1
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Gazi U, Bahceciler NN. Immune mechanisms induced by sublingual immunotherapy in allergic respiratory diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:262-269. [PMID: 35975953 PMCID: PMC9521660 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic respiratory diseases (ARDs) are still a major burden on global public health. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is a mode of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) which involves administration of the allergen under the tongue, and benefits from tolerogenic properties of the oral mucosa. Studies revealed reduced levels of eosinophilia and eosinophil-dominated inflammation in airways of both animals and humans after SLIT. SLIT was also suggested to lower basophil responsiveness and innate lymphoid cell-2 function in blood samples collected from patients with ARD. Moreover, apart from shifting pathogenic type 2 (TH2) to a type 1 (TH1) and protective regulatory (Treg) polarization of helper T-cell immune response, antibody isotype switch from IgE to IgG1, IgG2, IgG4 and IgA was also reported in patients with ARD receiving SLIT. Today, the literature on SLIT-mediated activities is still scarce and more studies are required to further enlighten the mechanisms utilized by SLIT for the induction of tolerance. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the immune-regulatory mechanisms induced by SLIT against ARDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Gazi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nerin Nadir Bahceciler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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2
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Katoh S, Uesaka T, Tanaka H, Matsuhara H, Ohashi-Doi K, Oga T. CD44 is critical for the enhancing effect of hyaluronan in allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy in a murine model of chronic asthma. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 208:202-211. [PMID: 35429379 PMCID: PMC9188352 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is a potentially effective disease-modification treatment for patients with allergic asthma. Because CD44 signaling enhances regulatory T (Treg) cell-induction, administering CD44 ligands such as hyaluronan (HA) with allergen-specific SLIT may enhance the therapeutic effects. We evaluated the role of CD44 in Treg cell-induction in T helper type 2 (Th2)-mediated chronic airway inflammation using CD44-/- mice and the efficacy of HA on SLIT in a Dermatophagoides farinae (Df)-induced murine model of chronic asthma. Th2 responses and Treg cell induction were evaluated in CD44-/- mice. We devised a new SLIT model of Df-induced chronic asthma utilizing HA as an adjuvant. The effects of HA added to the new SLIT model were evaluated by the early asthmatic response (EAR) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), eosinophilic airway inflammation, and serum Df-specific IgE levels. Th2-mediated chronic eosinophilic airway inflammation was worse in CD44-/- mice compared with Df-sensitized wild-type (WT) mice. HA enhanced the effect of Df-induced Treg cells in a CD44-dependent manner. Sublingual Df treatment in combination with HA, but not alone, normalized EAR and AHR, and significantly reduced the serum IgE levels and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) eosinophil number. HA also induced Treg cells in a Df-sensitized spleen cell culture in a CD44-dependent manner. The treatment-enhancing effects of HA in this SLIT model were diminished in CD44-/- mice. CD44 is a key contributor to Treg cell induction and critical for the enhancing effects of HA in a Df-induced murine model of chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Katoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tae Uesaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hitomi Tanaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | - Toru Oga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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3
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Ueda Y, Nakagome K, Kobayashi T, Noguchi T, Soma T, Ohashi-Doi K, Tokuyama K, Nagata M. Effects of β2-adrenergic agonists on house dust mite-induced adhesion, superoxide anion generation, and degranulation of human eosinophils. Asia Pac Allergy 2020; 10:e15. [PMID: 32411580 PMCID: PMC7203437 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2020.10.e15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even in subjects who are not sensitized to house dust mite (HDM), allergic symptoms can be clinically aggravated by exposure to dust. We previously reported that Dermatophagoides farinae (Df), an important HDM, or Der f 1, a major allergen of Df, induced the effector functions of eosinophils, which may be an important mechanism for