not aware of previous cases of a combined hamartoma associated with an acquired vitelliform lesion. As previously proposed in acquired vitelliform lesions related to epiretinal membrane and vitreoretinal traction, we believe that macular tractional forces might interfere with retinal pigment epithelium phagocytosis of shed outer segments, leading to the occurrence of this acquired vitelliform lesion.

Optical Coherence Tomography Reflective Drusen Substructures Predict Progression to Geographic Atrophy in Age-related Macular Degeneration

PURPOSE

Structural and compositional heterogeneity within drusen comprising lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins have been previously described. We sought to detect and define phenotypic patterns of drusen heterogeneity in the form of optical coherence tomography-reflective drusen substructures (ODS) and examine their associations with age-related macular degeneration (AMD)-related features and AMD progression.

DESIGN

Retrospective analysis in a prospective study.

PARTICIPANTS

Patients with intermediate AMD (n = 349) enrolled in the multicenter Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) ancillary spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) study.

METHODS

Baseline SD OCT scans of 1 eye per patient were analyzed for the presence of ODS. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of ODS presence with AMD-related features visible on SD OCT and color photographs, including drusen volume, geographic atrophy (GA), and preatrophic features, were evaluated for the entire macular region. Similar associations were also made locally within a 0.5-mm-diameter region around individual ODS and corresponding control region without ODS in the same eye.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Preatrophy SD OCT changes and GA, central GA, and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) from color photographs.

RESULTS

Four phenotypic subtypes of ODS were defined: low reflective cores, high reflective cores, conical debris, and split drusen. Among the 349 participants, there were 307 eligible eyes and 74 (24%) had at least 1 ODS. The ODS at baseline were associated with (1) greater macular drusen volume at baseline (P < 0.001), (2) development of preatrophic changes at year 2 (P = 0.001-0.01), and (3) development of macular GA (P = 0.005) and preatrophic changes at year 3 (P = 0.002-0.008), but not development of CNV. The ODS at baseline in a local region were associated with (1) presence of preatrophy changes at baseline (P = 0.02-0.03) and (2) development of preatrophy changes at years 2 and 3 within the region (P = 0.008-0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Optical coherence tomography-reflective drusen substructures are optical coherence tomography-based biomarkers of progression to GA, but not to CNV, in eyes with intermediate AMD. Optical coherence tomography-reflective drusen substructures may be a clinical entity helpful in monitoring AMD progression and informing mechanisms in GA pathogenesis.

Multimodal Image Analysis in Acquired Vitelliform Lesions and Adult-Onset Foveomacular Vitelliform Dystrophy

Purpose. To characterize vitelliform lesions (VLs) in adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AOFVD) and acquired vitelliform (AVL) patients using multimodal image analysis. Methods. Retrospective study of twenty-eight eyes from nineteen patients diagnosed with AVL or AOFVD. They were evaluated by color fundus photographs, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fluorescein angiography (FA), and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Results. Bilateral VLs were associated with AOFVD (p = 0.013). Regular and centered VLs were associated with AOFVD (p = 0.004 and p = 0.016), whereas irregular and noncentered lesions were more frequent in AVL patients. Visual acuity, greatest linear dimension (GLD), lesion height (LH), and pseudohypopyon were similar between groups. Whereas median LH and GLD in AVL group diminished significantly during follow-up (p = 0.009 and p = 0.001), AOFVD lesions tended to become larger and thicker. Conclusions. When consulting a patient presenting a VL with unknown age of onset, familial history, or previous retinal diseases, some aspects of multimodal imaging assessment may lead the ophthalmologist to a correct diagnosis.

Characterising the phenotype and progression of sporadic adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AFVD) is a relatively common macular degeneration which might lead to substantial visual loss. Our purpose was to describe the natural course of genetically evaluated patients with sporadic AFVD.

METHODS

A retrospective, consecutive, cohort study included 95 eyes of 51 patients. Mutations in genes previously associated with AFVD (PRPH2, BEST1, IMPG-1 and IMPG-2) were evaluated. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography features were analysed. Main outcome measures were changes in the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and lesion morphology during the follow-up.

RESULTS

The mean age (±SD) at diagnosis was 73.8±10.7 years. Mean (±SD) follow-up period was 30.4±16.3 months (range 0-44 months; median 25 months). All patients were genotyped negative for the evaluated mutations. Fifty-three of the eyes were followed for at least 36 months. At baseline these eyes had a mean BCVA (±SD) of 0.27±0.35 LogMAR, and at 36-months BCVA decreased to 0.38±0.35 (p=0.02). At baseline, 23 of these 53 eyes (43.4%) had the vitelliform stage, while only 10 eyes (18.9%) remained at this stage at 36 months (p=0.01). Ellipsoid zone alterations progressed during the follow-up (n=53 eyes) and showed correlation with BCVA reduction (Pearson's correlation coefficient=0.7, p=0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

Sporadic AFVD is a slowly progressing macular degeneration of older people. It is associated with visual decline at the rate of approximately one ETDRS line during 3 years. Patients with sporadic AFVD are usually negative for the known mutations previously associated with this phenotype, and present at an age that is higher than described for monogenic AFVD.

