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Vought R, Vought V, Shah E, Khouri AS. Demographics and Research Activity Among 2023 Academic Glaucoma Specialists. Semin Ophthalmol 2024; 39:299-304. [PMID: 38078456 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2023.2293029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize demographics, academic characteristics, and research activity of academic glaucoma specialists. METHODS Faculty demographic and academic data were recorded for glaucoma specialist faculty from 99 United States ophthalmology residency programs using institutional websites, Doximity, and LinkedIn. H-index was calculated using Scopus. Mean and weighted relative citation ratio (RCR), measuring research impact and productivity, respectively, was determined with the National Institute of Health iCite tool. RESULTS Most academic glaucoma specialists were men (0.61), located in the Southern United States (0.316), and in practice for less than or equal to 10 years in 2023 (0.324). Twenty-six percent had additional professional degrees, and 11% completed fellowship training in addition to clinical glaucoma. Assistant professor was the most common academic appointment (0.479), and almost a quarter (0.23) had additional positions. Mean h-index (13.3), mean-RCR (1.76), and weighted-RCR (84.0) were consistent with high research productivity and impact. Gender comparison found that men had significantly higher h-index (p < .001), m-RCR (p = .007), w-RCR (p < .001) as compared to women. H-index (p < .001; p < .001; p < .001), m-RCR (p = .006; p < .001; p < .001), and w-RCR (p < .001; p < .001; p < .001) also increased with career duration, academic position, and additional academic appointments, respectively. Additional training was associated with higher h-index (p = .023) and w-RCR (p = .012), but not m-RCR (p = .699). CONCLUSION Higher research activity is significantly associated with higher departmental positions and additional academic appointments. This illustrates the importance of research contributions for academic promotion. Variations in research activity by gender distribution may therefore affect opportunities for career advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Vought
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Victoria Vought
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Esha Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Albert S Khouri
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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Jiao C, Patel PA, Ibnamasud S, Patel PN, Ahmed H, Law JC. Descriptive Analysis of Vitreoretinal Surgery Fellowship Program Directors. JOURNAL OF VITREORETINAL DISEASES 2024; 8:280-285. [PMID: 38770078 PMCID: PMC11102720 DOI: 10.1177/24741264241230385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the demographic, educational, and scholarly characteristics of Association of University Professors of Ophthalmology-accredited vitreoretinal surgery fellowship program directors in the United States and Canada. Methods: Demographic, educational, and scholarly profiles of identified program directors were collated from online public resources. Characteristics were compared by sex, program size, ranking, and affiliation. Results: Eighty-one program directors (mean age [±SD] 54.7 ± 11.0 years) from 78 fellowship programs were identified. The minority were women (14.8%), who were on average 6 years younger than their male counterparts (P = .07). The majority of program directors had an academic affiliation (90.1%), most commonly professor (54.8%). The mean h-index, 5-year h-index, and m-quotient were 20.9 ± 14.9, 5.9 ± 4.4, and 0.82 ± 0.42, respectively. Compared with their counterparts, program directors of both "top 10" and large programs published more manuscripts (P < .05), accrued more citations (P < .05), and had a higher h-index (P < .05). Fellowship programs with female program directors had a significantly larger proportion of female retina faculty (P = .002). Conclusions: The backgrounds of vitreoretinal surgery program directors are diverse. However, women remain underrepresented in this position, highlighting an area with the potential for greater equity in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jiao
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Parth A. Patel
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Prem N. Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Harris Ahmed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Janice C. Law
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Giannakakos VP, Syed M, Culican SM, Rosenberg JB. The status of women in academic ophthalmology: Authorship of papers, presentations, and academic promotions. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 52:137-147. [PMID: 38214049 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
As the field of ophthalmology has evolved in the last several decades, so has the gender distribution of ophthalmologists. We conducted a narrative review to further characterise the status of women in the realm of publication, presentations, editorial positions, grants, academic promotion, and financial compensation. While the proportion of women publishing, presenting, and filling academic and editorial roles has increased over time, it still does not match that of men. Women are more likely to be first authors instead of senior authors, have lower average h-indices, and are awarded fewer grants. The magnitude of some of these differences is smaller when adjusted for women's shorter career duration on average. Despite increased representation of women in ophthalmology, women continue to receive less compensation for the same work. This review highlights that more can be done to improve gender parity in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki P Giannakakos
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center / Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Misha Syed
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Susan M Culican
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jamie B Rosenberg
