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Wang X, Hoshi S, Liu R, Zhang Y. Modeling Human Macular Cone Photoreceptor Spatial Distribution. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:14. [PMID: 38975943 PMCID: PMC11232901 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.8.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of human cone photoreceptors and examine cone density differences between the retinal meridians and quadrants. Method Using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, the maculae were imaged in 17 eyes of 11 subjects with normal chorioretinal health aged 54 to 72 years. We measured cone density at 325 points within the central 10 degrees radius of the retina. Cone density spatial distributions along the primary retinal meridians and in four macular quadrants (superior-nasal, superior-temporal, inferior-temporal, and inferior-nasal) were analytically modeled using the polynomial function to assess the meridional and quadrantal difference. Results The mean and 95% confidence interval for the prediction of cone density along the primary retinal meridians was modeled with a 7-degree one-variable polynomial (R2 = 0.9761, root mean squared error [RMSE] = 0.0585). In the 4 retinal quadrants, cone density distribution was described by a 2-variable polynomial with X degree 3 and Y degree 4 (R² = 0.9834, RMSE = 0.0377). The models suggest no statistically significant difference between medians and between quadrants. However, cone density difference at corresponding spatial locations in different areas can be up to 25.6%. The superior-nasal region has more areas with high cone density, followed by quadrants of inferior-nasal, inferior-temporal, and superior-temporal. Conclusions Analytical modeling provides comprehensive knowledge of cone distribution across the entire macula. Although modeling analysis suggests no statistically significant difference between medians and between quadrants, the remarkable cone density discrepancies in certain regions should be accounted for in applications requiring sensitive detection of cone variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Sujin Hoshi
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ruixue Liu
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Kar D, Singireddy R, Kim YJ, Packer O, Schalek R, Cao D, Sloan KR, Pollreisz A, Dacey DM, Curcio CA. Unusual morphology of foveal Müller glia in an adult human born pre-term. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1409405. [PMID: 38994326 PMCID: PMC11236602 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1409405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The fovea of the human retina, a specialization for acute and color vision, features a high concentration of cone photoreceptors. A pit on the inner retinal aspect is created by the centrifugal migration of post-receptoral neurons. Foveal cells are specified early in fetal life, but the fovea reaches its final configuration postnatally. Pre-term birth retards migration resulting in a small pit, a small avascular zone, and nearly continuous inner retinal layers. To explore the involvement of Müller glia, we used serial-section electron microscopic reconstructions to examine the morphology and neural contacts of Müller glia contacting a single foveal cone in a 28-year-old male organ donor born at 28 weeks of gestation. A small non-descript foveal avascular zone contained massed glial processes that included a novel class of 'inner' Müller glia. Similar to classic 'outer' Müller glia that span the retina, inner Müller glia have bodies in the inner nuclear layer (INL). These cells are densely packed with intermediate filaments and insert processes between neurons. Unlike 'outer' Müller glia, 'inner' Müller glia do not reach the external limiting membrane but instead terminate at the outer plexiform layer. One completely reconstructed inner cell ensheathed cone pedicles and a cone-driven circuit of midget bipolar and ganglion cells. Inner Müller glia outnumber foveal cones by 1.8-fold in the outer nuclear layer (221,448 vs. 123,026 cells/mm2). Cell bodies of inner Müller glia outnumber those of outer Müller glia by 1.7-fold in the INL (41,872 vs. 24,631 cells/ mm2). Müller glia account for 95 and 80% of the volume of the foveal floor and Henle fiber layer, respectively. Determining whether inner cells are anomalies solely resulting from retarded lateral migration of inner retinal neurons in pre-term birth requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepayan Kar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ramya Singireddy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Yeon Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Orin Packer
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Richard Schalek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Dongfeng Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kenneth R Sloan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Andreas Pollreisz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dennis M Dacey
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Adhan I, Warr E, Grieshop J, Kreis J, Nikezic D, Walesa A, Hemsworth K, Cooper RF, Carroll J. Intervisit Reproducibility of Foveal Cone Density Metrics. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:18. [PMID: 38913007 PMCID: PMC11205225 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.6.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess longitudinal reproducibility of metrics of foveal density (peak cone density [PCD], cone density centroid [CDC], and 80th percentile centroid area) in participants with normal vision. Methods Participants (n = 19; five male and 14 female) were imaged at two time points (average interval of 3.2 years) using an adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope (AOSLO). Foveally centered regions of interest (ROIs) were extracted from AOSLO montages. Cone coordinate matrices were semiautomatically derived for each ROI, and cone mosaic metrics were calculated. Results On average, there were no significant changes in cone mosaic metrics between visits. The average ± SD PCD was 187,000 ± 20,000 cones/mm2 and 189,000 ± 21,700 cones/mm2 for visits 1 and 2, respectively (P = 0.52). The average ± SD density at the CDC was 183,000 ± 19,000 cones/mm2 and 184,000 ± 20,800 cones/mm2 for visits 1 and 2, respectively (P = 0.78). The average ± SD 80th percentile isodensity contour area was 15,400 ± 1800 µm2 and 15,600 ± 1910 µm2 for visits 1 and 2, respectively (P = 0.57). Conclusions Foveal cone mosaic density metrics were highly reproducible in the cohort examined here, although further study is required in more diverse populations. Translational Relevance Determination of the normative longitudinal changes in foveal cone topography is key for evaluating longitudinal measures of foveal cone topography in patients with progressive retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iniya Adhan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Emma Warr
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jenna Grieshop
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Joseph Kreis
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Danica Nikezic
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ashleigh Walesa
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Katherine Hemsworth
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robert F. Cooper
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Warr E, Grieshop J, Cooper RF, Carroll J. The effect of sampling window size on topographical maps of foveal cone density. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024; 4:1348950. [PMID: 38984138 PMCID: PMC11182112 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2024.1348950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Purpose To characterize the effect of sampling window size on maps of foveal cone density derived from adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) images of the cone mosaic. Methods Forty-four AOSLO-derived montages of the foveal cone mosaic (300 x 300µm) were used for this study (from 44 individuals with normal vision). Cone photoreceptor coordinates were semi-automatically identified by one experienced grader. From these coordinates, cone density matrices across each foveal montage were derived using 10 different sampling window sizes containing 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 150, or 200 cones. For all 440 density matrices, we extracted the location and value of peak cone density (PCD), the cone density centroid (CDC) location, and cone density at the CDC. Results Across all window sizes, PCD values were larger than those extracted at the CDC location, though the difference between these density values decreased as the sampling window size increased (p<0.0001). Overall, both PCD (r=-0.8099, p=0.0045) and density at the CDC (r=-0.7596, p=0.0108) decreased with increasing sampling window size. This reduction was more pronounced for PCD, with a 27.8% lower PCD value on average when using the 200-cone versus the 5-cone window (compared to only a 3.5% reduction for density at the CDC between these same window sizes). While the PCD and CDC locations did not occur at the same location within a given montage, there was no significant relationship between this PCD-CDC offset and sampling window size (p=0.8919). The CDC location was less variable across sampling windows, with an average per-participant 95% confidence ellipse area across the 10 window sizes of 47.56µm² (compared to 844.10µm² for the PCD location, p<0.0001). Conclusion CDC metrics appear more stable across varying sampling window sizes than PCD metrics. Understanding how density values change according to the method used to sample the cone mosaic may facilitate comparing cone density data across different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Warr
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jenna Grieshop
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Robert F Cooper
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Untaroiu A, Reis LM, Higgins BP, Walesa A, Zacharias S, Nikezic D, Costakos DM, Carroll J, Semina EV. In Vivo Assessment of Retinal Phenotypes in Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:20. [PMID: 38587439 PMCID: PMC11005067 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.4.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is characterized by ocular anomalies including posterior embryotoxon, iridocorneal adhesions, corectopia/iris hypoplasia, and developmental glaucoma. Although anterior segment defects and glaucoma contribute to decreased visual acuity, the role of potential posterior segment abnormalities has not been explored. We used high-resolution retinal imaging to test the hypothesis that individuals with ARS have posterior segment pathology. Methods Three individuals with FOXC1-ARS and 10 with PITX2-ARS completed slit-lamp and fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography, and adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO). Quantitative metrics were compared to previously published values for individuals with normal vision. Results All individuals demonstrated typical anterior segment phenotypes. Average ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer thickness was lower in PITX2-ARS, consistent with the glaucoma history in this group. A novel phenotype of foveal hypoplasia was noted in 40% of individuals with PITX2-ARS (but none with FOXC1-ARS). Moreover, the depth and volume of the foveal pit were significantly lower in PITX2-ARS compared to normal controls, even excluding individuals with foveal hypoplasia. Analysis of known foveal hypoplasia genes failed to identify an alternative explanation. Foveal cone density was decreased in one individual with foveal hypoplasia and normal in six without foveal hypoplasia. Two individuals (one from each group) demonstrated non-foveal retinal irregularities with regions of photoreceptor anomalies on OCT and AOSLO. Conclusions These findings implicate PITX2 in the development of the posterior segment, particularly the fovea, in humans. The identified posterior segment phenotypes may contribute to visual acuity deficits in individuals with PITX2-ARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Untaroiu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Linda M. Reis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Brian P. Higgins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Ashleigh Walesa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Serena Zacharias
- School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Danica Nikezic
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Deborah M. Costakos
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Childrens Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
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Curcio CA, Kar D, Owsley C, Sloan KR, Ach T. Age-Related Macular Degeneration, a Mathematically Tractable Disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:4. [PMID: 38466281 PMCID: PMC10916886 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A progression sequence for age-related macular degeneration onset may be determinable with consensus neuroanatomical nomenclature augmented by drusen biology and eye-tracked clinical imaging. This narrative review proposes to supplement the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (sETDRS) grid with a ring to capture high rod densities. Published photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) densities in flat mounted aged-normal donor eyes were recomputed for sETDRS rings including near-periphery rich in rods and cumulatively for circular fovea-centered regions. Literature was reviewed for tissue-level studies of aging outer retina, population-level epidemiology studies regionally assessing risk, vision studies regionally assessing rod-mediated dark adaptation (RMDA), and impact of atrophy on photopic visual acuity. The 3 mm-diameter xanthophyll-rich macula lutea is rod-dominant and loses rods in aging whereas cone and RPE numbers are relatively stable. Across layers, the largest aging effects are accumulation of lipids prominent in drusen, loss of choriocapillary coverage of Bruch's membrane, and loss of rods. Epidemiology shows maximal risk for drusen-related progression in the central subfield with only one third of this risk level in the inner ring. RMDA studies report greatest slowing at the perimeter of this high-risk area. Vision declines precipitously when the cone-rich central subfield is invaded by geographic atrophy. Lifelong sustenance of foveal cone vision within the macula lutea leads to vulnerability in late adulthood that especially impacts rods at its perimeter. Adherence to an sETDRS grid and outer retinal cell populations within it will help dissect mechanisms, prioritize research, and assist in selecting patients for emerging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Deepayan Kar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Cynthia Owsley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Sloan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Thomas Ach
