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Secen EI, Desdicioglu R, Ergun GT, Usta E, Ozgu-Erdinc AS. The Relationship between a High Carbohydrate Diet and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Pregnancy. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2024; 228:255-259. [PMID: 37591288 DOI: 10.1055/a-2143-8221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to examine the impact of carbohydrate ratios in the diet consumed one day prior to the 75-g oral glucose screening test on both the screening test values and the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus in the unselective pregnant population. MATERIAL-METHOD 83 pregnant women who were under observation in the antenatal clinic of our hospital and underwent glucose tolerance tests were included in the study. The patients were given training by a dietitian to keep nutrition records of the day prior to glucose loading during their previous visits before any glucose loading. A carbohydrate intake of 40-60% was considered as the normal range in terms of the percentage of carbohydrates in the diet. A carbohydrate percentage above 60% was considered to be a high carbohydrate intake. The carbohydrate percentages in their diet over the past 24 hours was compared with the effect on the glucose tolerance test. RESULTS Out of the 83 pregnant women included in the study, 40 of them had a high carbohydrate diet (HCD) prior to the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and the average carbohydrate percentage of this diet was found to be 62%. The remaining 43 patients had an average carbohydrate percentage of 49% and belonged to the group that had a normal carbohydrate diet (NCD). Out of the 83 pregnant women, 33 of them were at high risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). In the high-risk patient group, 16 patients had an NCD intake, while 17 patients had a HCD intake. It was determined that a high carbohydrate diet had no significant effect on fasting, first-hour, and second-hour glucose levels, as well as the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), in both the unselective population and the high-risk patient population. CONCLUSION In our study, we concluded that the high carbohydrate ratios in the diets of pregnant women one day prior did not affect the OGTT results or the GDM ratios. This indicates that there is no need for a preparatory diet prior to the OGTT in women with normal dietary habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elcin Islek Secen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Raziye Desdicioglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gonca Turker Ergun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Cankaya, Turkey
| | - Esin Usta
- Dietetic and Nutrititon, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Seval Ozgu-Erdinc
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Sarker MR, Ramos GA. Routine screening for gestational diabetes: a review. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2024; 36:97-103. [PMID: 38259247 DOI: 10.1097/gco.0000000000000940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Rates of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) throughout the world continue to increase associated with the increasing rates of obesity. Given this epidemiologic burden, the importance of proper screening, diagnosis, and management cannot be understated. This review focuses on the current screening guidelines utilized throughout the world and new data recently published regarding the most optimal screening techniques and future directions for research. RECENT FINDINGS Despite unanimous opinion that GDM warrants screening, the optimal screening regimen remains controversial. Notably, in the United States per the consensus recommendation by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, a 2-step screening approach is often used. Recently, there have been multiple studies published that have compared the 1-step and 2-step screening process with respect to GDM incidence and perinatal outcomes. These new findings are summarized below. SUMMARY Utilization of the 1-step screening as opposed to the 2-step screening results in an increased diagnosis of GDM without significant population level benefit in outcomes. However, these studies remain underpowered to allow for meaningful comparison of outcomes in those diagnosed with GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhazur R Sarker
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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Huhn EA, Göbl CS, Fischer T, Todesco Bernasconi M, Kreft M, Kunze M, Vogt DR, Dölzlmüller E, Jaksch-Bogensperger H, Heldstab S, Eppel W, Husslein P, Ochsenbein Kölble N, Richter A, Bäz E, Winzeler B, Hoesli I. Sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of WHO 2013 criteria for diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus in low risk early pregnancies: international, prospective, multicentre cohort study. BMJ MEDICINE 2023; 2:e000330. [PMID: 37720695 PMCID: PMC10503330 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the predictability of gestational diabetes mellitus wth a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in early pregnancy, based on the 2013 criteria of the World Health Organization, and to test newly proposed cut-off values. Design International, prospective, multicentre cohort study. Setting Six university or cantonal departments in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, from 1 May 2016 to 31 January 2019. Participants Low risk cohort of 829 participants aged 18-45 years with singleton pregnancies attending first trimester screening and consenting to have an early 75 g OGTT at 12-15 weeks of gestation. Participants and healthcare providers were blinded to the results. Main outcome measures Fasting, one hour, and two hour plasma glucose concentrations after an early 75 g OGTT (12-15 weeks of gestation) and a late 75 g OGTT (24-28 weeks of gestation). Results Of 636 participants, 74 (12%) developed gestational diabetes mellitus, according to World Health Organization 2013 criteria, at 24-28 weeks of gestation. Applying WHO 2013 criteria to the early OGTT with at least one abnormal value gave a low sensitivity of 0.35 (95% confidence interval 0.24 to 0.47), high specificity of 0.96 (0.95 to 0.98), positive predictive value of 0.57 (0.41 to 0.71), negative predictive value of 0.92 (0.89 to 0.94), positive likelihood ratio of 10.46 (6.21 to 17.63), negative likelihood ratio of 0.65 (0.55 to 0.78), and diagnostic odds ratio of 15.98 (8.38 to 30.47). Lowering the postload glucose values (75 g OGTT cut-off values of 5.1, 8.9, and 7.8 mmol/L) improved the detection rate (53%, 95% confidence interval 41% to 64%) and negative predictive value (0.94, 0.91 to 0.95), but decreased the specificity (0.91, 0.88 to 0.93) and positive predictive value (0.42, 0.32 to 0.53) at a false positive rate of 9% (positive likelihood ratio 5.59, 4.0 to 7.81; negative likelihood ratio 0.64, 0.52 to 0.77; and diagnostic odds ratio 10.07, 6.26 to 18.31). Conclusions The results of this prospective low risk cohort study indicated that the 75 g OGTT as a screening tool in early pregnancy is not sensitive enough when applying WHO 2013 criteria. Postload glucose values were higher in early pregnancy complicated by diabetes in pregnancy. Lowering the postload cut-off values identified a high risk group for later development of gestational diabetes mellitus or those who might benefit from earlier treatment. Results from randomised controlled trials showing a beneficial effect of early intervention are unclear. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02035059.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn A Huhn
