Indications for Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Posterior Segment Intraocular Tumors

Artificial intelligence and different image modalities in uveal melanoma diagnosis and prognosis: A narrative review

BACKGROUND

The most widespread primary intraocular tumor in adults is called uveal melanoma (UM), if detected early enough, it can be curable. Various methods are available to treat UM, but the most commonly used and effective approach is plaque radiotherapy using Iodine-125 and Ruthenium-106.

METHOD

The authors performed searches to distinguish relevant studies from 2017 to 2024 by three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar).

RESULTS

Imaging technologies such as ultrasound (US), fundus photography (FP), optical coherent tomography (OCT), fluorescein angiography (FA), and magnetic resonance images (MRI) play a vital role in the diagnosis and prognosis of UM. The present review assessed the power of different image modalities when integrated with artificial intelligence (AI) to diagnose and prognosis of patients affected by UM.

CONCLUSION

Finally, after reviewing the studies conducted, it was concluded that AI is a developing tool in image analysis and enhances workflows in diagnosis from data and image processing to clinical decisions, improving tailored treatment scenarios, response prediction, and prognostication.

Artificial intelligence for ocular oncology

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The aim of this article is to provide an update on the latest applications of deep learning (DL) and classical machine learning (ML) techniques to the detection and prognostication of intraocular and ocular surface malignancies.

RECENT FINDINGS

Most recent studies focused on using DL and classical ML techniques for prognostication purposes in patients with uveal melanoma (UM).

SUMMARY

DL has emerged as the leading ML technique for prognostication in ocular oncological conditions, particularly in UM. However, the application of DL may be limited by the relatively rarity of these conditions.

Presumed incipient choroidal melanoma: proposed diagnostic criteria and management

AIMS

To propose diagnostic criteria for a presumed incipient choroidal melanoma based on tumour growth rate and tumour doubling time (TDT) and to describe management of such tumours with transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT).

METHODS

Retrospective interventional case series of nine consecutive presumed incipient uveal melanomas diagnosed and treated with TTT in 2010-2017. Growth rate in mm/year and per cent/year in largest basal diameter (LBD) and TDT were compared with published data for uveal melanomas and growing naevi that did not transform to melanoma under long-term follow-up.

RESULTS

The median LBD and thickness were 1.6 mm (range 0.9-2.3) and 0.20 mm (range 0.15-0.29), respectively. The median age was 57 years (range 47-78). Seven tumours were classified as de novo melanomas and two as transformed naevi. The median time from first observation to diagnosis was 3.3 years (range 2.2-7.3), LBD growth rate 0.25 mm/year (range 0.11-0.72) and 34 per cent/year (range 10-1437), and TDT 609 days (range 97-1612). The estimates matched those reported for uveal melanoma (median TDT 521 days, 90th percentile 2192) and exceeded those for growing naevi (median growth rate 0.04 mm/year, 90th percentile 0.12; 1.1 per cent/year, 90th percentile 2.6). The predicted median age at de novo appearance was 51 years (range 32-63). No tumour grew after TTT during a median follow-up of 2.1 years (range 0.6-8.7).

CONCLUSIONS

In this series, relative growth rate and TDT best qualified as diagnostic criteria for an incipient choroidal melanoma. Too small for brachytherapy, they could be managed with TTT.

Ultra-low dose external beam radiotherapy for presumed choroidal lymphoma: a case report

Primary choroidal lymphoma is a rare, slowly progressive intraocular malignancy. Most are low grade B cell lymphomas, often involving tissues adjacent to the choroid such as the subconjunctival space, lacrimal gland or orbit. Ideally, these lesions are biopsied to establish histopathological diagnosis. The most accessible ocular structure is biopsied. Obtaining tissue by transvitreal choroidal biopsy imparts a small but significant risk of ocular morbidity, including the need for multiple surgeries, retinal detachment and vision loss.

External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is a common and effective treatment of low-grade lymphomas. EBRT has been found to very successfully treat primary marginal zone lymphomas of the ocular adnexa, which are typically of the same cell type as most primary choroid lymphomas. Ultra-low dose EBRT, most commonly using a total dose of 4 Gy, has been shown to be as effective as higher doses of radiotherapy for follicular or marginal zone lymphomas. The use of this low dose regimen for conjunctival lymphomas has been recently explored. The role of EBRT, and especially ultra-low dose EBRT, for treatment of primary choroidal lymphoma has been confined to case reports.