Correlation of Type 1 Neovascularization Associated With Acquired Vitelliform Lesion in the Setting of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

PURPOSE

To correlate postmortem histology with previously recorded multimodal imaging from a patient with type 1 neovascularization (NV) associated with an acquired vitelliform lesion in the setting of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

DESIGN

Case study.

METHODS

Multimodal imaging that was obtained antemortem was matched with ex vivo and high-resolution histologic images of the preserved donor macula. Anatomic correlates for multimodal imaging findings were then defined.

RESULTS

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed a split in the retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch membrane band. Type 1 NV in this case was composed of 6 layered components: (1) retinal pigment epithelium, (2) basal laminar deposits, (3) fibrovascular membrane, (4) fibrocellular scar, (5) hemorrhage, and (6) Bruch membrane. The anatomic correlates for the hyporeflective band on spectral-domain OCT included a thick basal laminar deposit. Not all structures could be readily separated on the basis of their reflectivity patterns.

CONCLUSIONS

This is an important clinicopathologic correlation of NV secondary to AMD in the spectral-domain OCT era. Our findings of 6 layers include and extend the anatomic framework encapsulated by the double-layer and triple-layer signs. The resolution of current devices does not always permit distinction of the different layers of NV tissue. Thick basal laminar deposits may appear hyporeflective on spectral-domain OCT and may be confused with fluid from a neovascular process. It will be important to perform a larger clinicopathologic series to aid our anatomic interpretation of spectral-domain OCT images.

Retinopathy in a patient with acute Epstein-Barr virus infection: follow-up analysis using spectral domain optical coherence tomography

PURPOSE

To describe the clinical findings, diagnostics, and differential diagnosis in a patient with retinopathy in acute systemic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection.

METHODS

Description of the clinical course of the EBV retinopathy was based on the medical record, photographs, and visual fields of the patient. Retinal morphology was visualized using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (Heidelberg Engineering), and fluorescein angiography. Multiple serologic tests were performed to exclude different infectious agents. A 30-year-old male patient presented with a focal scotoma in his right visual field. One week ago, he suffered from high fever, joint pain, neck stiffness, and hepatitis; 2 weeks later, he had returned from a trip to Malaysia.

RESULTS

Visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes. Fundoscopy showed a paravascular sharp-edged white lesion with a corresponding crescent-shaped retinal nerve fiber defect. Serology revealed high titers for EBV immunoglobulin M (IgM), but no EBV immunoglobulin G (IgG), indicating an acute infectious mononucleosis. Other reasons for noninfectious or infectious retinochoroiditis including tropical microorganisms could be excluded serologically and by imaging. Treatment with systemic acyclovir and prednisolone acetate eye drops was initiated leading to recovery of systemic and ocular findings.

CONCLUSION

Acute systemic EBV infection can affect the retina leading to focal thickening of the inner retinal layers because of focal microinfarction (cotton-wool spot) or focal infectious infiltration. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography is capable of detecting changes in retinal morphology in such cases.

A case of Mac Tel 2 with an unusual sub macular vitelliform lesion

Method: Observational case report describing the clinical, FFA, OCT and mfERG findings in an elderly female patient with atypical features of macular telangiectasia (Mac Tel 2)

Results: A 71-year-old lady was detected to have characteristic features of Mac Tel 2 in the left eye (LE) and a yellowish sub macular vitelliform like lesion in the right eye (RE). FFA showed ill defined hyper fluorescence in the RE and telangiectasia and parafoveal leakage typical of Mac Tel 2 in the LE. On OCT RE had hyper reflective clump of echoes subfoveally with an intact RPE and LE had foveal thinning with hypo reflective intraretinal cavities. mfERG responses were normal in the RE and reduced in the LE. During the course of 3 years LE showed natural progression while RE remained unchanged.

Conclusion: Structural and functional evaluation of an unusual sub macular vitelliform lesion seen in association with Mac Tel 2 and its course over a period of 3 years is described. The differentiating features of this lesion from adult onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AFMD) are discussed.

Multimodal imaging of adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy

Adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AOFVD) is a clinically heterogeneous maculopathy that may mimic other conditions and be difficult to diagnose. It is characterized by late onset, slow progression and high variability in morphologic and functional alterations. Diagnostic evaluation should include careful ophthalmoscopy and imaging studies. The typical ophthalmoscopic findings are bilateral, asymmetric, foveal or perifoveal, yellow, solitary, round to oval elevated subretinal lesions, often with central pigmentation. The lesions characteristically demonstrate increased autofluorescence and hypofluorescent lesions surrounded by irregular annular hyperfluorescence on fluorescein angiography. Optical coherence tomography studies demonstrate homogenous or heterogeneous hyperreflective material between the retinal pigment epithelium and the neurosensory retina. The visual prognosis is generally favorable, but visual loss can occur from chorioretinal atrophy and choroidal neovascularization.