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Domdei N, Ameln J, Gutnikov A, Witten JL, Holz FG, Wahl S, Harmening WM. Cone Density Is Correlated to Outer Segment Length and Retinal Thickness in the Human Foveola. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:11. [PMID: 38064229 PMCID: PMC10709802 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.15.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Assessment of the relationship between in vivo foveolar cone density, cone outer segment length (OSL), and foveal retinal thickness (RT). Methods Foveolar cone density maps covering the central ±300 µm of the retina were derived from adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy images. The corresponding maps of foveal cone OSL and RT were derived from high-resolution optical coherence tomography volume scans. Alignment of the two-dimensional maps containing OSL and RT with the cone density map was achieved by placing the location of maximum OSL on the cone density centroid (CDC). Results Across 10 participants (27 ± 9 years; 6 female), cone density at the CDC was found to be between 147,038 and 215,681 cones/mm². The maximum OSL and minimum RT were found to lie between 31 and 40, and 193 and 226 µm, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between cone density at the CDC and maximum OSL (P = 0.001), as well as the minimal RT (P < 0.05). Across all participants, the best fit for the relationship between normalized cone density and normalized OSL within the central 300 µm was given by a quadratic function. Conclusions Using optical coherence tomography-derived measurements of OSL enables to estimate CDC cone density and two-dimensional foveal cone density maps for example in patient eyes unsuitable for adaptive optics imaging. Furthermore, the observation of a fixed relationship between the normalized OSL and cone density points to a conserved mechanism shaping the foveal pit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Domdei
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
| | - Julius Ameln
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Jenny L Witten
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Asano S, Asaoka R, Oishi A, Fujino Y, Murata H, Azuma K, Miyata M, Obata R, Inoue T. Investigating the clinical validity of the guided progression analysis definition with 10-2 visual field in retinitis pigmentosa. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291208. [PMID: 37682905 PMCID: PMC10490847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the clinical validity of the Guided Progression Analysis definition (GPAD) and cluster-based definition (CBD) with the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) 10-2 test in retinitis pigmentosa (RP). METHODS Ten non-progressive RP visual fields (VFs) (HFA 10-2 test) were simulated for each of 10 VFs of 111 eyes (10 simulations × 10 VF sequencies × 111 eyes = 111,000 VFs; Dataset 1). Using these simulated VFs, the specificity of GPAD for the detection of progression was determined. Using this dataset, similar analyses were conducted for the CBD, in which the HFA 10-2 test was divided into four quadrants. Subsequently, the Hybrid Definition was designed by combining the GPAD and CBD; various conditions of the GPAD and CBD were altered to approach a specificity of 95.0%. Subsequently, actual HFA 10-2 tests of 116 RP eyes (10 VFs each) were collected (Dataset 2), and true positive rate, true negative rate, false positive rate, and the time required to detect VF progression were evaluated and compared across the GPAD, CBD, and Hybrid Definition. RESULTS Specificity values were 95.4% and 98.5% for GPAD and CBD, respectively. There were no significant differences in true positive rate, true negative rate, and false positive rate between the GPAD, CBD, and Hybrid Definition. The GPAD and Hybrid Definition detected progression significantly earlier than the CBD (at 4.5, 5.0, and 4.5 years, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The GPAD and the optimized Hybrid Definition exhibited similar ability for the detection of progression, with the specificity reaching 95.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Asano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asahi General Hospital, Asahi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryo Asaoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
- Seirei Christopher University, Shizuoka, Japan
- Nanovision Research Division, Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
- The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akio Oishi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuri Fujino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Azuma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Miyata
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Obata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Micro-Technology, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
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McGwin G, Kar D, Berlin A, Clark ME, Swain TA, Crosson JN, Sloan KR, Owsley C, Curcio CA. Macular and Plasma Xanthophylls Are Higher in Age-related Macular Degeneration than in Normal Aging: Alabama Study on Early Age-related Macular Degeneration 2 Baseline. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2023; 3:100263. [PMID: 36864830 PMCID: PMC9972499 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2022.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Quantification of retinal xanthophyll carotenoids in eyes with and without age-related macular degeneration (AMD) via macular pigment optical volume (MPOV), a metric for xanthophyll abundance from dual wavelength autofluorescence, plus correlations to plasma levels, could clarify the role of lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) in health, AMD progression, and supplementation strategies. Design Cross-sectional observational study (NCT04112667). Participants Adults ≥ 60 years from a comprehensive ophthalmology clinic, with healthy maculas or maculas meeting fundus criteria for early or intermediate AMD. Methods Macular health and supplement use was assessed by the Age-related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) 9-step scale and self-report, respectively. Macular pigment optical volume was measured from dual wavelength autofluorescence emissions (Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering). Non-fasting blood draws were assayed for L and Z using high-performance liquid chromatography. Associations among plasma xanthophylls and MPOV were assessed adjusting for age. Main Outcome Measures Age-related macular degeneration presence and severity, MPOV in fovea-centered regions of radius 2.0° and 9.0°; plasma L and Z (μM/ml). Results Of 809 eyes from 434 persons (89% aged 60-79, 61% female), 53.3% eyes were normal, 28.2% early AMD, and 18.5% intermediate AMD. Macular pigment optical volume 2° and 9° were similar in phakic and pseudophakic eyes, which were combined for analysis. Macular pigment optical volume 2° and 9° and plasma L and Z were higher in early AMD than normal and higher still in intermediate AMD (P < 0.0001). For all participants, higher plasma L was correlated with higher MPOV 2° (Spearman correlation coefficient [Rs] = 0.49; P < 0.0001). These correlations were significant (P < 0.0001) but lower in normal (Rs = 0.37) than early and intermediate AMD (Rs = 0.52 and 0.51, respectively). Results were similar for MPOV 9°. Plasma Z, MPOV 2°, and MPOV 9° followed this same pattern of associations. Associations were not affected by supplement use or smoking status. Conclusions A moderate positive correlation of MPOV with plasma L and Z comports with regulated xanthophyll bioavailability and a hypothesized role for xanthophyll transfer in soft drusen biology. An assumption that xanthophylls are low in AMD retina underlies supplementation strategies to reduce progression risk, which our data do not support. Whether higher xanthophyll levels in AMD are due to supplement use cannot be determined in this study.
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Key Words
- ALSTAR2, Alabama Study on Early Age-related Macular Degeneration 2
- AMD, age-related macular degeneration
- AREDS, age-related eye disease studies
- Age-related macular degeneration
- Autofluorescence
- BrM, Bruch’s membrane
- HDL, high density lipoprotein
- L, Lutein
- Lutein
- MP, macular pigment
- MPOD, macular pigment optical density
- MPOV, macular pigment optical volume
- Macular xanthophyll pigment
- RPE, retinal pigment epithelium
- Z, Zeaxanthin
- Zeaxanthin
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald McGwin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Deepayan Kar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Andreas Berlin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Mark E. Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Thomas A. Swain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jason N. Crosson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Retina Consultants of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kenneth R. Sloan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Computer Science, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Cynthia Owsley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Christine A. Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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10
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Whitmore SS, DeLuca AP, Andorf JL, Cheng JL, Mansoor M, Fortenbach CR, Critser DB, Russell JF, Stone EM, Han IC. Modeling rod and cone photoreceptor cell survival in vivo using optical coherence tomography. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6896. [PMID: 37106000 PMCID: PMC10140056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many retinal diseases involve the loss of light-sensing photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) over time. The severity and distribution of photoreceptor loss varies widely across diseases and affected individuals, so characterizing the degree and pattern of photoreceptor loss can clarify pathophysiology and prognosis. Currently, in vivo visualization of individual photoreceptors requires technology such as adaptive optics, which has numerous limitations and is not widely used. By contrast, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is nearly ubiquitous in daily clinical practice given its ease of image acquisition and detailed visualization of retinal structure. However, OCT cannot resolve individual photoreceptors, and no OCT-based method exists to distinguish between the loss of rods versus cones. Here, we present a computational model that quantitatively estimates rod versus cone photoreceptor loss from OCT. Using histologic data of human photoreceptor topography, we constructed an OCT-based reference model to simulate outer nuclear layer thinning caused by differential loss of rods and cones. The model was able to estimate rod and cone loss using in vivo OCT data from patients with Stargardt disease and healthy controls. Our model provides a powerful new tool to quantify photoreceptor loss using OCT data alone, with potentially broad applications for research and clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Scott Whitmore
- The University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research & Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Adam P DeLuca
- The University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research & Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jeaneen L Andorf
- The University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research & Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Justine L Cheng
- The University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research & Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mahsaw Mansoor
- The University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research & Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Christopher R Fortenbach
- The University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research & Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - D Brice Critser
- The University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research & Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan F Russell
- The University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research & Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Edwin M Stone
- The University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research & Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ian C Han
- The University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research & Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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11
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Wang X, Sadda SR, Ip MS, Sarraf D, Zhang Y. In Vivo Longitudinal Measurement of Cone Photoreceptor Density in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 2023; 248:60-75. [PMID: 36436549 PMCID: PMC10038851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate cone photoreceptor density in clinically unremarkable retinal regions in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO). DESIGN Prospective case series with normal comparison group. METHODS Ten eyes of 7 patients with intermediate AMD were studied, including 4 with predominantly subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) and 3 without SDD. Macular regions with a clinical absence of AMD-associated lesions were identified by cone packing structure on AOSLO and optical coherence tomography. Cone density was measured in 1174 clinically unremarkable regions within the central subfield (CSF), the inner (IR), and outer rings (OR) of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study grid over 39.6 ± 3.3 months and compared with age-matched normal values obtained in 17 participants. RESULTS Cone density decreased at 98.3% of the examined locations over time in the eyes with AMD. In the CSF, IR, and OR, cones declined by -255 ± 135, -133 ± 45, and -59 ± 24 cones/degree2/year, respectively, in eyes with SDD, and by -212 ± 89, -83 ± 37, and -27 ± 18 cones/degree2/year, respectively, in eyes without SDD. The percentage of retinal loci with cone density lower than normal (Z score < -2) increased over the follow-up: from 42% at the baseline to 80% at the last visit in eyes with SDD and from 31% to 70% in eyes without SDD. CONCLUSIONS AOSLO revealed cone photoreceptor loss in regions that appear otherwise unremarkable clinically. These findings may help explain the loss of mesopic sensitivity reported in these areas in eyes with intermediate AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- From the Doheny Eye Institute (X.W., S.R.S., M.I., Y.Z.), Pasadena, California
| | - SriniVas R Sadda
- From the Doheny Eye Institute (X.W., S.R.S., M.I., Y.Z.), Pasadena, California; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Los Angeles (S.R.S., M.I., D.S., Y.Z.), Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael S Ip
- From the Doheny Eye Institute (X.W., S.R.S., M.I., Y.Z.), Pasadena, California; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Los Angeles (S.R.S., M.I., D.S., Y.Z.), Los Angeles, California
| | - David Sarraf
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Los Angeles (S.R.S., M.I., D.S., Y.Z.), Los Angeles, California; Stein Eye Institute (David Sarraf), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- From the Doheny Eye Institute (X.W., S.R.S., M.I., Y.Z.), Pasadena, California; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Los Angeles (S.R.S., M.I., D.S., Y.Z.), Los Angeles, California.