HDM-induced symptoms in nonsensitized patients. In a clinical setting, β2-adrenergic agonists, such as salbutamol and formoterol, are used for the treatment of asthma attacks or exacerbation to release the airway obstruction. Several reports have suggested that some β2-adrenergic agonists have an anti-inflammatory capacity. Objective In this study, we investigated whether β2-adrenergic agonist could modify the Df- or Der f 1-induced activation of eosinophils. Methods Blood eosinophils obtained from healthy donors were preincubated with either formoterol (1 μM), salbutamol (1 μM), or buffer control and then stimulated with Df extract (1 μg/mL) or Der f 1 (100 pg/mL). Eosinophil adhesion to intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 was measured using eosinophil peroxidase assays. Generation of superoxide anion (O2 -) was examined based on the superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome C. Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) concentrations in cell media were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Formoterol, but not salbutamol, suppressed the Df- or Der f 1-induced eosinophil adhesion to ICAM-1. Furthermore, formoterol, but not salbutamol, suppressed Df-induced O2 - generation or EDN release. Neither formoterol nor salbutamol suppressed spontaneous eosinophil adhesion, O2 - generation, or EDN release. Conclusion These findings suggested that formoterol, but not salbutamol, suppressed Df- or Der f 1-induced eosinophil activation when used at the same concentration. Therefore, formoterol could potentially be used for the treatment of bronchial asthma via both bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Ueda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nakagome
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takehito Kobayashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Noguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Soma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Kenichi Tokuyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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4
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Weng YH, Chen WY, Lin YL, Wang JY, Chang MS. Blocking IL-19 Signaling Ameliorates Allergen-Induced Airway Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:968. [PMID: 31114590 PMCID: PMC6503049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway. Its major symptoms are reversible breathing problems causing airway narrowing and obstruction. IL-19 is a member of the IL-10 family cytokines. We previously showed that IL-19 induces T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokines and that asthma patients had higher serum IL-19 levels. To further examine whether inhibiting IL-19 and its receptor (IL-20R1) protected rodents against asthma, we used Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p; house dust mites) to induce chronic airway inflammation in wild-type C57BL/6 and IL-20R1-deficient mice and then analyzed the effect of the IL-20R1 deficiency on the pathogenesis of asthma. We also examined whether inhibiting IL-19 and IL-20R1 ameliorated Der p-induced chronic asthma. Der p induced IL-19 in lung airway epithelial cells, type 2 alveolar cells, and alveolar macrophages. An IL-20R1 deficiency abolished IL-19-induced Th2 cell differentiation in vitro. Th2 cytokine expression, immune cell infiltration in the bronchoalveolar lavage, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and bronchial wall thickening were lower in Der p-challenged IL-20R1-deficient mice. Anti-IL-20R1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 51D and IL-19 polyclonal antibody (pAb) both ameliorated Der p-induced AHR, lung immune cell infiltration, bronchial wall thickening, and Th2 cytokine expression. Moreover, we confirmed that anti-IL-19 mAb (1BB1) attenuated lung inflammation in a rat ovalbumin-induced asthma model. This is the first report to show that inhibition of IL-19 by targeting IL-19 or IL-20R1 protected rodents from allergic lung inflammation. Our study suggests that targeting IL-19 signaling might be a novel therapeutic strategy for treating allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Han Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Lin
- Institute of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jiu-Yao Wang
- Institute of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medical, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shi Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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5
