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Wang DF, Ma YJ, Lang X, Zhang XY. Unraveling the prevalence and key influencers of metabolic syndrome in Drug-Naïve, first-episode major depressive disorder patients with psychotic symptoms: A decision tree modeling approach. Psychiatry Res 2025; 348:116494. [PMID: 40253756 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2025] [Accepted: 04/11/2025] [Indexed: 04/22/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigating the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and first-episode, drug-naïve psychotic major depressive disorders (FEDN-PMD), this study employed decision tree modeling to identify key factors. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1718 FEDN-PMD patients. Sociodemographic, clinical, and blood biochemical parameters were collected, and the prevalence of MetS was assessed. RESULTS MetS was more prevalent in the PMD group (16.96 %) compared to non-PMD (5.95 %) and whole MDD groups (7.04 %). Utilizing decision tree modeling, four key variables were identified: TSH, duration of disease, A-TPO, and age. Specifically, when TSH was less than 6.9 IU/mL, MetS incidence was 2.67 %. Higher TSH levels, in conjunction with other factors, substantially influenced MetS incidence, especially when age was 51.5 years or older, and A-TPO was greater or equal to 763.025 IU/mL. CONCLUSIONS MetS is prevalent in FEDN-PMD patients. The decision tree model highlighted the importance of TSH, duration of disease, A-TPO, and age in predicting MetS risk. These insights could lead to personalized interventions, potentially mitigating the risk of MetS and enhancing patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Fang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yue-Jiao Ma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China
| | - XiaoE Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Anhui Mental Health Center, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Zeng M, Wang X, Zhou J, Zhang X, Zhang X, Chi J, Lu C, Wang L, Li S. Body mass index-specific metabolic profiles in schizophrenia: implications for cognitive dysfunction and psychopathology. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2025:10.1007/s00702-025-02951-x. [PMID: 40411589 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-025-02951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2025] [Accepted: 05/05/2025] [Indexed: 05/26/2025]
Abstract
While metabolic dysfunction is linked to schizophrenia, the relationship between metabolic parameters, cognitive function, and psychopathological symptoms across different body mass index (BMI) categories remains inadequately understood. This study aimed to explore the distinct metabolic predictors of cognitive and psychopathological outcomes in schizophrenia patients stratified by BMI. A total of 1034 patients with schizophrenia were recruited and categorized into underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity groups. Cognitive function was assessed using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, and psychopathological symptoms were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Metabolic profiles and anthropometric measures were obtained via standard tests. Significant metabolic differences were found across BMI groups, except for low-density lipoprotein. Underweight patients performed worse in language compared to obese patients, which had higher positive symptom but lower negative symptom scores. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that in obese patients, elevated triglyceride was independently associated with better cognitive performance (p < 0.05). In overweight patients, waist-hip ratio was significantly correlated with cognitive outcomes, which specifically predicting the severity of positive symptoms (all p < 0.05). In underweight patients, fasting blood glucose (β = 0.77, p < 0.05) and triglyceride (β = 1.28, p < 0.01) were associated with immediate memory deficits, while attention was negatively influenced by high-density lipoprotein levels (β = -0.10, p < 0.05). Schizophrenia patients exhibit distinct BMI-specific metabolic patterns that differentially predict cognitive and psychopathological outcomes, highlighting the importance of tailored metabolic interventions based on BMI stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zeng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, No. 13, Liulin Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Xinxu Wang
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin University, No. 13, Liulin Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
- Brain Assessment & Intervention Laboratory, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Jianan Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, No. 13, Liulin Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, No. 13, Liulin Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, No. 13, Liulin Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Jinghui Chi
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, No. 13, Liulin Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Chenghao Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, No. 13, Liulin Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, No. 13, Liulin Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China.
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin University, No. 13, Liulin Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China.
| | - Shen Li
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin University, No. 13, Liulin Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China.
- Brain Assessment & Intervention Laboratory, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300222, China.