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12
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Wynne N, Cava JA, Gaffney M, Heitkotter H, Scheidt A, Reiniger JL, Grieshop J, Yang K, Harmening WM, Cooper RF, Carroll J. Intergrader agreement of foveal cone topography measured using adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:4445-4454. [PMID: 36032569 PMCID: PMC9408252 DOI: 10.1364/boe.460821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The foveal cone mosaic can be directly visualized using adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO). Previous studies in individuals with normal vision report wide variability in the topography of the foveal cone mosaic, especially the value of peak cone density (PCD). While these studies often involve a human grader, there have been no studies examining intergrader reproducibility of foveal cone mosaic metrics. Here we re-analyzed published AOSLO foveal cone images from 44 individuals to assess the relationship between the cone density centroid (CDC) location and the location of PCD. Across 5 graders with variable experience, we found a measurement error of 11.7% in PCD estimates and higher intergrader reproducibility of CDC location compared to PCD location (p < 0.0001). These estimates of measurement error can be used in future studies of the foveal cone mosaic, and our results support use of the CDC location as a more reproducible anchor for cross-modality analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Wynne
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jenna A. Cava
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Mina Gaffney
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, 1250 W Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Heather Heitkotter
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Abigail Scheidt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jenny L. Reiniger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jenna Grieshop
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, 1250 W Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Kai Yang
- Division of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Wolf M. Harmening
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert F. Cooper
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, 1250 W Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, 1250 W Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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13
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Gill JS, Theofylaktopoulos V, Mitsios A, Houston S, Hagag AM, Dubis AM, Moosajee M. Investigating Biomarkers for USH2A Retinopathy Using Multimodal Retinal Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084198. [PMID: 35457016 PMCID: PMC9024786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in USH2A are a leading cause of visual loss secondary to non-syndromic or Usher syndrome-associated retinitis pigmentosa (RP). With an increasing number of RP-targeted clinical trials in progress, we sought to evaluate the photoreceptor topography underlying patterns of loss observed on clinical retinal imaging to guide surrogate endpoint selection in USH2A retinopathy. In this prospective cross-sectional study, twenty-five patients with molecularly confirmed USH2A-RP underwent fundus autofluorescence (FAF), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) retinal imaging. Analysis comprised measurement of FAF horizontal inner (IR) and outer (OR) hyperautofluorescent ring diameter; SD-OCT ellipsoid zone (EZ) and external limiting membrane (ELM) width, normalised EZ reflectance; AOSLO foveal cone density and intact macular photoreceptor mosaic (IMPM) diameter. Thirty-two eyes from 16 patients (mean age ± SD, 36.0 ± 14.2 years) with USH2A-associated Usher syndrome type 2 (n = 14) or non-syndromic RP (n = 2) met the inclusion criteria. Spatial alignment was observed between IR-EZ and OR-ELM diameters/widths (p < 0.001). The IMPM border occurred just lateral to EZ loss (p < 0.001), although sparser intact photoreceptor inner segments were detected until ELM disruption. EZ width and IR diameter displayed a biphasic relationship with cone density whereby slow cone loss occurred until retinal degeneration reached ~1350 μm from the fovea, beyond which greater reduction in cone density followed. Normalised EZ reflectance and cone density were significantly associated (p < 0.001). As the strongest correlate of cone density (p < 0.001) and best-corrected visual acuity (p < 0.001), EZ width is the most sensitive biomarker of structural and functional decline in USH2A retinopathy, rendering it a promising trial endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasdeep S. Gill
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (J.S.G.); (V.T.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (A.M.H.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Vasileios Theofylaktopoulos
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (J.S.G.); (V.T.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (A.M.H.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Andreas Mitsios
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (J.S.G.); (V.T.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (A.M.H.); (A.M.D.)
- NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Sarah Houston
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (J.S.G.); (V.T.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (A.M.H.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Ahmed M. Hagag
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (J.S.G.); (V.T.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (A.M.H.); (A.M.D.)
- NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Adam M. Dubis
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (J.S.G.); (V.T.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (A.M.H.); (A.M.D.)
- NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK
- Global Business School for Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (J.S.G.); (V.T.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (A.M.H.); (A.M.D.)
- NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-207-608-6971
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14
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Saha A, Capowski E, Fernandez Zepeda MA, Nelson EC, Gamm DM, Sinha R. Cone photoreceptors in human stem cell-derived retinal organoids demonstrate intrinsic light responses that mimic those of primate fovea. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:460-471.e3. [PMID: 35104442 PMCID: PMC9093561 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-definition vision in humans and nonhuman primates is initiated by cone photoreceptors located within a specialized region of the retina called the fovea. Foveal cone death is the ultimate cause of central blindness in numerous retinal dystrophies, including macular degenerative diseases. 3D retinal organoids (ROs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold tremendous promise to model and treat such diseases. To achieve this goal, RO cones should elicit robust and intrinsic light-evoked electrical responses (i.e., phototransduction) akin to adult foveal cones, which has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we show strong, graded, repetitive, and wavelength-specific light-evoked responses from RO cones. The photoresponses and membrane physiology of a significant fraction of these lab-generated cones are comparable with those of intact ex vivo primate fovea. These results greatly increase confidence in ROs as potential sources of functional human cones for cell replacement therapies, drug testing, and in vitro models of retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aindrila Saha
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Emma C Nelson
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David M Gamm
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raunak Sinha
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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15
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Zouache MA. Variability in Retinal Neuron Populations and Associated Variations in Mass Transport Systems of the Retina in Health and Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:778404. [PMID: 35283756 PMCID: PMC8914054 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.778404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a broad range of visual impairments that can have dramatic consequences on the quality of life of those impacted. These changes are driven by a complex series of alterations affecting interactions between multiple cellular and extracellular elements. The resilience of many of these interactions may be key to minimal loss of visual function in aging; yet many of them remain poorly understood. In this review, we focus on the relation between retinal neurons and their respective mass transport systems. These metabolite delivery systems include the retinal vasculature, which lies within the inner portion of the retina, and the choroidal vasculature located externally to the retinal tissue. A framework for investigation is proposed and applied to identify the structures and processes determining retinal mass transport at the cellular and tissue levels. Spatial variability in the structure of the retina and changes observed in aging are then harnessed to explore the relation between variations in neuron populations and those seen among retinal metabolite delivery systems. Existing data demonstrate that the relation between inner retinal neurons and their mass transport systems is different in nature from that observed between the outer retina and choroid. The most prominent structural changes observed across the eye and in aging are seen in Bruch's membrane, which forms a selective barrier to mass transfers at the interface between the choroidal vasculature and the outer retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa A. Zouache
- John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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16
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Baraas RC, Pedersen HR, Knoblauch K, Gilson SJ. Human Foveal Cone and RPE Cell Topographies and Their Correspondence With Foveal Shape. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:8. [PMID: 35113142 PMCID: PMC8819292 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To characterize the association between foveal shape and cone and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell topographies in healthy humans. Methods Multimodal adaptive scanning light ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were used to acquire images of foveal cones, RPE cells, and retinal layers in eyes of 23 healthy participants with normal foveas. Distributions of cone and RPE cell densities were fitted with nonlinear mixed-effects models. A linear mixed-effects model was used to examine the relationship between cone and RPE inter-cell distances and foveal shape as obtained from the OCT scans of retinal thickness. Results The best-fit model to the cone densities was a power function with a nasal–temporal asymmetry. There was a significant linear relationship among cone and RPE cell spacing, foveal shape, and foveal cell topography. The model predictions of the central 10° show that the contributions of both the cones and RPE cells are necessary to account for foveal shape. Conclusions The results indicate that there is a strong relationship between cone and RPE cell spacing and the shape of the human adolescent and adult fovea. This finding adds to the existing evidence of the critical role that the RPE serves in fetal foveal development and through adolescence, possibly via the imposition of constraints on the number and distribution of foveal cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigmor C Baraas
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Hilde R Pedersen
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Kenneth Knoblauch
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway.,Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U1208, Bron, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Stuart J Gilson
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
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17
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Chung DC, Birch DG, MacLaren RE. Endpoints for Measuring Efficacy in Clinical Trials for Inherited Retinal Disease. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2021; 61:63-78. [PMID: 34584045 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Baraas RC, Horjen Å, Gilson SJ, Pedersen HR. The Relationship Between Perifoveal L-Cone Isolating Visual Acuity and Cone Photoreceptor Spacing-Understanding the Transition Between Healthy Aging and Early AMD. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:732287. [PMID: 34566629 PMCID: PMC8458634 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.732287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial degenerative disorder that can lead to irreversible loss of visual function, with aging being the prime risk factor. However, knowledge about the transition between healthy aging and early AMD is limited. We aimed to examine the relationship between psychophysical measures of perifoveal L-cone acuity and cone photoreceptor structure in healthy aging and early AMD. Methods and Results: Thirty-nine healthy participants, 10 with early AMD and 29 healthy controls were included in the study. Multimodal high-resolution retinal images were obtained with adaptive-optics scanning-light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO), optical-coherence tomography (OCT), and color fundus photographs. At 5 degrees retinal eccentricity, perifoveal L-cone isolating letter acuity was measured with psychophysics, cone inner segment and outer segment lengths were measured using OCT, while cone density, spacing, and mosaic regularity were measured using AOSLO. The Nyquist sampling limit of cone mosaic (Nc) was calculated for each participant. Both L-cone acuity and photoreceptor inner segment length declined with age, but there was no association between cone density nor outer segment length and age. A multiple regression showed that 56% of the variation in log L-cone acuity was accounted for by Nc when age was taken into account. Six AMD participants with low risk of progression were well within confidence limits, while two with medium-to-severe risk of progression were outliers. The observable difference in cone structure between healthy aging and early AMD was a significant shortening of cone outer segments. Conclusion: The results underscore the resilience of cone structure with age, with perifoveal functional changes preceding detectable changes in the cone photoreceptor mosaic. L-cone acuity is a sensitive measure for assessing age-related decline in this region. The transition between healthy aging of cone structures and changes in cone structures secondary to early AMD relates to outer segment shortening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigmor C Baraas
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Åshild Horjen
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Stuart J Gilson
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Hilde R Pedersen
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
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19
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Kadomoto S, Muraoka Y, Uji A, Ooto S, Kawai K, Ishikura M, Nishigori N, Akagi T, Tsujikawa A. Human Foveal Cone and Müller Cells Examined by Adaptive Optics Optical Coherence Tomography. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:17. [PMID: 34559184 PMCID: PMC8475288 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.11.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to image and investigate the foveal microstructure of human cone and Müller cells using adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography. Methods Six healthy subjects underwent the prototype adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography imaging, which allowed an axial resolution of 3.4 µm and a transverse resolution of approximately 3 µm. The morphological features of the individual retinal cells observed in the foveola were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated. Results In the six healthy subjects, the image B-scans showed hyper-reflective dots that were densely packed in the outer nuclear layer. The mean number, diameter, and density of hyper-reflective dots in the foveola were 250.8 ± 59.6, 12.7 ± 59.6 µm, and 6966 ± 1833/mm2, respectively. These qualitative and quantitative findings regarding the hyper-reflective dots were markedly consistent with the morphological features of the foveal cone cell nuclei. Additionally, the images showed the funnel-shaped hyporeflective bodies running vertically and obliquely between the inner and external limiting membranes, illustrating the cell morphology of the foveal Müller cells. Conclusions Using adaptive optics, we succeeded in visualizing cross-sectional images of the individual cone and Müller cells of the human retina in vivo. Translational Relevance Adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography would help to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of macular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kadomoto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Muraoka
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihito Uji
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sotaro Ooto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaharu Ishikura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Nishigori
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadamichi Akagi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akitaka Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Reiniger JL, Domdei N, Holz FG, Harmening WM. Human gaze is systematically offset from the center of cone topography. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4188-4193.e3. [PMID: 34343479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The small physical depression of the human retina, the fovea, is the retinal locus of prime visual resolution, achieved by a peaking topography of the light-sensitive cone photoreceptor outer segments1-3 and a post-receptor wiring scheme preserving high-density sampling.4,5 Humans dynamically direct their gaze such that the retinal images of objects of interest fall onto the foveola, the central one-degree diameter of the fovea,6-8 but it is yet unclear whether a relationship between the individual photoreceptor topography at this location and visual fixation behavior exists.9,10 By employing adaptive optics in vivo imaging and micro-stimulation,11-13 we created topographical maps of the complete foveolar cone mosaics in both eyes of 20 healthy participants while simultaneously recording the retinal location of a fixated visual object in a psychophysical experiment with cellular resolution. We found that the locus of fixation was systematically shifted away from the topographical center toward a naso-superior quadrant on the retina, about 5 min of arc of visual angle on average, with a mirror symmetrical trend between fellow eyes. In cyclopean view, the topographical centers were superior to the fixated target, corresponding to areas in the visual field usually more distant14,15 and thus containing higher spatial frequencies. Given the large variability in foveal topography between individuals, and the surprising precision with which fixation is repeatedly directed to just a small bouquet of cones in the foveola, these findings demonstrate a finely tuned, functionally relevant link between the development of the cellular mosaic of photoreceptors and visual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Reiniger
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Ophthalmology, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Niklas Domdei
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Ophthalmology, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Frank G Holz
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Ophthalmology, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Wolf M Harmening
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Ophthalmology, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, Bonn 53127, Germany.