- Department of Feto-Maternal Medicine and Obstetrics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Prenatal Diangosis and Obstetrics, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian S Göbl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thorsten Fischer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Salzburger Landeskrankenhaus, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Martina Kreft
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Kunze
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Deborah R Vogt
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eva Dölzlmüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Salzburger Landeskrankenhaus, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Heidi Jaksch-Bogensperger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Salzburger Landeskrankenhaus, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sandra Heldstab
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Eppel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Husslein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Anne Richter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elke Bäz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Winzeler
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irene Hoesli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Sidatt M, Ag-Elmehdi H, Haidy Z, Sidi-Othmane HM, Ghaddour T, Mohamed A, Habib L, El Ghazaly A, Mokhtar AW, Ba H, Barikalla A, Elvilali K, Boye K, Ahmed-Bounahi A, Abdelghader F. Undetected Maternal Diabetes Causing Multiple Severe Complications in a Newborn: A Case Report and Literature Review. Clin Diabetes 2023; 41:587-592. [PMID: 37849514 PMCID: PMC10577506 DOI: 10.2337/cd23-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Sidatt
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Mother and Children Hospital, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Haletine Ag-Elmehdi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Center of Cardiology, Cité Universitaire, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Zeinebou Haidy
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Mother and Children Hospital, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | - Tewfik Ghaddour
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Mother and Children Hospital, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Abass Mohamed
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Mother and Children Hospital, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Lemrabet Habib
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Mother and Children Hospital, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Ahmed El Ghazaly
- Department of Radiology, National Center of Cardiology, Cité Universitaire, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Abdel Wedoud Mokhtar
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cité Universitaire, National Center of Cardiology, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Houleymata Ba
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, National Hospital of Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Ahmed Barikalla
- Department of Radiology, National Center of Cardiology, Cité Universitaire, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Khadigetou Elvilali
- Department of Obstetrics, Mother and Children Hospital, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Khaled Boye
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Center of Cardiology, Cité Universitaire, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Abdi Ahmed-Bounahi
- Department of Obstetrics, Mother and Children Hospital, Nouakchott, Mauritania
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Ding L, Chen Z, Chen Y, Zhu Y. Combining HbA1c and insulin resistance to assess the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 199:110673. [PMID: 37075929 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk. METHODS Data for this study were from a prospective cohort in Hangzhou, China. We included pregnant women with HbA1c, fasting insulin, and fasting glucose (FG) measured at 15-20 weeks of gestation and underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24-28 weeks. Based on HbA1c and HOMA-IR, participants were divided into four groups. We estimated the odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) to assess the associations of HbA1c and HOMA-IR with GDM occurrence. Finally, we the potential additive interaction between HbA1c and HOMA-IR by calculating relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) and the attributable proportion due to interaction (AP). RESULT 462 pregnant women were included, of whom 136 (29.44%) developed GDM. Based on HbA1c and HOMA-IR, the study population was divided into four groups, with the percentages of each group being 51.30%, 15.58%, 20.56%, and 12.55%, respectively. The incidence of GDM increased with the increase of HOMA-IR and HbA1c, respectively, and the risk of GDM was significantly increased when both HOMA-IR and HbA1c were elevated. However, no such risk was observed in pregnant women < 35 years. Finally, we found significantly higher FG at 24-28 weeks in the high HOMA-IR and HbA1c group among GDM-positive pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of GDM increased with increasing HbA1c and HOMA-IR, and the risk of GDM was significantly increased when both HbA1c and HOMA-IR were elevated. This finding may help to identify high-risk women for GDM early in pregnancy and provide timely interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Women's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zhuopeng Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Women's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Women's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yuning Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Women's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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