Bevacizumab treatment for choroidal neovascularization associated with adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy

PURPOSE

To evaluate choroidal neovascularization (CNV) associated with adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AOFVD) and its response to bevacizumab therapy.

METHODS

Demographics, clinical characteristics, response to bevacizumab therapy, and central foveal thickness (CFT) were retrospectively assessed in 11 eyes with CNV associated with AOFVD. Sixty consecutive patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were compared to the patients with AOFVD for all clinical characteristics and responses evaluated.

RESULTS

The mean (±SD) initial logMAR visual acuity (0.7 ± 0.8 vs. 1 ± 0.75), age at onset, number of bevacizumab injections (12.4 ± 10.4 vs 9 ± 6.7), and final logMAR visual acuity (0.87 ± 0.7 vs 1 ± 0.85) were similar between AOFVD and AMD. The mean CFT in AOFVD was reduced from 418 ± 144 µm to 330 ± 64 µm following treatment (p = 0.03). At the final examination, visual acuity had improved in 3 eyes, stabilized in 1 eye, and was reduced in 7 of the AOFVD eyes examined.

CONCLUSIONS

Bevacizumab therapy for AOFVD-associated CNV resulted in reduced foveal thickness, but a guarded visual outcome was still found, due to progression of the vitelliform lesions.

Reticular pattern dystrophy of the retina: a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography analysis

PURPOSE

To analyze the outer retinal and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) features of reticular pattern dystrophy of the retina using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT).

DESIGN

Retrospective observational case series.

METHODS

Consecutive patients with reticular pattern dystrophy of the retina underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination, including assessment of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fundus biomicroscopy, fluorescein angiography (FA), and SDOCT.

RESULTS

Twenty-two eyes of 13 patients (6 men, 7 women, mean age 68.6 ± 14.5 years) were included. In the foveal area, the RPE layer appeared normal in 45.5% of eyes, while small RPE elevations and RPE bumps were detected in 31.8% and 22.7% of eyes, respectively. The SDOCT scans showed disruption of inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS) junction in 54.6% of eyes, a slight elevation in 59.1% of eyes, and an absence in 45.5% of eyes. The outer limiting membrane (OLM) appeared disrupted in 50.0% of eyes, absent in 22.7% of eyes, and elevated in 63.6% of eyes. Hyper-reflective subretinal material accumulation or hyporeflective subretinal lesions in the retrofoveolar region were detected in 70% and in 20% of eyes, respectively. SDOCT showed hyporeflective retinal pseudocysts in 13.6% of eyes.

CONCLUSION

In this study on reticular pattern dystrophy of the retina, SDOCT provided a description of the material deposits and the alterations of the RPE and the different retinal layers. We observe that the lesions present specific features distinct from other macular dystrophies, but closer to those reported in fundus flavimaculatus than those reported in adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy. Further analyses are needed, particularly to analyze the progression of the lesions.

Optical coherence tomography for multifocal vitelliform macular dystrophy

PURPOSE

To describe the optical coherence tomography (OCT) features of multifocal vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD).

METHODS

Five patients (10 eyes) with multifocal VMD were examined by slit lamp biomicroscopy, fundus photography, and OCT.

RESULTS

Serous retinal detachment was present in the macular area in all eyes. A hyperreflective inner/outer segment interface was observed in the macula in nine of them. High reflectivity was homogeneous in six eyes of three patients with no prominent macular lesion. Retinoschisis-like changes could be clearly seen in four eyes evaluated by high-resolution OCT. A hyporeflectivity corresponded to the inner nuclear layer in two eyes. In four eyes with prominent macular lesions, a hyperreflective area between the hyporeflective outer nuclear layer and the hyperreflective retinal pigment epithelium layer was detectable.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the fundus appearance of multifocal VMD is quite variable, OCT features of the disease are relatively uniform. Optical coherence tomography could help the pathological interpretation and facilitate the diagnosis of VMD.

Pseudovitelliform Subfoveal Deposit in Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia

BACKGROUND

Waldenström's macroglobulinemia may be complicated by retinal hemorrhages, retinal vein occlusion, serous macular detachment or macular edema. We report a patient with pseudovitelliform subfoveal deposit complicating Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.

CASE REPORT

A 56-year-old man presented with hyperviscosity syndrome due to Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. After systemic therapy, a large serous retinal detachment persisted in the left eye. A pseudovitelliform subfoveal deposit was observed in the right eye.

CONCLUSION

Pseudovitelliform subfoveal deposits may be part of the spectrum of ocular complications in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. They could be due to accumulation of macroglobulins.