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Ueda Y, Nakagome K, Kobayashi T, Noguchi T, Soma T, Ohashi-Doi K, Tokuyama K, Nagata M. Dermatophagoides farinae Upregulates the Effector Functions of Eosinophils through αMβ2-Integrin and Protease-Activated Receptor-2. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 178:295-306. [PMID: 30630188 DOI: 10.1159/000495008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even in subjects who are not sensitized to house dust mite (HDM), allergic symptoms can be aggravated by exposure to dust, suggesting that innate immune responses may be involved in these processes. Since eosinophils express pattern recognition receptors, HDM may directly upregulate eosinophil functions through these re ceptors. The objective of this study was to examine whether Dermatophagoides farinae (Df), a representative HDM, or Der f 1, a major allergen of Df, modifies the effector functions of eosinophils. METHODS Eosinophils isolated from the blood of healthy donors or allergic patients were stimulated with Df extract or Der f 1, and their adhesion to recombinant human intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 was measured using eosinophil peroxidase assays. Generation of the eosinophil superoxide anion (O2-) was examined based on the superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome C. Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) concentrations in cell media were measured by ELISA as a marker of degranulation. RESULTS Df extract or Der f 1 directly induced eosinophil adhesion to ICAM-1, O2- generation, and EDN release. Anti-αM- or anti-β2-integrin antibodies or protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 antagonists suppressed the eosinophil adhesion, O2- generation, and EDN release induced by Df extract or Der f 1. Eosinophils from allergic patients showed higher adhesion to ICAM-1 than those from healthy donors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that Df extract and Der f 1 directly activate eosinophil functions through αMβ2-integrin and PAR-2. Eosinophil activation by HDM may play roles in the aggravation of allergic symptoms, not only in HDM-sensitized patients, but also in nonsensitized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Ueda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nakagome
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan, .,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan,
| | - Takehito Kobayashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Noguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Soma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Kenichi Tokuyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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6
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Jiménez-Saiz R, Patil SU. The Multifaceted B Cell Response in Allergen Immunotherapy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18:66. [PMID: 30291463 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-018-0819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
While allergen immunotherapy (AIT) for IgE-mediated diseases holds curative potential, the considerable heterogeneity in clinical outcomes may relate to the complex mechanisms of tolerance. The regulation of humoral immunity by AIT contributes to the suppression of allergic responses. Recent findings have revealed novel roles for IgA and IgG antibodies in the induction of tolerance. These mechanisms synergize with their ability to block allergen-IgE binding and mediate inhibitory signaling of effector cells of the allergic response. In addition, the regulatory activity of B cells in AIT extends beyond IL-10 secretion and induction of IgG4. Here, we review the evolution of the B cell response during AIT with special emphasis on the novel protective mechanisms entailing humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Jiménez-Saiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry School, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarita U Patil
- Department of Medicine Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Han M, Chen Y, Wang M. Sublingual immunotherapy for treating adult patients with allergic rhinitis induced by house dust mite among Chinese Han population: A retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11705. [PMID: 30045332 PMCID: PMC6078716 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) for treating adult patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) induced by house dust mite (HDM) among Chinese Han population.A total of 201 adult patients with AR induced by HDM were included. All of them received SLIT treatment. The outcomes consisted of AR symptoms, and quality of life. In addition, any adverse events were also recorded in this study.Compared with the AR symptoms and quality of life before the treatment, significant differences were found after 1-year treatment (P < .01), and 2-year treatment (P < .01). Additionally, only mild and acceptable adverse events were observed in this study.This study demonstrated that SLIT may be efficacious and safety for adult patients with HDM induced by AR among Chinese Han population.
