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Griggers JI, Higgins R, Terris MK. Ovarian malignancy in an individual with 46,XY ovotesticular disorder of sexual development - A case report. Urol Case Rep 2024; 53:102680. [PMID: 38404682 PMCID: PMC10885541 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2024.102680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Disorders of sexual development (DSD) are diseases resulting from aberrations in sex chromosomes, gonadal, and internal/external genitalia development resulting in various phenotypes. Ovotesticular DSD represents a rarer entity in this classification of disorders characterized by simultaneous presence of testicular and ovarian tissue. Gonadal tumors in those with DSDs is a known risk, although ovarian masses discovered in adults with ovotesticular DSD is a rare entity and there is little literature pertaining to this population. We present a case of an incidental adnexal mass discovered in an elderly patient ultimately elucidated as a malignant ovarian mass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Higgins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Martha K. Terris
- Department of Urology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Kumar I, Prakash A, Aggarwal P, Chowdhary S, Verma A. Disorders of sexual development: structured radiological reporting and practical approach. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2024; 49:523-534. [PMID: 37831169 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-023-04066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of sexual development (DSD) comprise a complex group of conditions with varied clinical presentations, such as atypical genitalia, non-palpable testes, primary amenorrhea, or infertility. Besides being associated with other congenital anomalies, DSDs bear substantial ethical issues regarding assigning the sex of rearing to the child and future fertility options. Establishing the correct diagnosis is essential for the appropriate management of such cases. Various imaging modalities, such as ultrasonography, genitography, and MRI, when complemented with detailed clinical evaluation and karyotyping, are the key to diagnosing the condition. This article attempts to present a concise approach to various patterns of DSD, which will aid radiologists to solve these diagnostic dilemmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Kumar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Adity Prakash
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Priyanka Aggarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sarita Chowdhary
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Verma
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Schwartz R, Sugai NJ, Eden K, Castaneda C, Jevit M, Raudsepp T, Cecere JT. Case Report: Disorder of Sexual Development in a Chinese Crested Dog With XX/XY Leukocyte Chimerism and Mixed Cell Testicular Tumors. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:937991. [PMID: 35898552 PMCID: PMC9309221 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.937991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10-year-old intact female Chinese Crested dog was presented for evaluation and further diagnostics due to persistent symptoms of vulvar swelling, vaginal discharge, and an 8-year history of acyclicity. At presentation, generalized hyperpigmentation and truncal alopecia were identified, with no aberrations of the female phenotype. Vaginal cytology confirmed the influence of estrogen at multiple veterinary visits, and hormonal screening of progesterone and anti-Mullerian hormone indicated gonadal presence. Based on findings from abdominal laparotomy and gonadectomy, the tissue was submitted for histopathology. Histopathologic evaluation identified the gonads to be abnormal testes containing multiple Sertoli and interstitial (Leydig) cell tumors. The histopathologic diagnosis of testes and concurrent normal external female phenotype in the patient lead to a diagnosis of a disorder of sexual development (DSD). Karyotype evaluation by conventional and molecular analysis revealed a two cell line chimeric pattern of 78,XX (80%) and 78,XY (20%) among blood leukocytes, as well as a positive PCR test for the Y-linked SRY gene. Cytogenetic analysis of skin fibroblasts revealed the presence of 78,XX cells exclusively, and PCR tests for the Y-linked SRY gene were negative in the hair and skin samples. These results are consistent with an XX/XY blood chimerism. This is one of the few case reports of a canine with the diagnosis of leukocyte chimerism with normal female phenotypic external genitalia. This case illustrates a distinct presentation for hormonally active Sertoli cell tumorigenesis and demonstrates surgery as a curative treatment option for clinically affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Schwartz
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Nicole J. Sugai
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Kristin Eden
- Virginia Tech Animal Laboratory Services, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Caitlin Castaneda
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Matthew Jevit
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Terje Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Julie T. Cecere
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Julie T. Cecere
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Homozygous Mutation in the FANCD2 Gene Observed in a Saudi Male Infant with Severe Ambiguous Genitalia. Case Rep Endocrinol 2021; 2021:6686312. [PMID: 34327028 PMCID: PMC8302383 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6686312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disease caused by gene mutations that are primarily involved in the response to or repair of DNA damage. FA characterizes by multiple congenital abnormalities and malformations including growth retardation, renal agenesis, absence of radial bones and thumbs as well, progressive bone marrow failure, irregular skin pigmentation patterns, and increased susceptibility to cancer. FANCD2 gene mutation is believed to be one of the causative mutations in Fanconi anemia, and despite many case reports that link the FANC gene mutation to multiple congenital anomalies and disease, there is no case report found to link it with genitalia abnormalities. In our paper, we report a male Saudi infant who presented to the endocrine clinic at the age of 9 months with severe ambiguous genitalia and found that he carries a homozygous variant mutation in the FANCD2 gene and we face a challenge to treat this patient since there was no previous similar case.