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21
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Pollreisz A, Reiter GS, Bogunovic H, Baumann L, Jakob A, Schlanitz FG, Sacu S, Owsley C, Sloan KR, Curcio CA, Schmidt-Erfurth U. Topographic Distribution and Progression of Soft Drusen Volume in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Implicate Neurobiology of Fovea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:26. [PMID: 33605982 PMCID: PMC7900846 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.2.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To refine estimates of macular soft drusen abundance in eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and evaluate hypotheses about drusen biogenesis, we investigated topographic distribution and growth rates of drusen by optical coherence tomography (OCT). We compared results to retinal features with similar topographies (cone density and macular pigment) in healthy eyes. Methods In a prospective study, distribution and growth rates of soft drusen in eyes with AMD were identified by human observers in OCT volumes and analyzed with computer-assistance. Published histologic data for macular cone densities (n = 12 eyes) and in vivo macular pigment optical density (MPOD) measurements in older adults with unremarkable maculae (n = 31; 62 paired eyes, averaged) were revisited. All values were normalized to Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) subfield areas. Results Sixty-two eyes of 44 patients were imaged for periods up to 78 months. Soft drusen volume per unit volume at baseline is 24.6-fold and 2.3-fold higher in the central ETDRS subfield than in outer and inner rings, respectively, and grows most prominently there. Corresponding ratios (central versus inner and central versus outer) for cone density in donor eyes is 13.3-fold and 5.1-fold and for MPOD, 24.6 and 23.9-fold, and 3.6 and 3.6-fold. Conclusions Normalized soft drusen volume in AMD eyes as assessed by OCT is ≥ 20-fold higher in central ETDRS subfields than in outer rings, paralleling MPOD distribution in healthy eyes. Data on drusen volume support this metric for AMD risk assessment and clinical trial outcome measure. Alignment of different data modalities support the ETDRS grid for standardizing retinal topography in mechanistic studies of drusen biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pollreisz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor S Reiter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hrvoje Bogunovic
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Baumann
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Jakob
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ferdinand G Schlanitz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Sacu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cynthia Owsley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Kenneth R Sloan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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22
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Fundus albipunctatus photoreceptor microstructure revealed using adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2021; 22:101090. [PMID: 33981912 PMCID: PMC8082516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2021.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Fundus albipunctatus is an inherited cause of congenital stationary night blindness. The objective of this report is to describe structural changes occurring in a macular phenotype of a novel RDH5 mutation producing fundus albipunctatus using high-resolution in vivo imaging. A 62-year-old male with longstanding night blindness underwent imaging and genetic evaluation. High-resolution images of the photoreceptor mosaic were compared to those of a healthy subject. Results of a comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation and genetic testing with imaging including fundus photography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescein angiography (FA), OCT angiography (OCT-A), and adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) are described. Observations The patient presented with visual acuity of 20/25 in both eyes and longstanding poor dark adaptation. Anterior segment examination was unremarkable. Fundoscopy revealed well circumscribed bilateral perifoveal mottling and atrophy in both eyes. Discrete white-yellow flecks were present beyond the vascular arcades extending to the far periphery. Genetic testing revealed a novel compound heterozygous RDH5 mutation (c.388C > T, p.Gln130*; c.665T > C, p.Leu222Pro). OCT demonstrated perifoveal photoreceptor and outer retinal irregularities, which corresponded to a window defect with late staining on FA. OCT-A demonstrated normal retinal vasculature with patchy areas of non-perfusion in the choriocapillaris. Macular abnormalities in both eyes were imaged using AOSLO to assess cone and rod photoreceptor architecture. While clinical features are consistent with a primary rod disorder, confocal AOSLO showed a paucity of normal cones with a small spared central island in both eyes. Rods appeared larger and more irregular throughout the macula. Non-confocal split detection AOSLO imaging revealed the presence of cone inner segments in dark regions of confocal imaging, indicating some degree of photoreceptor preservation. Conclusions and Importance The AOSLO imaging of this particular macular phenotype of fundus albipunctatus demonstrates some of the structural photoreceptor abnormalities that occur in this condition, adding insight to the variable presentation of RDH5 retinopathy. The presence of preserved inner segment architecture suggests the possibility that gene therapy could play a future role in treating this condition.
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23
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Cava JA, Allphin MT, Mastey RR, Gaffney M, Linderman RE, Cooper RF, Carroll J. Assessing Interocular Symmetry of the Foveal Cone Mosaic. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:23. [PMID: 33331861 PMCID: PMC7746960 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.14.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To test the hypothesis that foveal cone topography is symmetrical between contralateral eyes. Methods We used adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy to acquire images of the foveal cone mosaic in each eye of 58 subjects with normal vision (35 female, 23 male). Cones were semiautomatically identified over a 300 × 300-µm foveal area. From these cone coordinates, maps of cone density were derived, and we extracted estimates of peak cone density from each map. Mosaic regularity was assessed using Voronoi cell area regularity (VCAR). Average roundness and average area of the 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, and 90% of peak density isodensity contours were evaluated. Results The average peak cone density for right eyes was 180,286 cones/mm2 (n = 49) and for left eyes was 182,397 cones/mm2 (n = 45), with a mean absolute difference of 6363 cones/mm2 (n = 43). Peak density, cone spacing, VCAR, and average area within the isodensity contours of fellow eyes were not significantly different (P = 0.60, P = 0.83, P = 0.30, and P = 0.39, respectively). However, the average roundness of the isodensity contours was 2% more circular in the right eyes than in the left eyes (P = 0.02). Conclusions There is interocular symmetry of peak foveal cone density, mosaic regularity, and area encompassing the most densely packed cells in subjects with normal vision. The origin and significance of the observed interocular difference in average roundness of the isodensity contours are unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna A Cava
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Mitchell T Allphin
- School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Rebecca R Mastey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Mina Gaffney
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Rachel E Linderman
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Robert F Cooper
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
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24
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Akula JD, Arellano IA, Swanson EA, Favazza TL, Bowe TS, Munro RJ, Ferguson RD, Hansen RM, Moskowitz A, Fulton AB. The Fovea in Retinopathy of Prematurity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:28. [PMID: 32936301 PMCID: PMC7500148 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.11.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Because preterm birth and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) are associated with poor visual acuity (VA) and altered foveal development, we evaluated relationships among the central retinal photoreceptors, postreceptor retinal neurons, overlying fovea, and VA in ROP. Methods We obtained optical coherence tomograms (OCTs) in preterm born subjects with no history of ROP (none; n = 61), ROP that resolved spontaneously without treatment (mild; n = 51), and ROP that required treatment by laser ablation of the avascular peripheral retina (severe; n = 22), as well as in term born control subjects (term; n = 111). We obtained foveal shape descriptors, measured central retinal layer thicknesses, and demarcated the anatomic parafovea using automated routines. In subsets of these subjects, we obtained OCTs eccentrically through the pupil (n = 46) to reveal the fiber layer of Henle (FLH) and obtained adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmograms (AO-SLOs) of the parafoveal cones (n = 34) and measured their spacing and distribution. Results Both VA and foveal depth decreased with increasing ROP severity (term, none, mild, severe). In severe subjects, foveae were broader than normal and the parafovea was significantly enlarged compared to every other group. The FLH was thinner than normal in mild (but not severe) subjects. VA was associated with foveal depth more than group. Density of parafoveal cones did not differ significantly among groups. Conclusions Foveal structure is associated with loss of VA in ROP. The preserved FLH in severe (relative to mild) eyes suggests treatment may help cone axon development. The significantly larger parafovea and increased outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness in ROP hint that some developmental process affecting the photoreceptors is not arrested in ROP but rather is supranormal.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Akula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ivana A Arellano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Emily A Swanson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Tara L Favazza
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Theodore S Bowe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Robert J Munro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - R Daniel Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical Optics, Physical Sciences, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ronald M Hansen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Anne Moskowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Anne B Fulton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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25
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Nassisi M, Lavia C, Mohand-Said S, Smirnov V, Antonio A, Condroyer C, Sancho S, Varin J, Gaudric A, Zeitz C, Sahel JA, Audo I. Near-infrared fundus autofluorescence alterations correlate with swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography findings in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3180. [PMID: 33542393 PMCID: PMC7862375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82757-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-eight patients from 37 families with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) underwent macular 6 × 6-mm swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) and 30° near-infrared fundus autofluorescence (NIR-FAF) acquisitions in one eye. Superficial vascular complex (SVC), deep capillary complex (DCC) and choriocapillaris (CC) angiograms were registered with NIR-FAF acquisitions to comparatively assess subjects with and without central area of preserved NIR-FAF (APA). On the subset of patients showing an APA, the vessel densities for SVC and DCC and flow deficits for CC were assessed in three directions (superior, inferior and temporal) from the fovea and compared to healthy 1:1 age-matched controls. Nine patients with no APA had evidence of severe central OCTA alterations at all levels, especially in the DCC. In the other 29 subjects presenting APA, all OCTA parameters were similar to healthy eyes within the APA, where the retina preserves its structural integrity. Outside the APA, both the DCC and CC were significantly reduced in all directions. These alterations are probably related to the outer retinal atrophy outside the APA. Comparing OCTA to other imaging modalities is helpful to determine the potential interest of OCTA findings as an outcome measure for disease status and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Nassisi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France. .,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012, Paris, France. .,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. .,Ophthalmological Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlo Lavia
- Université de Paris, Ophthalmology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010, Paris, France.,Surgical Department, Ophthalmology Service, Azienda Sanitaria Locale TO 5, 10023, Chieri, Italy
| | - Saddek Mohand-Said
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Vasily Smirnov
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Aline Antonio
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Christel Condroyer
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Serge Sancho
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Varin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Alain Gaudric
- Université de Paris, Ophthalmology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012, Paris, France.,Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, 75019, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Académie des Sciences-Institut de France, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France. .,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012, Paris, France. .,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
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26
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Three-dimensional composition of the photoreceptor cone layers in healthy eyes using adaptive-optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245293. [PMID: 33412568 PMCID: PMC7790532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the signal composition of cone photoreceptors three-dimensionally in healthy retinas using adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT). Methods Study population. Twenty healthy eyes of ten subjects (age 23 to 67). Procedures. After routine ophthalmological assessments, eyes were examined using AO-OCT. Three-dimensional volumes were acquired at 2.5° and 6.5° foveal eccentricity in four main meridians (superior, nasal, inferior, temporal). Cone densities and signal compositions were investigated in four different planes: the cone inner segment outer segment junction (IS/OS), the cone outer segment combined with the IS/OS (ISOS+), the cone outer segment tips (COST) and full en-face plane (FEF) combining signals from all mentioned cone layers. Additionally, reliability of a simple semi-automated approach for assessment of cone density was tested. Main outcome measures. Cone density of IS/OS, IS/OS+, COST and FEF. Qualitative depiction and composition of each cone layer. Inter-rater agreement of cone density measurements. Results Mean overall cone density at all eccentricities was highest at the FEF plane (21.160/mm2), followed by COST (20.450/mm2), IS/OS+ (19.920/mm2) and IS/OS (19.530/mm2). The different meridians and eccentricities had a significant impact on cone density, with lower eccentricity resulting in higher cone densities (p≤.001), which were highest at the nasal, then temporal, then inferior and then superior meridian. Depiction of the cone mosaic differed between all 4 layers regarding signal size and packing density. Therefore, different cone layers showed evident but not complete signal overlap. Using the semi-automated technique for counting of cone signals achieved high inter-rater reliability (ICC > .99). Conclusions In healthy individuals qualitative and quantitative changes in cone signals are found not only in different eccentricities and meridians, but also within different photoreceptor layers. The variation between cone planes has to be considered when assessing the integrity of cone photoreceptors in healthy and diseased eyes using adaptive optics technology.