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Hesse L, Brouwer U, Petersen AH, Gras R, Bosman L, Brimnes J, Oude Elberink JNG, van Oosterhout AJM, Nawijn MC. Subcutaneous immunotherapy suppresses Th2 inflammation and induces neutralizing antibodies, but sublingual immunotherapy suppresses airway hyperresponsiveness in grass pollen mouse models for allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:1035-1049. [PMID: 29752757 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both subcutaneous and sublingual allergen immunotherapy (SCIT and SLIT) have been shown to effectively suppress allergic manifestations upon allergen exposure, providing long-term relief from symptoms in allergic disorders including allergic asthma. Clinical studies directly comparing SCIT and SLIT report a different kinetics and magnitude of immunological changes induced during treatment. Comparative studies into the mechanisms underlying immune suppression in SCIT and SLIT are lacking. OBJECTIVE We aimed to establish an experimental model for grass pollen (GP) SCIT and SLIT that would allow a head-to-head comparison of the two treatments. METHODS BALB/c mice were sensitized with GP extract, followed by SCIT and SLIT treatments with various GP dosages. Subsequently, we challenged mice with GP and measured airway responsiveness (AHR), GP-specific immunoglobulins, ear swelling tests (EST), eosinophilic inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and T cell cytokine release after restimulation of lung cells (IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13). RESULTS We find that SLIT treatment was able to suppress allergen-induced AHR, while allergic inflammation was not effectively suppressed even at the highest GP dose in this model. In contrast, SCIT treatment induced higher levels of GP-specific IgG1, while SLIT was superior in inducing a GP-specific IgG2a response, which was associated with increased Th1 activity in lung tissue after SLIT, but not SCIT treatment. Interestingly, SCIT was able to suppress Th2-type cytokine production in lung cell suspensions, while SLIT failed to do so. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In conclusion, GP-SCIT suppresses Th2 inflammation and induced neutralizing antibodies, while GP-SLIT suppresses the clinically relevant lung function parameters in an asthma mouse model, indicating that the two application routes depend on partially divergent mechanisms of tolerance induction. Interestingly, these data mirror observations in clinical studies, underscoring the translational value of these mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hesse
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonary and Inflammatory Research (EXPIRE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - U Brouwer
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonary and Inflammatory Research (EXPIRE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A H Petersen
- Medical Biology section, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R Gras
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonary and Inflammatory Research (EXPIRE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Bosman
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonary and Inflammatory Research (EXPIRE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Brimnes
- Department of Experimental Immunology, ALK-Abelló A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - J N G Oude Elberink
- Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Division of Allergy, Department of internal medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A J M van Oosterhout
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonary and Inflammatory Research (EXPIRE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - M C Nawijn
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonary and Inflammatory Research (EXPIRE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Outstanding animal studies in allergy II. From atopic barrier and microbiome to allergen-specific immunotherapy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 17:180-187. [PMID: 28375932 PMCID: PMC5424576 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review Animal studies published within the past 18 months were assessed, focusing on innate and specific immunomodulation, providing knowledge of high translational relevance for human atopic and allergic diseases. Recent findings Allergic companion animals represent alternative models, but most studies were done in mice. Atopic dermatitis mouse models were refined by the utilization of cytokines like IL-23 and relevant skin allergens or enzymes. A novel IL-6 reporter mouse allows biomonitoring of inflammation. Both skin pH and the (transferable) microflora have a pivotal role in modulating the skin barrier. The microflora of the gastrointestinal mucosa maintains tolerance to dietary compounds and can be disturbed by antiacid drugs. A key mouse study evidenced that dust from Amish households, but not from Hutterites protected mice against asthma. In studies on subcutaneous and sublingual allergen-specific immunotherapy, much focus was given on delivery and adjuvants, using poly-lacto-co-glycolic particles, CpGs, probiotics or Vitamin D3. The epicutaneous and intralymphatic routes showed promising results in mice and horses in terms of prophylactic and therapeutic allergy treatment. Summary In atopic dermatitis, food allergies and asthma, environmental factors, together with the resident microflora and barrier status, decide on sensitization versus tolerance. Also allergen-specific immunotherapy operates with immunomodulatory principles.
