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Fino E, Humphries M, Robertson J, Orosz G, Griffiths MD. Factor structure, reliability and criterion-related validity of the English version of the Problematic Series Watching Scale. BJPsych Open 2022; 8:e160. [PMID: 36000417 PMCID: PMC9438478 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological research in the past decade has investigated the psychosocial implications of problematic use of on-demand online video streaming services, particularly series watching. Yet, a psychometric measure of problematic series watching in English is not available. AIMS The present study aimed to test the factor structure, reliability and criterion-related validity of the English version of the Problematic Series Watching Scale, a six-item self-report assessing problematic series watching, based on the biopsychosocial components model of addiction. METHOD Participants were recruited from two UK university student samples. Study 1 (n = 333) comprised confirmatory factor analysis, reliability tests and item response theory analyses to test the original unidimensional model and investigate each item's levels of discrimination and information. Study 2 (n = 209) comprised correlation analyses to test the criterion-related validity of the scale. RESULTS There was a good fit of the theoretical model of the scale to the data (Comparative Fit Index = 0.998, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.024 [90% CI 0.000-0.093], Standardised Root Mean square Residual = 0.048), satisfactory reliability (ω = 0.79) and item levels of discrimination and information. The scale positively correlated with time spent watching series (rs = 0.26, P < 0.001) and negative affect (rs = 0.43, P < 0.001), and correlated negatively with positive affect (rs = -0.12, P > 0.05), mental well-being (rs = -0.25, P < 0.001) and sleep quality (rs = -0.14, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Results are discussed in relation to the ongoing debate on binge watching and series watching in the context of positive reinforcement versus problematic behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gábor Orosz
- Sherpas Laboratory, Université d'Artois, France
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Boudard M, Alexandre JM, Kervran C, Jakubiec L, Shmulewitz D, Hasin D, Fournet L, Rassis C, Claverie P, Serre F, Auriacombe M. Item Response Theory Analyses of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) Criteria Adapted to Screen Use Disorder: Exploratory Survey. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e31803. [PMID: 35896018 PMCID: PMC9377463 DOI: 10.2196/31803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Screen use is part of daily life worldwide and morbidity related to excess use of screens has been reported. Some use of screens in excess could indicate a screen use disorder (ScUD). An integrative approach to ScUD could better fit the polymodal reality of screens, and concurrent problems with screens, than a split approach, activity by activity. In that paradigm, a pragmatic and operationalized approach to study a potential ScUD requires the use of common criteria, for all screens and activities done on screens, in a single questionnaire. Objective Our goals were (1) to describe screen uses in a general population sample and (2) to test the unidimensionality, local independence, and psychometric properties of the 9 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) internet gaming disorder (IGD) criteria adapted to screen use in a community sample. We hypothesized that the 9 DSM-5 IGD criteria adapted to ScUD would show unidimensionality, local independence, and good discrimination, with criteria distributed on the severity continuum. Methods This cross-sectional survey in a French suburban city targeted adults and adolescents. A self-administered questionnaire covered the main types of screens used and their use for various activities in the past month. Presence of ScUD diagnostic criteria in past 12 months was also self-evaluated in the questionnaire. Factor and 2-parameter Item Response Theory analysis were used to investigate the dimensionality, local independence, and psychometric properties of the ScUD criteria. Results Among the 300 participants, 171 (57.0%) were female (mean age 27 years), 297 (99.0%) used screens, 134 (44.7%) reported at least one criterion (potential problem users), and 5 (1.7%) reported 5 or more criteria and endorsed an ScUD. The most endorsed criteria were loss of control (60/300, 20.0%) and preoccupation (52/300, 17.3%). Screen types used and screen activities differed between participants with no ScUD criteria and those with at least one ScUD criterion. The latter were more likely to have a computer as the most used screen type, and more video gaming, communication/social network, and watching news and research of information as activities. Unidimensionality was confirmed by all fit indices. Local independence was confirmed by the absence of residual correlation between the items. Criteria had relatively high factor loading, with loss of interest in other recreational activities having the highest. However, criteria with the lowest factor loading all remained above the cut-offs, sanctioning unidimensionality. Most discriminating criteria were loss of interests, preoccupation, deceive/cover up, and risk/lose relationship/opportunities, which also provided the most information on the measurement of the latent trait. Conclusions We described screen uses in a French community sample and have shown that the adaptation of the DSM-5 IGD to “ScUD” has good psychometric validity and is discriminating, confirming our hypothesis. We suggest to use those criteria to assess potential “ScUD.” Further studies should determine if all criteria are needed and whether others should be added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Boudard