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Xiang LY, Chen XY, Lu LM, Kong MH, Ji Q, Xiong Y, Xie MM, Jian XL, Zhu ZR. Mechanisms of Neuronal Reactivation in Memory Consolidation: A Perspective from Pathological Conditions. Neuroscience 2024; 551:196-204. [PMID: 38810690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Memory consolidation refers to a process by which labile newly formed memory traces are progressively strengthened into long term memories and become more resistant to interference. Recent work has revealed that spontaneous hippocampal activity during rest, commonly referred to as "offline" activity, plays a critical role in the process of memory consolidation. Hippocampal reactivation occurs during sharp-wave ripples (SWRs), which are events associated with highly synchronous neural firing in the hippocampus and modulation of neural activity in distributed brain regions. Memory consolidation occurs primarily through a coordinated communication between hippocampus and neocortex. Cortical slow oscillations drive the repeated reactivation of hippocampal memory representations together with SWRs and thalamo-cortical spindles, inducing long-lasting cellular and network modifications responsible for memory stabilization.In this review, we aim to comprehensively cover the field of "reactivation and memory consolidation" research by detailing the physiological mechanisms of neuronal reactivation and firing patterns during SWRs and providing a discussion of more recent key findings. Several mechanistic explanations of neuropsychiatric diseases propose that impaired neural replay may underlie some of the symptoms of the disorders. Abnormalities in neuronal reactivation are a common phenomenon and cause pathological impairment in several diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), epilepsy and schizophrenia. However, the specific pathological changes and mechanisms of reactivation in each disease are different. Recent work has also enlightened some of the underlying pathological mechanisms of neuronal reactivation in these diseases. In this review, we further describe how SWRs, ripples and slow oscillations are affected in Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. We then compare the differences of neuronal reactivation and discuss how different reactivation abnormalities cause pathological changes in these diseases. Aberrant neural reactivation provides insights into disease pathogenesis and may even serve as biomarkers for early disease progression and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Ying Xiang
- School of Educational Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yi Chen
- School of Educational Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Li-Ming Lu
- School of Educational Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ming-Hui Kong
- School of Educational Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qi Ji
- Department of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Department of Stomatology, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mei-Ming Xie
- Chinese People's Liberation Army Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xin-Ling Jian
- No. 950 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Yecheng, PR China
| | - Zhi-Ru Zhu
- Department of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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Wu Q, Long Y, Peng X, Song C, Xiao J, Wang X, Liu F, Xie P, Yang J, Shi Z, Hu Z, McCaig C, St Clair D, Lang B, Wu R. Prefrontal cortical dopamine deficit may cause impaired glucose metabolism in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:79. [PMID: 38320995 PMCID: PMC10847097 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02800-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain neurotramsmitter dopamine may play an important role in modulating systemic glucose homeostasis. In seven hundred and four drug- naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia, we provide robust evidence of positive associations between negative symptoms of schizophrenia and high fasting blood glucose. We then show that glucose metabolism and negative symptoms are improved when intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) on prefrontal cortex (PFC) is performed in patients with predominantly negative symptoms of schizophrenia. These findings led us to hypothesize that the prefrontal cortical dopamine deficit, which is known to be associated with negative symptoms, may be responsible for abnormal glucose metabolism in schizophrenia. To explore this, we optogenetically and chemogenetically inhibited the ventral tegmental area (VTA)-medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) dopamine projection in mice and found both procedures caused glucose intolerance. Moreover, microinjection of dopamine two receptor (D2R) neuron antagonists into mPFC in mice significantly impaired glucose tolerance. Finally, a transgenic mouse model of psychosis named Disc1tr exhibited depressive-like symptoms, impaired glucose homeostasis, and compared to wild type littermates reduced D2R expression in prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Affiliated Mental Health Centre & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, China
| | - Yujun Long
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xingjie Peng
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Chuhan Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jingmei Xiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Furu Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jinqing Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe Shi
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhonghua Hu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Colin McCaig
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - David St Clair