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center / Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Rousta N, Hussein IM, Kohly RP. Sex Disparities in Ophthalmology From Training Through Practice: A Systematic Review. JAMA Ophthalmol 2024; 142:146-154. [PMID: 38236584 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.6118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Importance Sex-based research in medicine has revealed inequities against females on almost every metric at almost every career stage; ophthalmology is no exception. Objective To systematically review the experiences of females in ophthalmology (FiO) from training through practice in high-income countries (HICs). Evidence Review A systematic review of English-language studies, published between January 1990 and May 2022, relating to FiO in HICs was performed. PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase electronic databases were searched, as well as the Journal of Academic Ophthalmology as it was not indexed in the searched databases. Studies were organized by theme at each career stage, starting in medical school when an interest in ophthalmology is expressed, and extending up to retirement. Findings A total of 91 studies, 87 cross-sectional and 4 cohort, were included. In medical school, mentorship and recruitment of female students into ophthalmology was influenced by sex bias, with fewer females identifying with ophthalmologist mentors and gender stereotypes perpetuated in reference letters written by both male and female referees. In residency, females had unequal learning opportunities, with lower surgical case volumes than male trainees and fewer females pursued fellowships in lucrative subspecialties. In practice, female ophthalmologists had lower incomes, less academic success, and poorer representation in leadership roles. Female ophthalmologists had a greater scholarly impact factor than their male counterparts, but this was only after approximately 30 years of publication experience. Pervasive throughout all stages of training and practice was the experience of greater sexual harassment among females from both patients and colleagues. Despite these disparities, some studies found that females reported equal overall career satisfaction rating with males in ophthalmology, whereas others suggested higher burnout rates. Conclusions and Relevance Ophthalmology is approaching sex parity, however, the increase in the proportion of females in ophthalmology had not translated to an increase in female representation in leadership positions. Sex disparities persisted across many domains including recruitment, training, practice patterns, academic productivity, and income. Interventions may improve sex equity in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Rousta
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isra M Hussein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Radha P Kohly
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Choudhry HS, Toor U, Sanchez AJ, Mian SI. Perception of Race and Sex Diversity in Ophthalmology by Artificial Intelligence: A DALL E-2 Study. Clin Ophthalmol 2023; 17:2889-2899. [PMID: 37808001 PMCID: PMC10559891 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s427296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In the past few years, there has been remarkable progress in accessibility of open-source artificial intelligence (AI) image generators, developed to help humans understand how AI sees our world. Here, we characterize perception of racial and sex diversity in ophthalmology by AI. Methods OpenAI's open-source DALL E-2 AI was used for image generation of ophthalmologists with queries that all included "American" and "portrait photo". Factors used for queries contained categories of following: "Positive Characteristic", "Negative Characteristic", "Finances", "Region", "Experience", "Academic Rank", and "Subspecialty". The first 40 faces for each search were categorized on the basis of race and sex by two independent reviewers. If race or sex was not agreed upon, a third reviewer independently provided a classification, or if still indeterminate, the image was labeled as such. Images that did not adequately show facial features were excluded from categorization. Results A total of 1560 images were included in the analysis. Control search queries specifying solely ophthalmologist sex and/or race outputted (100%) accurate images validating the tool. The query "American ophthalmologist, portrait photo" portrayed the majority of ophthalmologists as White (75%) and male (77.5%). Young/inexperienced/amateur ophthalmologists were perceived to have greater non-White racial diversity (27.5%) and female representation (28.3%) relative to old/experienced/mature ophthalmologists (23.3% non-White and 18.3% female). Ophthalmology department chairs (25%) had slightly more racial diversity compared to residents (22.5%), but residents had greater female representation (30%) compared to chairs (15%). Conclusion Our results suggest the DALL E-2 AI may perceive a trend of increasing racial and sex diversity in younger, newer ophthalmologists compared to more senior ophthalmologists. Future investigations should attempt to validate how AI may be used as a tool to evaluate ophthalmology's progress towards becoming more inclusive of increasingly diverse ophthalmologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Usman Toor
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Shahzad I Mian
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Authorship Trends of Women in Retina: A 25-Year Analysis. Ophthalmol Retina 2023; 7:164-170. [PMID: 35973645 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the trends in first and last authorship of women within clinical retina research over the last 25 years. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS First and last author names were retrieved from original articles published between January 1, 1995, and January 1, 2021, in the American Journal of Ophthalmology, JAMA Ophthalmology (Archives of Ophthalmology), Ophthalmology, and Retina. METHODS The medical subject heading major term "retina" was used in PubMed to filter publications specific to the field of retina. Publications by single authors and collaborative study groups and those classified as comments, letters, and editorials were excluded. First and last author names were obtained, and Gender API was used to assign sex. Names were crosschecked with the American Society of Retina Specialists (ASRS) directory for United States-based authors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The proportion of male and female first and last authors throughout the study period and the association between first and last authorship gender were assessed. RESULTS A total of 4142 articles were included. The percentage of women in first and last authorship positions significantly increased from 23% to 37.7% and 14.2% to 24.6%, respectively, over 25 years (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). When the last authors were women, 32.5% of the first authors were women, and when the last authors were men, 27.1% of the first authors were women (P = 0.002). Based on the ASRS 2020 directory, 17% of practicing retina specialists in the United States were women in 2020. For publications in 2020, 28.2% of the first authors and 22.3% of the last authors of retina publications from the United States were women (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Although a disparity in authorship persists in the subspecialties of ophthalmology, this data suggest that retina is a field where the gap is improving. Mentorship by senior female authors is associated with a higher proportion of female first authors.