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27
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Reumueller A, Wassermann L, Salas M, Schranz M, Told R, Kostolna K, Drexler W, Pircher M, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Pollreisz A. Three-dimensional assessment of para- and perifoveal photoreceptor densities and the impact of meridians and age in healthy eyes with adaptive-optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT). OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:36723-36739. [PMID: 33379760 DOI: 10.1364/oe.409076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) system is used to assess sixty healthy eyes of thirty subjects (age 22 to 75) to evaluate how the outer retinal layers, foveal eccentricity and age effect the mean cone density. The cone mosaics of different retinal planes (the cone inner segment outer segment junction (IS/OS), the cone outer segment combined with the IS/OS (ISOS+), the cone outer segment tips (COST), and the full en-face plane (FEF)) at four main meridians (superior, nasal, inferior, temporal) and para- and perifoveal eccentricities (ecc 2.5° and 6.5°) were analyzed quantitatively. The mean overall cone density was 19,892/mm2 at ecc 2.5° and 13,323/mm2 at ecc 6.5°. A significant impact on cone density was found for eccentricity (up to 6,700/mm2 between ecc 2.5° and 6.5°), meridian (up to 3,700/mm2 between nasal and superior meridian) and layer (up to 1,400/mm2 between FEF and IS/OS). Age showed only a weak negative effect. These factors as well as inter-individual variability have to be taken into account when comparing cone density measurements between healthy and pathologically changed eyes, as their combined effect on density can easily exceed several thousand cones per mm2 even in parafoveal regions.
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28
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Shen LL, Sun M, Ahluwalia A, Young BK, Park MM, Toth CA, Lad EM, Del Priore LV. Relationship of Topographic Distribution of Geographic Atrophy to Visual Acuity in Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmol Retina 2020; 5:761-774. [PMID: 33212271 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the topographic distribution of geographic atrophy (GA) and to identify an anatomic endpoint that correlates with visual acuity (VA) in eyes with GA. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of a multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS The Age-Related Eye Disease Study participants with GA secondary to nonexudative age-related macular degeneration. METHODS We manually delineated GA on 1654 fundus photographs of 365 eyes. We measured GA areas in 9 subfields on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid and correlated them with VA via a mixed-effects model. We determined the optimal diameter for the central zone by varying the diameter from 0 to 10 mm until the highest r2 between GA area in the central zone and VA was achieved. We estimated the VA decline rate over 8 years using a linear mixed model. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Geographic atrophy area in macular subfields and VA. RESULTS The percentage of area affected by GA declined as a function of retinal eccentricity. GA area was higher in the temporal than the nasal region (1.30 ± 1.75 mm2 vs. 1.10 ± 1.62 mm2; P = 0.005) and in the superior than the inferior region (1.26 ± 1.73 mm2 vs. 1.03 ± 1.53 mm2; P < 0.001). Total GA area correlated poorly with VA (r2 = 0.07). Among GA areas in 9 subfields, only GA area in the central zone was associated independently with VA (P < 0.001). We determined 1 mm as the optimal diameter for the central zone in which GA area correlated best with VA (r2 = 0.45). On average, full GA coverage of the central 1-mm diameter zone corresponded to 34.8 letters' decline in VA. The VA decline rate was comparable between eyes with initial noncentral and central GA before GA covered the entire central 1-mm diameter zone (2.7 letters/year vs. 2.8 letters/year; P = 0.94). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of GA varies significantly across different macular regions. Although total GA area was associated poorly with VA, GA area in the central 1-mm diameter zone was correlated significantly with VA and may serve as a surrogate endpoint in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbo L Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mengyuan Sun
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Aneesha Ahluwalia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Benjamin K Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael M Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Cynthia A Toth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Eleonora M Lad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lucian V Del Priore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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29
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Mendonça LS, Braun PX, Martin SM, Hüther A, Mehta N, Zhao Y, Abu-Qamar O, Konstantinou EK, Regatieri CV, Witkin AJ, Baumal CR, Duker JS, Waheed NK. Repeatability and Reproducibility of Photoreceptor Density Measurement in the Macula Using the Spectralis High Magnification Module. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:1083-1092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2020.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Circuit Reorganization Shapes the Developing Human Foveal Midget Connectome toward Single-Cone Resolution. Neuron 2020; 108:905-918.e3. [PMID: 33027639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human visual pathway is specialized for the perception of fine spatial detail. The neural circuitry that determines visual acuity begins in the retinal fovea, where the resolution afforded by a dense array of cone photoreceptors is preserved in the retinal output by a remarkable non-divergent circuit: cone → midget bipolar interneuron → midget ganglion cell (the "private line"). How the private line develops is unknown; it could involve early specification of extremely precise synaptic connections or, by contrast, emerge slowly in concordance with the gradual maturation of foveal architecture and visual sensitivity. To distinguish between these hypotheses, we reconstructed the midget circuitry in the fetal human fovea by serial electron microscopy. We discovered that the midget private line is sculpted by synaptic remodeling beginning early in fetal life, with midget bipolar cells contacting a single cone by mid-gestation and bipolar cell-ganglion cell connectivity undergoing a more protracted period of refinement.
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Litts KM, Georgiou M, Langlo CS, Patterson EJ, Mastey RR, Kalitzeos A, Linderman RE, Lam BL, Fishman GA, Pennesi ME, Kay CN, Hauswirth WW, Michaelides M, Carroll J. Interocular Symmetry of Foveal Cone Topography in Congenital Achromatopsia. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:1257-1264. [PMID: 32108519 PMCID: PMC7487033 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1737138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the interocular symmetry of foveal cone topography in achromatopsia (ACHM) using non-confocal split-detection adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO). Methods: Split-detector AOSLO images of the foveal cone mosaic were acquired from both eyes of 26 subjects (mean age 24.3 years; range 8-44 years, 14 females) with genetically confirmed CNGA3- or CNGB3-associated ACHM. Cones were identified within a manually delineated rod-free zone. Peak cone density (PCD) was determined using an 80 × 80 μm sampling window within the rod-free zone. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of inter-cell distance (ICD) were calculated to derive the coefficient of variation (CV). Cone density difference maps were generated to compare cone topography between eyes. Results: PCD (mean ± SD) was 17,530 ± 9,614 cones/mm2 and 17,638 ± 9,753 cones/mm2 for right and left eyes, respectively (p = .677, Wilcoxon test). The mean (± SD) for ICD was 9.05 ± 2.55 µm and 9.24 ± 2.55 µm for right and left eyes, respectively (p = .410, paired t-test). The mean (± SD) for CV of ICD was 0.16 ± 0.03 µm and 0.16 ± 0.04 µm for right and left eyes, respectively (p = .562, paired t-test). Cone density maps demonstrated that cone topography of the ACHM fovea is non-uniform with local variations in cone density between eyes. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the interocular symmetry of the foveal cone mosaic (both density and packing) in ACHM. As cone topography can differ between eyes of a subject, PCD does not completely describe the foveal cone mosaic in ACHM. Nonetheless, these findings are of value in longitudinal monitoring of patients during treatment trials and further suggest that both eyes of a given subject may have similar therapeutic potential and non-study eye can be used as a control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Litts
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michalis Georgiou
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher S. Langlo
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emily J. Patterson
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rebecca R. Mastey
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Angelos Kalitzeos
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel E. Linderman
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Byron L. Lam
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gerald A. Fishman
- Pangere Center for Inherited Retinal Diseases, The Chicago Lighthouse, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Mark E. Pennesi
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | | | | | - Michel Michaelides
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Kar D, Clark ME, Swain TA, McGwin G, Crosson JN, Owsley C, Sloan KR, Curcio CA. Local Abundance of Macular Xanthophyll Pigment Is Associated with Rod- and Cone-Mediated Vision in Aging and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:46. [PMID: 32729911 PMCID: PMC7425747 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.8.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We assessed the association between the abundance of macular xanthophyll carotenoid pigment using dual-wavelength autofluorescence and multimodal vision testing including rod-mediated dark adaptation (RMDA), a measure of retinoid re-supply, in adults ≥60 years old with and without age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods AMD severity was determined using the nine-step Age-Related Eye Disease Study grading. Tests probed cones (best-corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity), cones and rods (low-luminance visual acuity, low-luminance deficit, mesopic light sensitivity), or rods only (scotopic light sensitivity, RMDA). Signal attenuation by macular pigment optical density (MPOD) was estimated using a ratio of blue and green autofluorescence signal to yield mean MPOD in a 1°-diameter fovea-centered disk, mean MPOD in a 2°-diameter disk centered on a perifoveal RMDA test location, and macular pigment optical volume (MPOV, or integrated MPOD) in a 4°-diameter fovea-centered disk. Age-adjusted associations between vision and imaging measures were determined. Results In 88 eyes of 88 subjects (age, 74.9 ± 5.8 years) with normal eyes (n = 32), early AMD (n = 23), or intermediate AMD (n = 33), foveal and perifoveal MPOD and MPOV were higher in the AMD eyes than in the normal eyes. At the RMDA test location, higher MPOD was unrelated to AMD severity but was associated with faster RMDA. Conclusions In older adults with and without AMD, higher macular xanthophyll concentrations are associated with better best-corrected visual acuity and RMDA. Data are consistent with a model of cone resilience and rod vulnerability in aging and AMD and can be further explored in a larger sample study.