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Aun MV, Bonamichi-Santos R, Arantes-Costa FM, Kalil J, Giavina-Bianchi P. Animal models of asthma: utility and limitations. J Asthma Allergy 2017; 10:293-301. [PMID: 29158683 PMCID: PMC5683778 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s121092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies in asthma are not able to clear up all aspects of disease pathophysiology. Animal models have been developed to better understand these mechanisms and to evaluate both safety and efficacy of therapies before starting clinical trials. Several species of animals have been used in experimental models of asthma, such as Drosophila, rats, guinea pigs, cats, dogs, pigs, primates and equines. However, the most common species studied in the last two decades is mice, particularly BALB/c. Animal models of asthma try to mimic the pathophysiology of human disease. They classically include two phases: sensitization and challenge. Sensitization is traditionally performed by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes, but intranasal instillation of allergens has been increasingly used because human asthma is induced by inhalation of allergens. Challenges with allergens are performed through aerosol, intranasal or intratracheal instillation. However, few studies have compared different routes of sensitization and challenge. The causative allergen is another important issue in developing a good animal model. Despite being more traditional and leading to intense inflammation, ovalbumin has been replaced by aeroallergens, such as house dust mites, to use the allergens that cause human disease. Finally, researchers should define outcomes to be evaluated, such as serum-specific antibodies, airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation and remodeling. The present review analyzes the animal models of asthma, assessing differences between species, allergens and routes of allergen administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Vivolo Aun
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM20), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bonamichi-Santos
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM20), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Kalil
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Giavina-Bianchi
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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MBD2 Regulates Th17 Cell Differentiation and Experimental Severe Asthma by Affecting IRF4 Expression. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:6249685. [PMID: 28808358 PMCID: PMC5541825 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6249685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells and IL-17 participate in airway neutrophil infiltration characteristics in the pathogenesis of severe asthma. Methyl-CpG binding domain protein 2 (MBD2) expression increased in CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood samples of asthma patients. However, little is known about that epigenetic regulation of MBD2 in both immunological pathogenesis of experimental severe asthma and CD4+ T cell differentiation. Here, we established a neutrophil-predominant severe asthma model, which was characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), BALF neutrophil granulocyte (NEU) increase, higher NEU and IL-17 protein levels, and more Th17 cell differentiation. In the model, MBD2 and IRF4 protein expression increased in the lung and spleen cells. Under overexpression or silencing of the MBD2 and IRF4 gene, the differentiation of Th17 cells and IL-17 secretion showed positive changes. IRF4 protein expression showed a positive change with overexpression or silencing of the MBD2 gene, whereas there was no significant difference in the expression of MBD2 under overexpression or silencing of the IRF4 gene. These data provide novel insights into epigenetic regulation of severe asthma.
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12
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Ikeda M, Katoh S, Shimizu H, Hasegawa A, Ohashi-Doi K, Oka M. Beneficial effects of Galectin-9 on allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy in a Dermatophagoides farinae-induced mouse model of chronic asthma. Allergol Int 2017; 66:432-439. [PMID: 27876361 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy is a potential disease-modifying treatment for allergic asthma. Galectin-9 (Gal-9), a β-galactoside-binding protein with various biologic effects, acts as an immunomodulator in excessive immunologic reactions by expanding regulatory T cells (Treg) and enhancing transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling. We investigated the efficacy of sublingually administered Gal-9 as an adjuvant to a specific allergen in a Dermatophagoides farinae (Df)-induced mouse model of chronic asthma. METHODS BALB/c mice were intranasally sensitized with Df extract 5 days/week for 5 weeks, and then sublingual Df-allergen extract for 2 weeks (5 days/week). Three days after the final sublingual treatment, mice were intranasally challenged with Df extract. The early asthmatic response (EAR) was evaluated 5 min after the last Df challenge. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was assayed and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 24 h after the last allergen challenge. Serum IgE and cytokine levels, and number of inflammatory cells in the BAL fluid (BALF) were analyzed. RESULTS Sublingual Df treatment in the presence of Gal-9, but not alone, significantly reduced AHR; EAR; number of eosinophils and interleukin-13 in the BALF; and serum IgE levels. BALF TGF-β1 levels were significantly increased in the presence of Gal-9 compared with Df alone. Treg depletion blocked the inhibitory effects of Gal-9 on the EAR, AHR, eosinophilic airway inflammation, and Df-specific serum IgE levels, and suppressed BALF TGF-β1 levels. CONCLUSIONS Gal-9 exhibited beneficial effects of sublingual Df allergen-specific immunotherapy in a Df-induced mouse model of chronic asthma, possibly by Gal-9-induced TGF-β1 production in the lung.
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Katayama I, Izuhara K. Itch: Its perception and involvement in allergy. Allergol Int 2017; 66:1-2. [PMID: 28081841 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Izuhara
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan.
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