- Sanpsy (Sleep Addiction and Neuropsychiatry), CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), UMR (Unité Mixte de Recherche) 6033, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Pôle Interétablissement d'Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Marc Alexandre
- Sanpsy (Sleep Addiction and Neuropsychiatry), CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), UMR (Unité Mixte de Recherche) 6033, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Pôle Interétablissement d'Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Charlotte Kervran
- Sanpsy (Sleep Addiction and Neuropsychiatry), CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), UMR (Unité Mixte de Recherche) 6033, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,MéRISP (Methods for population health intervention research), BPH (Bordeaux Population Health), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Unité 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Louise Jakubiec
- Sanpsy (Sleep Addiction and Neuropsychiatry), CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), UMR (Unité Mixte de Recherche) 6033, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Pôle Interétablissement d'Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Dvora Shmulewitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Deborah Hasin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lucie Fournet
- Sanpsy (Sleep Addiction and Neuropsychiatry), CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), UMR (Unité Mixte de Recherche) 6033, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Pôle Interétablissement d'Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Rassis
- Sanpsy (Sleep Addiction and Neuropsychiatry), CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), UMR (Unité Mixte de Recherche) 6033, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Pôle Interétablissement d'Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Fuschia Serre
- Sanpsy (Sleep Addiction and Neuropsychiatry), CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), UMR (Unité Mixte de Recherche) 6033, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Pôle Interétablissement d'Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Auriacombe
- Sanpsy (Sleep Addiction and Neuropsychiatry), CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), UMR (Unité Mixte de Recherche) 6033, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Pôle Interétablissement d'Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Gabbiadini A, Baldissarri C, Valtorta RR, Durante F, Mari S. Loneliness, Escapism, and Identification With Media Characters: An Exploration of the Psychological Factors Underlying Binge-Watching Tendency. Front Psychol 2022; 12:785970. [PMID: 35069369 PMCID: PMC8771202 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.785970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, binge-watching (i.e., watching multiple episodes of a TV series in one session) has become a widespread practice of media consumption, raising concerns about its negative outcomes. Nevertheless, previous research has overlooked the underlying psychological mechanisms leading to binge-watching. In the present work, we investigated some of the psychological variables that could favor binge-watching tendencies in a sample of TV series viewers (N = 196). To this aim, psychological determinants of problematic digital technologies usage (i.e., feelings of loneliness), as well as some of the mechanisms related to the enjoyment of media contents (i.e., escapism and the identification with media characters), were considered as predictors of the tendency to binge-watch. Results indicated that higher feelings of loneliness were associated with higher levels of problematic digital technologies usage. Additionally, direct and indirect effects showed that only escapism – out of the four dimensions measuring the problematic use of Internet-related technologies – predicted participants’ stronger identification with media characters, which in turn promoted greater binge-watching tendencies. Overall, we suggest that binge-watching could be interpreted as a coping strategy for media escapists, who enjoy TV series as a privileged online space in which the need to escape finds its fulfillment, allowing them to manage loneliness by identifying with a fictitious character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gabbiadini
- Department of Psychology, Bicocca Center for Applied Psychology, Mind and Behavior Technological Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Baldissarri
- Department of Psychology, Bicocca Center for Applied Psychology, Mind and Behavior Technological Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Rosa Valtorta
- Department of Psychology, Bicocca Center for Applied Psychology, Mind and Behavior Technological Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Durante
- Department of Psychology, Bicocca Center for Applied Psychology, Mind and Behavior Technological Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Mari
- Department of Psychology, Bicocca Center for Applied Psychology, Mind and Behavior Technological Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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