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Reumueller A, Wassermann L, Salas M, Karantonis MG, Sacu S, Georgopoulos M, Drexler W, Pircher M, Pollreisz A, Schmidt-Erfurth U. Morphologic and Functional Assessment of Photoreceptors After Macula-Off Retinal Detachment With Adaptive-Optics OCT and Microperimetry. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 214:72-85. [PMID: 31883465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Limited information is available on morphologic and functional regeneration of photoreceptors after retinal detachment (RD) surgery. This observational clinical study compared morphologic and functional changes of cones after vitrectomy for macula-off retinal detachment. DESIGN Prospective, fellow-eye comparative case series. METHODS StudyPopulation: Five eyes after vitrectomy with gas for macula-off retinal detachment (retinal detachment eyes, RDE) and 5 healthy fellow eyes (HFE) of 5 patients (mean age 59.8 years, macula-off duration 0.5 days to 5.5 days). ObservationProcedures: Eyes were examined with adaptive-optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT), spectral-domain OCT (SDOCT), and microperimetry (MP) at 6 (baseline, BL) and 56 weeks (follow-up, FUP) after 23 gauge pars plana vitrectomy and SF6 gas tamponade. Eight corresponding regions at foveal eccentricities of 2.5° (ecc 2.5°) and 6.5° (ecc 6.5°) were analyzed in every eye. AO-OCT en face images and SD-OCT B-scans were graded regarding irregularity and loss of photoreceptor signals ranging from none to severe changes. The number of detectable cones at height of the inner-outer segment junction (IS/OS) and cone outer segment tips (COST) was counted manually in AO-OCT images. MP with a custom grid was used to assess retinal sensitivity at these locations. MainOutcomeMeasures: Cone density, cone pattern regularity and signal attenuation, retinal sensitivity. RESULTS In comparison to HFE, RDE showed highly irregular cone patterns in AO-OCT and irregular outer retinal bands in SDOCT. Despite significant improvement of cone pattern regularity compared to BL (P < .001), 63% of AO images showed remaining cone pattern irregularity and 45.5% of SDOCT B-scans showed severe signal reduction at FUP. In HFE, mean cone density retrieved from IS/OS and COST remained around 20,000/mm2 (ecc 2.5°) and 16,000/mm2 (ecc 6.5°) at BL and FUP. Cone density of RDE was significantly reduced and ranged between 200/mm2 and 15,600/mm2 (P < .001) at BL. Despite improvement at FUP (P < .001), mean cone density at IS/OS and COST was still lower compared to HFE and ranged between 7790 and 9555 cones/mm2 (P < .001). Mean retinal sensitivity of all measured locations remained 18 dB in HFE and was significantly lower in RDE, with 14.30 dB at BL and 14.64 dB at FUP. Both SDOCT grading and microperimetry sensitivity showed strong correlation with AO-OCT grading and cone density (rho values > 0.750). CONCLUSIONS The combination of AO-OCT, SDOCT, and microperimetry is a powerful tool to capture cone regeneration after vitreoretinal surgery. Our study shows that cone morphology and function improve within 56 weeks after RD surgery but structural and functional impairment is still present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Reumueller
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Wassermann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Salas
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Sacu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Georgopoulos
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Pollreisz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Inter- and Intra-individual Variations in Foveal Outer Nuclear Layer Thickness and Their Associations with Clinical Characteristics in a Healthy Chinese Population. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:7967393. [PMID: 32566269 PMCID: PMC7267860 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7967393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate foveal outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness and the difference thereof between bilateral eyes and their possible associations with clinical characteristics in a healthy Chinese population. Materials and Methods Normal subjects were enrolled. Generalized linear models were used to assess the associations of foveal ONL thickness with sex, age, and spherical equivalents (SEs) and the associations of the difference in foveal ONL thickness between bilateral eyes with sex, age, and difference in SEs between bilateral eyes. Results Totally, 304 subjects were included. The average foveal ONL thickness was 103.19 ± 14.25 (range 70-151) μm in the right eye and 103.90 ± 14.63 (range 69-155) μm in the left eye. The mean difference in foveal ONL thickness between right and left eyes was -0.71 ± 4.36 (range -13 to +12) μm. Men had slightly greater foveal ONL thickness values in both right and left eyes compared with women (both P < 0.05); however, some women had a thicker foveal ONL than that of men (85/198 vs. 46/106 in the right eye; 79/198 vs. 52/106in the left eye). Age and SEs were not associated with foveal ONL thickness in either eye (all P > 0.05). Sex, age, and difference in SEs between bilateral eyes were not associated with the difference in foveal ONL thickness between bilateral eyes (all P > 0.05). Conclusions Foveal ONL thickness showed wide variation in a normal Chinese population but little difference between bilateral eyes. Both these parameters could not be adjusted by sex, age, SEs, or the SEs difference between bilateral eyes. Thus, in those diseases involving only one eye, the difference or ratio of foveal ONL thickness between the affected eye and normal fellow eye may reflect the actual degree of the disease, rather than the foveal ONL thickness in the affected eye alone.
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Curcio CA, McGwin G, Sadda SR, Hu Z, Clark ME, Sloan KR, Swain T, Crosson JN, Owsley C. Functionally validated imaging endpoints in the Alabama study on early age-related macular degeneration 2 (ALSTAR2): design and methods. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:196. [PMID: 32429847 PMCID: PMC7236516 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of irreversible vision impairment in the United States and globally, is a disease of the photoreceptor support system involving the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch’s membrane, and the choriocapillaris in the setting of characteristic extracellular deposits between outer retinal cells and their blood supply. Research has clearly documented the selective vulnerability of rod photoreceptors and rod-mediated (scotopic) vision in early AMD, including delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation (RMDA) and impaired rod-mediated light and pattern sensitivity. The unifying hypothesis of the Alabama Study on Early Macular Degeneration (ALSTAR2) is that early AMD is a disease of micronutrient deficiency and vascular insufficiency, due to detectable structural changes in the retinoid re-supply route from the choriocapillaris to the photoreceptors. Functionally this is manifest as delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation and eventually as rod-mediated visual dysfunction in general. Methods A cohort of 480 older adults either in normal macular health or with early AMD will be enrolled and followed for 3 years to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between structural and functional characteristics of AMD. Using spectral domain optical coherence tomography, the association between (1) subretinal drusenoid deposits and drusen, (2) RPE cell bodies, and (3) the choriocapillaris’ vascular density and rod- and cone-mediated vision will be examined. An accurate map and timeline of structure-function relationships in aging and early AMD gained from ALSTAR2, especially the critical transition from aging to disease, will identify major characteristics relevant to future treatments and preventative measures. Discussion A major barrier to developing treatments and prevention strategies for early AMD is a limited understanding of the temporal interrelationships among structural and functional characteristics while transitioning from aging to early AMD. ALSTAR2 will enable the development of functionally valid, structural biomarkers for early AMD, suitable for use in forthcoming clinical trials as endpoint/outcome measures. The comprehensive dataset will also allow hypothesis-testing for mechanisms that underlie the transition from aging to AMD, one of which is a newly developed Center-Surround model of cone resilience and rod vulnerability. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04112667, October 7, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Blvd., Suite 609, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0009, USA
| | - Gerald McGwin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Blvd., Suite 609, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0009, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Srinivas R Sadda
- Doheny Eye Institute, P.O. Box 86228, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Zhihong Hu
- Doheny Eye Institute, P.O. Box 86228, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Mark E Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Blvd., Suite 609, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0009, USA
| | - Kenneth R Sloan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Blvd., Suite 609, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0009, USA.,Department of Computer Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Thomas Swain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Blvd., Suite 609, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0009, USA
| | - Jason N Crosson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Blvd., Suite 609, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0009, USA.,Retina Consultants of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Cynthia Owsley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Blvd., Suite 609, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0009, USA.
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Cabral T, Lima de Carvalho JR, Kim J, Oh JK, Levi SR, Park KS, Duong JK, Park J, Boudreault K, Belfort R, Tsang SH. Comparative Analysis of Functional and Structural Decline in Retinitis Pigmentosas. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082730. [PMID: 32326409 PMCID: PMC7215932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a category of inherited retinal dystrophies that is best prognosticated using electroretinography (ERG). In this retrospective cohort study of 25 patients with RP, we evaluated the correlation between 30 Hz flicker ERG and structural parameters in the retina. Internationally standardized 30 Hz flicker ERG recordings, short-wavelength autofluorescence (SW-AF), and spectral domain–optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) were acquired at two visits at least one year apart. Vertical and horizontal hyperautofluorescent ring diameter measurements with SW-AF, as well as ellipsoid zone (EZ) line width measurements with SD-OCT, were used as structural parameters of disease progression. The 30 Hz flicker ERG amplitude decreased by 2.2 ± 0.8 µV/year (p = 0.011), while implicit times remained unchanged. For SD-OCT, the EZ line decreased by 204.1 ± 34.7 µm/year (p < 0.001). Horizontal and vertical hyperautofluorescent ring diameters decreased by 161.9 ± 25.6 µm/year and 146.9 ± 34.6 µm/year, respectively (p = 0.001), with SW-AF. A correlation was found between the progression rates of the 30 Hz flicker amplitude recorded with Burian–Allen electrodes and both the horizontal ring diameter (p = 0.020) and EZ line (p = 0.044). SW-AF and SD-OCT, two readily available imaging techniques, may be used to prognosticate disease progression because of the reliability of their measurements and correlation with functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Cabral
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jonas Children’s Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (T.C.); (J.R.L.d.C.J.); (J.K.O.); (S.R.L.); (K.S.P.); (K.B.)
- Department of Specialized Medicine, CCS and Vision Center Unit, Ophthalmology, EBSERH/HUCAM, CCS-UFES—Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES 29047-105, Brazil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Jose Ronaldo Lima de Carvalho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jonas Children’s Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (T.C.); (J.R.L.d.C.J.); (J.K.O.); (S.R.L.); (K.S.P.); (K.B.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH)–Hospital das Clínicas de Pernambuco (HCPE), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Joonpyo Kim
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Jin Kyun Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jonas Children’s Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (T.C.); (J.R.L.d.C.J.); (J.K.O.); (S.R.L.); (K.S.P.); (K.B.)
- College of Medicine, State University of New York at Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Sarah R. Levi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jonas Children’s Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (T.C.); (J.R.L.d.C.J.); (J.K.O.); (S.R.L.); (K.S.P.); (K.B.)
| | - Karen Sophia Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jonas Children’s Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (T.C.); (J.R.L.d.C.J.); (J.K.O.); (S.R.L.); (K.S.P.); (K.B.)
| | - Jimmy K. Duong
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Junhyung Park
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Katherine Boudreault
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jonas Children’s Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (T.C.); (J.R.L.d.C.J.); (J.K.O.); (S.R.L.); (K.S.P.); (K.B.)
| | - Rubens Belfort
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Stephen H. Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jonas Children’s Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (T.C.); (J.R.L.d.C.J.); (J.K.O.); (S.R.L.); (K.S.P.); (K.B.)
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Stem Cell Initiative (CSCI), Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(212)-342-1189; Fax: +1-(212)-305-4987
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Potic J, Bergin C, Giacuzzo C, Daruich A, Pournaras JA, Kowalczuk L, Behar-Cohen F, Konstantinidis L, Wolfensberger TJ. CHANGES IN VISUAL ACUITY AND PHOTORECEPTOR DENSITY USING ADAPTIVE OPTICS AFTER RETINAL DETACHMENT REPAIR. Retina 2020; 40:376-386. [PMID: 31972809 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify changes in photoreceptor density using adaptive optics fundus camera in patients after retinal detachment (RD) and to correlate them with macular involvement and best-corrected visual acuity. METHODS At 1 and 3 months (M1 and M3) after vitrectomy, 194 patients underwent adaptive optics imagery in both eyes, at 5 locations, that we matched between time points using anatomical landmarks. Twenty-two patients (10 fovea-OFF [OFF] and 12 fovea-ON [ON]) had matched and analyzable adaptive optics images. We used analysis of variance for repeated measures. RESULTS Best-corrected visual acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution and Snellen equivalent [SE]) was significantly different between OFF and ON RDs at baseline: 2.0 (2.3-0.95) (SE: 20/2000) versus 0 (0.1-0) (SE: 20/20); at M1: 0.35 (0.5-0.1) (SE: 20/40) versus 0.05 (0-0.1) (SE: 20/25); and at M3: 0.25 (0.3-0.1) (SE: 20/32) versus 0 (0-0) (SE: 20/20). We observed that cone density was stable in fellow eyes between M1 and M3 (P = 0.67); decreased in treated eyes than in fellow eyes (P < 0.05); and increased postoperatively in the ON group (P = 0.02) but not in the OFF group (P = 0.97). Visual acuity and RD type were independently correlated with cone density (P = 0.004, P = 0.000). CONCLUSION Postoperative cone density was reduced in OFF RD, but also in the ON group, although the drop recovered during the 3-month follow-up. Cone density was significantly correlated with both visual acuity and type of RD at both time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Potic
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Clinics for Eye Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; and
| | - Ciara Bergin
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clarice Giacuzzo
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alejandra Daruich
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Antoine Pournaras
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Kowalczuk
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS1138, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Lazaros Konstantinidis
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas J Wolfensberger
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lavia C, Mecê P, Nassisi M, Bonnin S, Marie-Louise J, Couturier A, Erginay A, Tadayoni R, Gaudric A. Retinal Capillary Plexus Pattern and Density from Fovea to Periphery Measured in Healthy Eyes with Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1474. [PMID: 32001769 PMCID: PMC6992636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography angiography is evolving towards wider fields of view. As single widefield acquisitions have a lower resolution, preventing an accurate segmentation of vascular plexuses in the periphery, we examined the retinal vascularisation from the macula to the periphery in all retinal quadrants, using 3 × 3-mm volume scans, to obtain montages with sufficient image resolution up to 11 mm from the foveal centre. Images were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed, using C- and B-scan approaches to calculate the capillary density (CD) and the interplexus distance (IPD). Three vascular plexuses (i.e., superficial vascular plexus: SVP, intermediate capillary plexus: ICP, and deep capillary plexus: DCP) were observed up to the mid-periphery in all sectors. The CD of the SVP decreased from about 5 mm of eccentricity, along with ganglion cell density decrease. The CD of the ICP progressively decreased from the fovea towards the periphery, along with the retinal thinning and then vanished from 8 to 9 mm of eccentricity, becoming undetectable beyond. This ICP disappearance resulted in an increased IPD between the SVP and the DCP in an area known to be frequently affected by capillary drop-out in diabetic retinopathy. The DCP only showed a slightly decreased CD towards the retinal periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Lavia
- Université de Paris, Ophthalmology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Mecê
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marco Nassisi
- Sorbonne Université, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, 75012, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, Inserm-Direction Générale de l'Offre de Soins, CIC1423, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Bonnin
- Université de Paris, Ophthalmology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010, Paris, France.,Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Jennifer Marie-Louise
- Université de Paris, Ophthalmology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Aude Couturier
- Université de Paris, Ophthalmology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Ali Erginay
- Université de Paris, Ophthalmology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Ramin Tadayoni
- Université de Paris, Ophthalmology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Alain Gaudric
- Université de Paris, Ophthalmology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010, Paris, France.