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Hosseinirad H, Yadegari P, Mohanazadeh Falahieh F, Nouraei S, Paktinat S, Afsharzadeh N, Sadeghi Y. Disorders of sex development and female reproductive capacity: A literature review. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2021; 67:323-336. [PMID: 34196232 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2021.1937376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD) are a wide-ranging group of complex conditions that influence chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic sex. The prevalence of DSD is very low, but affected patients deserve individualized management to improve psychological, sexual, and reproductive outcomes. This review aims to clarify the fertility potential of DSD patients who can be reared as females and their chance of becoming pregnant, especially using assisted reproductive techniques (ART). Due to the effects of DSD on internal and external genital organs, these conditions result in varying degrees of fertility potential. Fertility rate depends on the phenotype and is inversely related to the severity of the disorder. Reproductive endocrinologists and infertility specialists must be considered active partners of the interdisciplinary treatment team. With current advances in ART, pregnancy is more achievable in patients who were considered infertile at first glance. Due to the complexity of the medical management in DSD patients, more studies should be conducted to conclusively suggest the best choice for improving their fertility potential.Abbreviations: AIS: Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome; AMH: Anti-Müllerian Hormone; ART: Assisted Reproductive Technology; ASRM: American Society for Reproductive Medicine; CAH: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia; CAIS: Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome; DHT: Dihydrotestosterone; DSD: Disorders of Sexual Development; FSH: Follicle Stimulating Hormone; GD: Gonadal Dysgenesis; ICSI: Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection; IUGR: Intrauterine Growth Restriction; IVF: In Vitro Fertilization; IVF-ET: IVF and Embryo Transfer; LH: Luteinizing Hormone; MGD: Mixed Gonadal Dysgenesis; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; MRKH: Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser; US: Ultrasonography; HSG: Hysterosalpingography; PAIS: Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome; PGD: Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis; POR: P450 Oxidoreductase; PROM: Premature Rupture of Membranes; TS: Turner Syndrome; 17β-HSD III: 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase III; 21-OHD: 21-hydroxylase deficiency; 5α-RD-2: 5α-reductase-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hosseinirad
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouya Yadegari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Soheila Nouraei
- Department of Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Paktinat
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yousef Sadeghi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Protyusha GB, B. S. Sex Determination and Sex Differentiation. J Forensic Dent Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.18311/jfds/12/1/2020.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination is arguably the most defining moment of our lives, the point where we inherit X or Y chromosome from our father. This initiates a cascade of events that sets in a train of morphological changes, genetic regulations and molecular mechanisms. Following this, our fate is further sealed during sex differentiation and gonadal development owing to the action of sex-specific gonadal hormones. Therefore, the profoundly divergent journeys of male and female lives are decided just by the toss of a genetic coin. The existence of a third gender is also an undeniable aspect of our society. The understanding of the functioning and genetic regulation of the complex process of sexual determination and differentiation is pivotal in comprehension of the basis of human life. Any deviation from the usual mechanisms in the critical stages of development leads to disorders of sexual differentiation leading to sexual ambiguity among individuals. This review discusses the mechanisms that contribute to female and male sex determination and gonadal development, in an attempt to understand the basics of human sex.
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Çetinkaya M, Özen S, Uslu S, Gönç N, Acunas B, Akıncı A, Satar M, Berberoğlu M. Diagnostic and therapeutic approach in newborns with ambiguous genitale with disorder of sex development: consensus report of Turkish Neonatal and Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Societies. Turk Arch Pediatr 2018; 53:S198-S208. [PMID: 31236033 PMCID: PMC6568300 DOI: 10.5152/turkpediatriars.2018.01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sex development are defined as conditions in which the chromosomal, gonadal, and anatomic sex is discordant. Patients usually present with atypical appearing genitalia. In the assessment of neonates with disorders of sex development, first, it is important to determine whether this situation requires prompt evaluation, and then the karyotype, hormone levels, and underlying etiology should be determined as soon as possible. All these procedures should be performed in the guidance of a multidisciplinary team in reference centers. As the physical examination of the infant is extremely important, the physcian should suspect and then perform a detailed history and physical examinationi and lastly plan the required laboratory and imaging procedures for the definite diagnosis. It is important not to be hurried in the choice of sex. The aim of this article, which includes the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in infants with ambiguous genitalia, was to provide a common practice for all pediatricians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merih Çetinkaya
- Division of Neonatology, Health Sicences University, İstanbul Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Samim Özen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sinan Uslu
- Division of Neonatology Health Sicences University, İstanbul Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nazlı Gönç
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Betül Acunas
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Ayşehan Akıncı
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, İnönü University, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Satar
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Çukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Merih Berberoğlu
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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McCroskey Z, Koen TM, Lim DJ, Divatia MK, Shen SS, Ayala AG, Ro JY. Prostatic adenocarcinoma in the setting of persistent müllerian duct syndrome: a case report. Hum Pathol 2017; 75:125-131. [PMID: 29137935 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Persistent müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) is a form of disordered sex development in which rudimentary müllerian structures are identified in phenotypically and genotypically normal males. It is caused by defects in the anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) system. Since patients with PMDS present with undescended testes, testosterone production by Leydig cells later in life is often decreased. The role of androgens in prostate cancerogenesis is well known. Cryptorchid testes and diminished testosterone levels in post-pubertal life in patients with PMDS play a protective role against prostate cancer, and hence, prostate cancer is a rare event in patients with PMDS. Herein, we present a patient who underwent prostatectomy for high-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma with persistent müllerian structures (such as rudimentary uterus, fallopian tubes, and cervix) identified during surgery. To our knowledge, this is the second case reported in the English language literature where PMDS was associated with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfia McCroskey
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, 77030, TX.
| | - Tracie M Koen
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, 77030, TX.
| | - David J Lim
- Department of Urology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX.
| | - Mukul K Divatia
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, 77030, TX.
| | - Steven S Shen
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, 77030, TX.
| | - Alberto G Ayala
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, 77030, TX.
| | - Jae Y Ro
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, 77030, TX.
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Sekhon V, Luthra M, Jevalikar G. Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome presenting as irreducible inguinal hernia – A surprise surgical finding! JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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