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Bing Lang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Renrong Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Huang X, Sun Y, Wu A, Zhang XY. Prevalence and clinical profile of abnormal glucose in first-episode and drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorder with comorbid abnormal thyroid function: a large-scale cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:362. [PMID: 37226146 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The associated factors of abnormal glucose in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) with comorbid abnormal thyroid function (ATF) remain unclear. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study with a large sample size that examines the risk factors of abnormal glucose in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) MDD patients comorbid with ATF and includes clinical correlates and thyroid hormone levels. METHODS A total of 1718 FEDN MDD patients were recruited. The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale were used to evaluate the symptoms of patients. Fasting blood glucose concentration and thyroid hormone levels were measured. RESULTS The prevalence of abnormal glucose in MDD patients with comorbid ATF was 47.3%, which was 4.25 times higher than that in MDD patients without ATF (17.4%). Compared to those ATF patients without abnormal glucose, ATF patients with abnormal glucose scored higher on HAMD, HAMA and PANSS positive subscale, had a higher rate of suicide attempts, severe anxiety and psychotic symptoms, and had higher levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid peroxidases antibody (TPOAb) which were also correlated with abnormal glucose in MDD patients comorbid ATF (all P < 0.05). The combination of HAMD score and TSH could differentiate abnormal glucose from ATF. Further, TSH was independence-related with the concentration of fasting blood glucose in MDD patients with comorbid ATF. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate a high prevalence of abnormal glucose in MDD patients with comorbid ATF. Some clinical and thyroid function-related variables may be associated with abnormal glucose in MDD patients with comorbid ATF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Workers' Stadium South Road, Beijing, Chaoyang, 100020, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Workers' Stadium South Road, Beijing, Chaoyang, 100020, China
| | - Anshi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Workers' Stadium South Road, Beijing, Chaoyang, 100020, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Rd, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Li W, Yang J. Effect of Running Exercise on Brain Functional Magnetic Resonance Characteristics of College Students with Depression. SCANNING 2022; 2022:7558807. [PMID: 36051256 PMCID: PMC9410999 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7558807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to effectively reduce the incidence of depression in college students, the author proposes a method to influence brain functional magnetic resonance through running exercise. Aiming at the effect of running exercise on the brain functional magnetic resonance characteristics of depression in college students, through the comparison experiment between the MDD group and the HC group and the retrospective analysis of the sugar water preference experiment in rats, explore it in depth. Experimental results show that under the running exercise for six consecutive weeks, the average body weight of the rats in the depression model group was significantly lower than that in the blank control group, and the health status was significantly better than that in the blank group. Running exercise can effectively affect and reduce the incidence of depression in college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangda Li
- School of Physical Education, Ankang University, Ankang, Shaanxi 725099, China
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Physical Education, Ankang University, Ankang, Shaanxi 725099, China
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Yong N, Pan J, Li X, Yu L, Hou X. Influencing factors of obesity in community patients with deficit schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:90. [PMID: 35690794 PMCID: PMC9188211 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is very common in patients with schizophrenia. We aimed to evaluate the influencing factors of obesity in community patients with deficit schizophrenia, to provide implication for schizophrenia management in community. Methods We selected patients with deficit schizophrenia who lived in 10 communities in our city from March 1 to June 30, 2021. The characteristics of included schizophrenia patients were evaluated and analyzed. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the obesity and related characteristics. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the risk factors of obesity in patients with schizophrenia. Results A total of 284 patients with schizophrenia were included, the incidence of obesity in patients with schizophrenia was 56.70%. gender (r = 0.619), waist circumference (r = 0.644), BMI (r = 0.891), diabetes (r = 0.698), FG (r = 0.582), triglyceride (r = 0.618), HDL-C (r = −0.644), LDL-C (r = 0.583), apolipoprotein B (r = 0.595), and PANSS score (r = 0.813) were all correlated with the obesity in patients with schizophrenia (all p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that female (OR 2.129, 95% CI 1.615–3.022), waist circumference ≥ 90 cm (OR 3.814, 95% CI 2.778 ~ 4.312), diabetes (OR 2.856, 95% CI 1.905 ~ 3.448), FG ≥ 88 mg/dL (OR 1.551, 95% CI 1.284 ~ 2.183), triglyceride ≥ 160 mg/dL (OR 1.804, 95% CI 1.236–2.845), HDL-C ≤ 0.8 mmol/L (OR 2.032, 95% CI 1.614–3.079), LDL-C ≥ 2.0 mmol/L (OR 1.926, 95% CI 1.442–2.041) and apolipoprotein B ≥ 0.70 g/L (OR 2.119, 95% CI 1.658–2.873) were the risk factors of obesity in patients with schizophrenia (all p < 0.05). Conclusions The obesity rate of patients with deficit schizophrenia in the community is high, and there are many associated risk factors. Early intervention targeted on those risk factors are warranted to reduce the obesity in schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yong
- Mental Health Center, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, 637000, Nanchong, China
| | - Jiyang Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, No. 613 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, 510632, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xuehua Li
- Mental Health Center, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, 637000, Nanchong, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Mental Health Center, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, 637000, Nanchong, China
| | - Xin Hou
- Mental Health Center, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, 637000, Nanchong, China
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