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Linderman RE, Cava JA, Salmon AE, Chui TY, Marmorstein AD, Lujan BJ, Rosen RB, Carroll J. Visual Acuity and Foveal Structure in Eyes with Fragmented Foveal Avascular Zones. Ophthalmol Retina 2019; 4:535-544. [PMID: 31956075 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the frequency and impact of abnormal foveal avascular zone (FAZ) topography (i.e., a fragmented FAZ) on visual acuity and foveal anatomic features. DESIGN Prospective, cross-sectional study from March 2018 through July 2019. PARTICIPANTS Two-hundred fifty participants were screened from a normative OCT angiography database. Of those, 12 participants were found to have at least 1 eye with a fragmented FAZ. Eight returned for follow-up imaging, along with an additional 3 participants with ocular disease (amblyopia, autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy, premature birth) having a similar FAZ phenotype. METHODS Follow-up OCT imaging and monocular best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were performed for these 11 participants. Twenty-four participants with a clearly defined FAZ were recruited for comparison. A normative database was created measuring parafoveal intercapillary area (PICA) to determine if an FAZ was fragmented. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Monocular BCVA, foveal pit depth, foveal pit area, PICA, outer nuclear layer thickness, foveal inner retinal area, and peak cone density. RESULTS The frequency of a fragmented FAZ was 4.8% of individuals (12 of 250) or 3.6% of eyes (18 of 500 eyes). A significant difference was found between the control eyes and eyes with fragmented FAZs for foveal pit depth, pit area, and total PICA (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, and P < 0.001, respectively). The presence of a fragmented FAZ did not affect visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a fragmented FAZ seems not to be a rare phenotype in individuals with normal vision. The presence of altered FAZ topography in patients with retinal or systemic disease could negatively impact the accuracy and sensitivity of biomarkers dependent on FAZ identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Linderman
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jenna A Cava
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Alexander E Salmon
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Toco Y Chui
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Brandon J Lujan
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Richard B Rosen
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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40
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Sjöstrand J, Popović Z. Structural consequences of arrested foveal development in preterms with persisting signs of immaturity. Eye (Lond) 2019; 34:1077-1085. [PMID: 31645674 PMCID: PMC7253467 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0627-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the impact of structural changes in a limited sample of adult preterms with foveal immaturity from optical coherence tomography (OCT) B-scan images and to estimate layer displacement and changes in areal and volume magnification within the inner fovea. Subjects and methods Layer thickness was measured in conventional and directional OCT scans from eight preterms with different degrees of foveal immaturity (24–33 weeks of gestation, 22–33 years of age) and five controls (20–33 years of age). We obtained reflectivity profiles of the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and manual segmentation data of the inner nuclear layer (INL) and the combined ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) at specified eccentricities from 300 to 900 µm. Displacement of cumulative thickness curves of preterms compared with that of the controls was used to estimate retardation of layer displacement. Changes in areal magnification and layer thickness were used to construct a structural model of redistribution within the fovea of preterms. Results Retardation of centrifugal layer displacement of OPL and all inner retinal layers (IRL) was marked in both preterm groups with foveal immaturity, whereas retardation was marginal in the preterm group without clinical signs of immaturity. Retarded displacement within the IRL and OPL had a major impact on available space within the central fovea. Conclusions A marked retardation of displacement was demonstrated for all IRL within the immature fovea of preterms with decreased areal and volume magnification and reduced space available for synaptic communication coupled to the degree of immaturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Sjöstrand
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Zoran Popović
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Ophthalmology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
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41
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Wang Y, He Y, Wei L, Yang J, Li X, Zhou H, Shi G, Zhang Y. Bimorph deformable mirror-based adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope for the clinical design and performance. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:041111. [PMID: 31720308 PMCID: PMC6830288 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.4.041111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We developed a clinical ophthalmic prototype by combining bimorph deformable mirror (DM)-based adaptive optics (AO) with a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. A low-cost bimorph DM with a large stroke of 50 μ m and an aperture of 20 mm was utilized to realize a strategy for successive AO control of aberration correction, which permitted open-loop compensation for low-order aberrations and closed-loop correction of high-order aberrations to acceptable root mean square errors of < 0.08 μ m in all subjects. Spherical mirrors were folded in a nonplanar configuration to minimize off-axis aberrations and provide a compact, cost-effective design, which achieved a diffraction-limited performance capable of imaging individual photoreceptor cells and blood vessels not only in healthy subjects but also in patients suffering from retinitis pigmentosa. The adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) images of the diseased retina had much higher resolutions than those captured by the commercial AO fundus camera, and loss of the photoreceptor mosaic could be distinguished more accurately due to the improvement in resolution. The compact design and easy handling of the bimorph DM-based AO control may facilitate the translation of AOSLO into clinical settings, and this prototype development will continue with future device refinement and extensive clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi He
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chengdu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Ling Wei
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinsheng Yang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiqi Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chengdu, China
| | - Guohua Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Yudong Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chengdu, China
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42
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Jackson K, Vergilio GK, Cooper RF, Ying GS, Morgan JIW. A 2-Year Longitudinal Study of Normal Cone Photoreceptor Density. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1420-1430. [PMID: 30943290 PMCID: PMC6736277 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Despite the potential for adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) to quantify retinal disease progression at the cellular level, there remain few longitudinal studies investigating changes in cone density as a measure of disease progression. Here, we undertook a prospective, longitudinal study to investigate the variability of cone density measurements in normal subjects during a 2-year period. Methods Fourteen eyes of nine subjects with no known ocular pathology were imaged both at a baseline and a 2-year follow-up visit by using confocal AOSLO at five retinal locations. Two-year affine-registered images were created to minimize the effects of intraframe distortions. Regions of interest were cropped from baseline, 2-year manually aligned, and 2-year affine-registered images. Cones were identified (graded masked) and cone density was extracted. Results Mean baseline cone density (cones/mm2) was 87,300, 62,200, 45,500, 28,700, and 18,200 at 190, 350, 500, 900, and 1500 μm, respectively. The mean difference (± standard deviation [SD]) in cone density from baseline to 2-year affine-registered images was 1400 (1700), 100 (1800), 300 (800), 400 (800), and 1000 (2400) cones/mm2 at the same locations. The mean difference in cone density during the 2-year period was lower for affine-registered images than manually aligned images. Conclusions There was no meaningful change in normal cone density during a 2-year period. Intervisit variability in cone density measurements decreased when intraframe distortions between time points were minimized. This variability must be considered when planning prospective longitudinal clinical trials using changes in cone density as an outcome measure for assessing retinal disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jackson
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Grace K Vergilio
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Robert F Cooper
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Gui-Shuang Ying
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jessica I W Morgan
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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43
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Wang Y, Bensaid N, Tiruveedhula P, Ma J, Ravikumar S, Roorda A. Human foveal cone photoreceptor topography and its dependence on eye length. eLife 2019; 8:47148. [PMID: 31348002 PMCID: PMC6660219 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We provide the first measures of foveal cone density as a function of axial length in living eyes and discuss the physical and visual implications of our findings. We used a new generation Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope to image cones at and near the fovea in 28 eyes of 16 subjects. Cone density and other metrics were computed in units of visual angle and linear retinal units. The foveal cone mosaic in longer eyes is expanded at the fovea, but not in proportion to eye length. Despite retinal stretching (decrease in cones/mm2), myopes generally have a higher angular sampling density (increase in cones/deg2) in and around the fovea compared to emmetropes, offering the potential for better visual acuity. Reports of deficits in best-corrected foveal vision in myopes compared to emmetropes cannot be explained by increased spacing between photoreceptors caused by retinal stretching during myopic progression. The human eye has many different parts that enable sight. The retina is the light sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, and it contains the fovea, the region that provides the clearest vision. Light must be focused on the retina to create images, a feat achieved by the transparent parts at the front of the eye called the cornea and lens. These parts of the eye are called the optics. Between birth and adulthood, significant changes take place in the eye. Most noticeably, the distance between the optics and the fovea grows by about seven millimeters. Cells called cone photoreceptors, which provide light sensitivity, migrate and pack into the fovea. Finally, the eye’s optics adjust to maintain a sharp focus. At the same time, the brain is learning how to process inputs from the eyes to generate mental images that realistically correspond to the physical world around it. The development of the eye is fascinating in its complexity, but for more and more people, the process does not go as expected. Specifically, a growing proportion of the population has eyes that are too long. This means that, for light reflected by far away objects, the eye’s optics form an image in front of the retina instead of on it. As a result, images of distant objects cannot be seen clearly, a condition known as myopia or nearsightedness. Researchers have also discovered that nearsighted people see less clearly than those who do not use glasses, even when given a sharp image to examine at close range. It has been hypothesized that these deficits result from stretching of the retina as the eye becomes bigger. Until recently, testing this hypothesis by looking at cone photoreceptors directly in the eye was impossible. This is because the optics of all eyes have small imperfections that distort the light passing through them, including any light used to take high resolution microscopic images of the fovea. This hurdle can be overcome using adaptive optics, which means adding a deformable mirror to the instrument being used to image the eye that can adjust to correct the distortion. Wang et al. use a new generation Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope to check the density of cones at the fovea in relation to the size of the eye. They show that although the center of the fovea has fewer cones when the eye is bigger, this effect is more than offset because the longer eye increases magnification. So, if a near-sighted person wearing contacts and someone who does not need glasses stood side-by-side admiring the full moon, the near-sighted person would most likely have more cones sampling the image and should therefore have a higher resolution view. These findings rule out reductions in the density of cone photoreceptors as the cause or effect of visual deficits associated with near-sightedness, adding to the understanding of this common condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Wang
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | | | - Pavan Tiruveedhula
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Jianqiang Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Sowmya Ravikumar
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Austin Roorda
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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Bensinger E, Rinella N, Saud A, Loumou P, Ratnam K, Griffin S, Qin J, Porco TC, Roorda A, Duncan JL. Loss of Foveal Cone Structure Precedes Loss of Visual Acuity in Patients With Rod-Cone Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:3187-3196. [PMID: 31335944 PMCID: PMC6657704 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the relationship between cone spacing and visual acuity in eyes with rod-cone degeneration (RCD) followed longitudinally. Methods High-resolution images of the retina were obtained using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy from 13 eyes of nine RCD patients and 13 eyes of eight healthy subjects at two sessions separated by 10 or more months (mean 765 days, range 311-1935 days). Cone spacing Z-score measured as close as possible (average <0.25°) to the preferred retinal locus was compared with visual acuity (letters read on the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study [ETDRS] chart and logMAR) and foveal sensitivity. Results Cone spacing was significantly correlated with ETDRS letters read (ρ = -0.47, 95%CI -0.67 to -0.24), logMAR (ρ = 0.46, 95%CI 0.24 to 0.66), and foveal sensitivity (ρ = -0.30, 95%CI -0.52 to -0.018). There was a small but significant increase in mean cone spacing Z-score during follow-up of +0.97 (95%CI 0.57 to 1.4) in RCD patients, but not in healthy eyes, and there was no significant change in any measure of visual acuity. Conclusions Cone spacing was correlated with visual acuity and foveal sensitivity. In RCD patients, cone spacing increased during follow-up, while visual acuity did not change significantly. Cone spacing Z-score may be a more sensitive measure of cone loss at the fovea than visual acuity in patients with RCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Bensinger