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Menard M, Ji X, Chen Q, Law JC, Baumal CR, Finn AP. Women's Representation among Lead Investigators of Clinical Trials in Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2023; 130:223-225. [PMID: 36332843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiangyu Ji
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Biostatistics, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Qingxia Chen
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Biostatistics, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Janice C Law
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Caroline R Baumal
- New England Eye Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Avni P Finn
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Nashville, Tennessee.
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Hoyer A, Randolph A, Syed MF, Afkhamnejad E, Mirza RG. Enhancing Mentorship Networks through the Experiences of Women Professors of Ophthalmology. JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC OPHTHALMOLOGY (2017) 2023; 15:e1-e7. [PMID: 38737166 PMCID: PMC10804760 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1760206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study is to identify and characterize women professors in ophthalmology to enhance professional development and equity of women in academic ophthalmology. Design Cross-sectional descriptive survey study. Participants Participants in the survey were women in ophthalmology departments who have obtained full professor rank at their respective institutions. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from an electronic survey of women ophthalmologists and researchers who had obtained full professorship rank in ophthalmology. The survey included questions about degree obtained, training path, fellowship, length and trajectory of academic career, family or medical leave participation, previous positions, and mentorship involvement. Statistical comparisons were made based on response. Main Outcome Measures Survey responses to questions pertaining to three domains: education and training, academic career, and mentorship. Results Women that obtained the professor title within ophthalmology largely held Doctor of Medicine/Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degrees, were more likely to have completed fellowship training, and on average took 11 to 15 years to obtain the full professor title. The participants held a variety of other positions and titles throughout their academic careers. The vast majority of women reported having between 1 and 3 mentors during their careers with the majority also noting they currently participate in mentoring programs. Surveys were completed by 62 (30% response rate) women full professors of ophthalmology. Conclusion The experiences women have along the academic path to professorship are described in this survey and can help to inform junior faculty. Literature review highlights the importance of mentorship for work productivity, retention, and promotion within academic medicine which is an element seen in the vast majority of our participants' career paths. Guided by the identification of women professors within departments of ophthalmology and characterization of their experiences, a new initiative called Women Professors of Ophthalmology was formed under the Association of University Professors of Ophthalmology's organizational structure in 2021. This group that is tailored for women professors of ophthalmology to foster peer mentorship and guidance is poised to increase the retention and promotion of women in academic ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Hoyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amber Randolph
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Misha F. Syed
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Elahhe Afkhamnejad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Rukhsana G. Mirza
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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Halawa OA, Sekimitsu S, Boland MV, Zebardast N. Sex-Based Differences in Medicare Reimbursements among Ophthalmologists Persist across Time. Ophthalmology 2022; 129:1056-1063. [PMID: 35588946 PMCID: PMC9730864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate differences in Medicare reimbursements between male and female ophthalmologists between 2013 and 2019. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS Ophthalmologists receiving Medicare reimbursements between 2013 and 2019. METHODS The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Physician and Other Supplier Public Use File was used to determine total reimbursements and number of services submitted by ophthalmologists between 2013 and 2019. Reimbursements were standardized to account for geographic differences in Medicare reimbursement per service. Data from the American Community Survey (ACS) were used to determine socioeconomic characteristics (unemployment, poverty, income, and education) by zip code for the location of each physician's practice. A multivariate linear regression model was used to evaluate differences in annual reimbursements by sex, accounting for calendar year, years of experience, total number of services, ACS zip code data, and proportion of procedural services. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Annual Medicare reimbursement and use of billing codes (e.g., outpatient office visits and eye examinations, diagnostic testing, laser treatment, and surgery). RESULTS Among 20 281 ophthalmologists who received Medicare reimbursements between 2013 and 2019, 15 451 (76%) were men. The most common billing codes submitted were for outpatient visits and eye examinations (13.8 million charges/year), diagnostic imaging of the retina (5.6 million charges/year), intravitreal injections (2.9 million charges/year), and removal of cataract with insertion of lens (2.4 million charges/year). Compared with men, female ophthalmologists received less in median annual reimbursements (median, $94 734.21 [interquartile range (IQR), $30 944.52-$195 701.70] for women vs. $194 176.90 [IQR, $76 380.76-$355 790.80] for men; P < 0.001) and billed for fewer annual median services (median, 1228 [IQR, 454-2433] vs. 2259 [IQR, 996-4075, respectively]; P < 0.001). After adjustment for covariates, female ophthalmologists billed for 1015 fewer services (95% confidence interval [CI], 1001-1029; P < 0.001) and received $20 209.12 less in reimbursements than men (95% CI, -$21 717.57 to -$18 700.66; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Female ophthalmologists billed for fewer services and received less in reimbursement from Medicare than men over time and across all categories of billing codes. Disparities persisted after controlling for physician and practice characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Alaa Halawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sayuri Sekimitsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael V Boland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nazlee Zebardast
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Park J, Xue Y, Xue R, Felfeli T. Representation of women on editorial boards of ophthalmology journals: protocol for a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e060665. [PMID: 35473728 PMCID: PMC9045046 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a notable under-representation of women in leadership positions in ophthalmology despite the increasing number of women as ophthalmologists. Gender inequality in editorial boards of ophthalmology journals has not been investigated on a global scale. This study will aim to evaluate the representation of women as editorial board members in ophthalmology journals across different regions, journal subspecialties and impact factors. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This will be a cross-sectional study describing the gender composition of editorial boards in ophthalmology journals globally. Ulrich's Periodicals Directory and SCImago Journal & Country Rank will be used to comprehensively identify journals indexed with the keyword, 'ophthalmology'. All journals with active websites and lists of editorial boards will be included. Journals will be categorised according to the World Bank's 2021 classification of countries by income and region, and classified into ophthalmology subspecialties based on publication scope. Impact factors will be obtained from Journal Citation Reports. The gender and academic degrees of each editorial board member will be determined based on journal profiles, institutional websites or name query feature on an online interface. The research impact of each editorial board member will be ascertained from the author records on Web of Science. The gender proportion will be presented for all journals combined, and then for journals grouped by regions, subspecialties and impact factors. Editorial board member characteristics including academic degrees and research productivity measures will be compared between men and women. These comparisons will be made using the χ2 test for categorical variables and the independent samples t-test for continuous variables. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study did not require research ethics approval given the use of publicly available data and lack of human subjects. The results will be presented at scientific meetings and published in peer-reviewed journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Park
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuanxin Xue
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Xue
- Dr. Norman Bethune Collegiate Institute, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tina Felfeli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (IHPME), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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An Eye on Gender Equality: A Review of the Evolving Role and Representation of Women in Ophthalmology. Am J Ophthalmol 2022; 236:232-240. [PMID: 34283980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent decades, women have achieved greater representation in ophthalmology. Globally, women now constitute approximately 25%-30% of ophthalmologists and 35%-45% of trainees. Nevertheless, women remain under-represented in key areas, including positions of professional and academic leadership and ophthalmic surgical subspecialization. Furthermore, there is evidence that women in ophthalmology encounter more bias and discrimination across multiple domains than men, including a gender-pay gap that is wider than in many other surgical subspecialties. Women ophthalmologists and trainees report sharply differing training experiences from male peers, including fewer opportunities to operate, more bullying and harassment, less access to mentorship, and contrasting expectations around contributions to family life. DESIGN Perspective. METHODS An extensive literature search was undertaken to compile and review papers published with a focus on gender equity across ophthalmology, surgery, and medicine. RESULTS We identified 8 broad domains that were widely discussed: leadership, research and academics, income, surgical exposure and subspecialization, harassment, career satisfaction, mentorship, and family and marital differences. We have summarized the current research across each of these areas, and discussed possible solutions to reduce the inequities reported. CONCLUSIONS This review draws on current research published around representation and experiences of women in ophthalmology and suggests that there are opportunities to improve gender inequity.
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Colby K. Status of Women in Ophthalmology in 2021-Different Year, Same Story? JAMA Ophthalmol 2021; 139:1078-1079. [PMID: 34383021 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.3035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Colby
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
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