We describe a case of presumed primary choroidal lymphoma diagnosed on clinical findings alone as the risks of ocular biopsy were deemed too high, and report outcome following treatment with ultra-low dose EBRT.

Transretinal biopsy via 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy for retinal and choroidal tumors: cytopathological results, surgical complications, and patient outcomes

PURPOSE

To evaluate the cytopathological results, surgical complications, and patient outcomes after transretinal biopsy (TRB) for diagnosis of retinal/choroidal tumors METHODS: Records of 40 cases who underwent TRB via 23-gauge (23 G) pars plana vitrectomy between March 2011 and March 2020 were reviewed.

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective.

RESULTS

Twenty-six (65.0%) cases were women and 14 (35.0%) were men. The mean age at diagnosis was 57.2 (range: 18-83) years. The mean tumor base diameter was 12.0×9.8 mm and the mean tumor thickness was 4.9 mm. According to cytopathological examination, 29 (72.5%) cases had choroidal melanoma, 2 (5.0%) had non-small cell lung cancer metastasis, 1 (2.5%) had adenoma of retinal pigment epithelium, 1 (2.5%) had small cell lung cancer metastasis, 1 (2.5%) had invasive breast cancer metastasis, 1 (2.5%) had retinal astrocytic hamartoma, and 1 (2.5%) had pseudoneoplastic gliosis. Cytopathological examination of 4 (10.0%) cases revealed findings consistent with macular and extramacular degeneration. Postoperative complications were mild vitreous hemorrhage in 16 (40.0%) cases, gradually worsening cataract in 4 (11.8%), retinal detachment in 1 (2.5%), hyphema in 1 (2.5%), glaucoma in 1 (2.5%), and macular hole in 1 (2.5%). During the mean 11.1 (range: 1-55) months follow-up, 1 (3.4%) patient with choroidal melanoma developed liver metastasis. All patients were alive at the end of follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

TRB using 23 G pars plana vitrectomy can be used to make the cytopathologic diagnosis of retinal/choroidal tumors whenever the clinical diagnosis is not certain or in cases with known diagnosis to obtain information on cell type/cytogenetics. In our series, the most common diagnosis after cytopathologic examination was choroidal melanoma.

Instrument Gauge and Type in Uveal Melanoma Fine Needle Biopsy: Implications for Diagnostic Yield and Molecular Prognostication

PURPOSE

To systematically evaluate and compare the effects of using small-gauge needles and vitrectors on the ability to obtain adequate diagnostic and prognostic uveal melanoma biopsy specimens.

DESIGN

Comparative evaluation of biopsy instruments.

METHODS

Survival of uveal melanoma cells was evaluated in vitro following needle aspiration. Five therapeutically enucleated eyes were sampled in triplicate for ex vivo diagnostic biopsy experiments with 25 gauge (25 G) needle, 27 gauge (27 G) needle, and 27 G vitrector. During surgery in 8 patients, paired diagnostic transscleral fine needle aspiration biopsies were performed using both 25 G and 27 G needles. A review of cytologic specimens was performed by a panel of 3 expert cytopathologists. A retrospective chart review was performed to evaluate 100 consecutive tumors undergoing prognostic biopsy for gene expression profiling to assess the relationship between needle gauge and prognostic adequacy.

RESULTS

No significant cell shearing of uveal melanoma cells occurred in vitro with 25 G, 27 G, or 30 G needles. For ex vivo biopsy samples, diagnostic yield was 100% using 25 G needle (5/5) or 27 G vitrector (5/5) but 60% using a 27 G needle (3/5). For in vivo samples, no difference in diagnostic yield was found between 25 G (75%, 6/8) or 27 G (75%, 6/8) needle sizes. Of 100 molecular prognostic biopsy samples evaluated, 65 were obtained using 27 G needles; for these biopsies, the prognostic yield was 65/65 (100%).

CONCLUSIONS

For diagnostic biopsy of uveal melanoma, a larger-gauge needle or a 27 G vitrector may have better overall cellularity and diagnostic yield when compared to a 27 G needle. However, for much more common molecular prognostic testing, a 27 G needle provided adequate sample in 100% (65/65) of cases, and a larger needle provided no additional benefit.