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Nicholas Rinella
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Asma Saud
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Panagiota Loumou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Kavitha Ratnam
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Shane Griffin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Jia Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Travis C. Porco
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
- Proctor Foundation, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Austin Roorda
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Jacque L. Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
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AbdelAl O, Ashraf M, Sampani K, Sun JK. "For Mass Eye and Ear Special Issue" Adaptive Optics in the Evaluation of Diabetic Retinopathy. Semin Ophthalmol 2019; 34:189-197. [PMID: 31188056 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2019.1620794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Retinal imaging is a fundamental tool for clinical and research efforts in the evaluation and management of diabetic retinopathy. Adaptive optics (AO) is an imaging technique that enables correction of over 90% of the optical aberrations of an individual eye induced primarily by the tear film, cornea and lens. The two major tasks of any AO system are to measure the optical imperfections of the eye and to then compensate for these aberrations to generate a corrected wavefront of reflected light from the eye. AO scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) provides a theoretical lateral resolution limit of 1.4 μm, allowing the study of microscopic features of the retinal vascular and neural tissue. AOSLO studies have revealed irregularities of the photoreceptor mosaic, vascular loss, and details of vascular lesions in diabetic eyes that may provide new insight into development, regression, and response to therapy of diabetic eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar AbdelAl
- a Beetham Eye Institute , Joslin Diabetes Center , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Ophthalmology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Mohammed Ashraf
- a Beetham Eye Institute , Joslin Diabetes Center , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Ophthalmology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Konstantina Sampani
- a Beetham Eye Institute , Joslin Diabetes Center , Boston , MA , USA.,c Department of Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jennifer K Sun
- a Beetham Eye Institute , Joslin Diabetes Center , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Ophthalmology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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Liu J, Jung H, Dubra A, Tam J. Cone Photoreceptor Cell Segmentation and Diameter Measurement on Adaptive Optics Images Using Circularly Constrained Active Contour Model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4639-4652. [PMID: 30372733 PMCID: PMC6154284 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cone photoreceptor cells can be noninvasively imaged in the living human eye by using nonconfocal adaptive optics scanning ophthalmoscopy split detection. Existing metrics, such as cone density and spacing, are based on simplifying cone photoreceptors to single points. The purposes of this study were to introduce a computer-aided approach for segmentation of cone photoreceptors, to apply this technique to create a normal database of cone diameters, and to demonstrate its use in the context of existing metrics. Methods Cone photoreceptor segmentation is achieved through a circularly constrained active contour model (CCACM). Circular templates and image gradients attract active contours toward cone photoreceptor boundaries. Automated segmentation from in vivo human subject data was compared to ground truth established by manual segmentation. Cone diameters computed from curated data (automated segmentation followed by manual removal of errors) were compared with histology and published data. Results Overall, there was good agreement between automated and manual segmentations and between diameter measurements (n = 5191 cones) and published histologic data across retinal eccentricities ranging from 1.35 to 6.35 mm (temporal). Interestingly, cone diameter was correlated to both cone density and cone spacing (negatively and positively, respectively; P < 0.01 for both). Application of the proposed automated segmentation to images from a patient with late-onset retinal degeneration revealed the presence of enlarged cones above individual reticular pseudodrusen (average 23.0% increase, P < 0.05). Conclusions CCACM can accurately segment cone photoreceptors on split detection images across a range of eccentricities. Metrics derived from this automated segmentation of adaptive optics retinal images can provide new insights into retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Liu
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - HaeWon Jung
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Alfredo Dubra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Johnny Tam
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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Patterson EJ, Kalitzeos A, Kasilian M, Gardner JC, Neitz J, Hardcastle AJ, Neitz M, Carroll J, Michaelides M. Residual Cone Structure in Patients With X-Linked Cone Opsin Mutations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4238-4248. [PMID: 30128495 PMCID: PMC6103386 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess residual cone structure in subjects with mutations in exon 2, 3, and 4 of the OPN1LW or OPN1MW opsin. Methods Thirteen males had their OPN1LW/OPN1MW opsin genes characterized. The cone mosaic was imaged using both confocal and nonconfocal split-detection adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO), and retinal thickness was evaluated using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Six subjects completed serial imaging over a maximum period of 18 months and cone density was measured across imaging sessions. Results Ten subjects had an OPN1LW/OPN1MW "interchange" opsin mutation designated as LIAVA or LVAVA, which both introduce exon 3 splicing defects leading to a lack of functional photopigment in cones expressing LIAVA and greatly reduced functional photopigment in cones expressing LVAVA. Despite disrupted cone reflectivity and reduced numerosity, residual inner segments could be visualized. Similar patterns were observed in individuals with an exon 2 insertion, or an exon 4 splice defect, both of which are also expected to produce cones that are devoid of functional opsin protein. OCT revealed variably reduced retinal thickness. A significant inverse relationship was found between the proportion of waveguiding cones and axial length. Conclusions Split-detection imaging revealed that the altered appearance of the cone mosaic in confocal images for subjects with exon 2, 3, and 4 mutations was generally due to disrupted waveguiding, rather than structural loss, making them possible candidates for gene therapy to restore cone function. The relative fraction of waveguiding cones was highly variable across subjects, which appears to influence emmetropization in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Patterson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Angelos Kalitzeos
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Kasilian
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica C Gardner
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Alison J Hardcastle
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.,Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Michel Michaelides
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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48
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Woog K, Legras R. Distribution of mid-peripheral cones in emmetropic and myopic subjects using adaptive optics flood illumination camera. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2019; 39:94-103. [PMID: 30697790 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We measured in vivo cone photoreceptors up to 24° of eccentricity along the horizontal meridian of healthy human retina. We also investigated the impact on cone densities of axial eye length elongation occurring with myopia. METHODS Using a flood illumination device coupled with an adaptive optics system, rtx1™, ( www.imagine-eyes.com), 55 right healthy retinas were imaged along the horizontal (i.e. nasal and temporal) meridian over a 48° field (i.e. from 3° to 24° each 3°). Then, cones were manually detected within 80 × 80 pixel regions of interest. Cone density and packing geometry (i.e. number of neighbours) were calculated (AOdetect software™). Subjects were divided into three groups: a group of 36 emmetropic (i.e. refractive error from -0.25D to +0.50D) subjects; a group of 10 low myopic subjects (i.e. refractive error from -0.50D to -2.50D); and a group of nine high myopic subjects (i.e. >-2.50D). RESULTS Cone density decreased with eccentricity in both semi-meridians. The decrease in cone photoreceptors occurred mainly in the first 9°. The difference of cone density between the nasal and temporal semi-meridian increased with eccentricity from 0.6% at 3° to 26% at 24°. Average cone density of emmetropes (850 cones deg-2 or 11 087 cones mm-2 ), low myopes (830 cones deg-2 or 9731 cones mm-2 ), and high myopes (912 cones deg-2 or 9744 cones mm-2 ), suggested that the retinas of the high myopic subjects were more stretched than the low myopic subjects retinas and even more stretched than that of the emmetropes. The axial eyeball elongation (square of the ratio of the axial eye length of 9%) seems to explain the cone density (11%) difference between emmetropes and low myopes. However, while the eyeball elongation between low and high myopes is still important (i.e. 11%), cone density difference between both populations was negligible (i.e. 3%). The ratio of cone density varied from -17% to 22% as a function of eccentricity involving that the retinal stretching is not uniform along the horizontal meridian. CONCLUSION The difference of cone density (i.e. cone mm-2 ) between groups supports the hypothesis that the retina is stretched with the eyeball elongation. However, this elongation does not seem to be uniform along the horizontal meridian favouring the hypothesis of a local elongation of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Woog
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Richard Legras
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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Georgiou M, Litts KM, Kalitzeos A, Langlo CS, Kane T, Singh N, Kassilian M, Hirji N, Kumaran N, Dubra A, Carroll J, Michaelides M. Adaptive Optics Retinal Imaging in CNGA3-Associated Achromatopsia: Retinal Characterization, Interocular Symmetry, and Intrafamilial Variability. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:383-396. [PMID: 30682209 PMCID: PMC6354941 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate retinal structure in subjects with CNGA3-associated achromatopsia and evaluate disease symmetry and intrafamilial variability. Methods Thirty-eight molecularly confirmed subjects underwent ocular examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and nonconfocal split-detection adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO). OCT scans were used for evaluating foveal hypoplasia, grading foveal ellipsoid zone (EZ) disruption, and measuring outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness. AOSLO images were used to quantify peak foveal cone density, intercell distance (ICD), and the coefficient of variation (CV) of ICD. Results Mean (±SD) age was 25.9 (±13.1) years. Mean (± SD) best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.87 (±0.14) logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution. Examination with OCT showed variable disruption or loss of the EZ. Seven subjects were evaluated for disease symmetry, with peak foveal cone density, ICD, CV, ONL thickness, and BCVA not differing significantly between eyes. A cross-sectional evaluation of AOSLO imaging showed a mean (±SD) peak foveal cone density of 19,844 (±13,046) cones/mm2. There was a weak negative association between age and peak foveal cone density (r = -0.397, P = 0.102), as well as between EZ grade and age (P = 0.086). Conclusions The remnant cone mosaics were irregular and variably disrupted, with significantly lower peak foveal cone density than unaffected individuals. Variability was also seen among subjects with identical mutations. Therefore, subjects should be considered on an individual basis for stratification in clinical trials. Interocular symmetry suggests that both eyes have comparable therapeutic potential and the fellow eye can serve as a valid control. Longitudinal studies are needed, to further examine the weak negative association between age and foveal cone structure observed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Georgiou
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie M. Litts
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Angelos Kalitzeos
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher S. Langlo
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Thomas Kane
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Navjit Singh
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Kassilian
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nashila Hirji
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neruban Kumaran
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alfredo Dubra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Michel Michaelides
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
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50
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Burns SA, Elsner AE, Sapoznik KA, Warner RL, Gast TJ. Adaptive optics imaging of the human retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 68:1-30. [PMID: 30165239 PMCID: PMC6347528 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive Optics (AO) retinal imaging has provided revolutionary tools to scientists and clinicians for studying retinal structure and function in the living eye. From animal models to clinical patients, AO imaging is changing the way scientists are approaching the study of the retina. By providing cellular and subcellular details without the need for histology, it is now possible to perform large scale studies as well as to understand how an individual retina changes over time. Because AO retinal imaging is non-invasive and when performed with near-IR wavelengths both safe and easily tolerated by patients, it holds promise for being incorporated into clinical trials providing cell specific approaches to monitoring diseases and therapeutic interventions. AO is being used to enhance the ability of OCT, fluorescence imaging, and reflectance imaging. By incorporating imaging that is sensitive to differences in the scattering properties of retinal tissue, it is especially sensitive to disease, which can drastically impact retinal tissue properties. This review examines human AO retinal imaging with a concentration on the use of the Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (AOSLO). It first covers the background and the overall approaches to human AO retinal imaging, and the technology involved, and then concentrates on using AO retinal imaging to study the structure and function of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Burns
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.
| | - Ann E Elsner
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Kaitlyn A Sapoznik
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Raymond L Warner
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Thomas J Gast
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
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