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Cecconi M, Parodi MI, Formisano F, Spirito P, Autore C, Musumeci MB, Favale S, Forleo C, Rapezzi C, Biagini E, Davì S, Canepa E, Pennese L, Castagnetta M, Degiorgio D, Coviello DA. Targeted next-generation sequencing helps to decipher the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1111-24. [PMID: 27600940 PMCID: PMC5029966 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is mainly associated with myosin, heavy chain 7 (MYH7) and myosin binding protein C, cardiac (MYBPC3) mutations. In order to better explain the clinical and genetic heterogeneity in HCM patients, in this study, we implemented a target-next generation sequencing (NGS) assay. An Ion AmpliSeq™ Custom Panel for the enrichment of 19 genes, of which 9 of these did not encode thick/intermediate and thin myofilament (TTm) proteins and, among them, 3 responsible of HCM phenocopy, was created. Ninety-two DNA samples were analyzed by the Ion Personal Genome Machine: 73 DNA samples (training set), previously genotyped in some of the genes by Sanger sequencing, were used to optimize the NGS strategy, whereas 19 DNA samples (discovery set) allowed the evaluation of NGS performance. In the training set, we identified 72 out of 73 expected mutations and 15 additional mutations: the molecular diagnosis was achieved in one patient with a previously wild-type status and the pre-excitation syndrome was explained in another. In the discovery set, we identified 20 mutations, 5 of which were in genes encoding non-TTm proteins, increasing the diagnostic yield by approximately 20%: a single mutation in genes encoding non-TTm proteins was identified in 2 out of 3 borderline HCM patients, whereas co-occuring mutations in genes encoding TTm and galactosidase alpha (GLA) altered proteins were characterized in a male with HCM and multiorgan dysfunction. Our combined targeted NGS-Sanger sequencing-based strategy allowed the molecular diagnosis of HCM with greater efficiency than using the conventional (Sanger) sequencing alone. Mutant alleles encoding non-TTm proteins may aid in the complete understanding of the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of HCM: co-occuring mutations of genes encoding TTm and non-TTm proteins could explain the wide variability of the HCM phenotype, whereas mutations in genes encoding only the non-TTm proteins are identifiable in patients with a milder HCM status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria I Parodi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Spirito
- Cardiology Unit, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genova, Italy
| | - Camillo Autore
- Cardiology Unit, St. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria B Musumeci
- Cardiology Unit, St. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Favale
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Forleo
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudio Rapezzi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Biagini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Davì
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Loredana Pennese
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Dario Degiorgio
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genova, Italy
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Rowin EJ, Maron BJ, Kiernan MS, Casey SA, Feldman DS, Hryniewicz KM, Chan RH, Harris KM, Udelson JE, DeNofrio D, Roberts WC, Maron MS. Advanced Heart Failure With Preserved Systolic Function in Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail 2014; 7:967-75. [DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.114.001435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), heart transplant has been predominantly confined to patients with systolic dysfunction. An underappreciated HCM subset comprises patients with preserved left ventricular (LV) systolic function who may also require consideration for transplantation. Therefore, we sought to define the clinical profile and occurrence of advanced heart failure among patients with nonobstructive HCM and preserved systolic function.
Methods and Results—
Databases from 2 referral centers comprising 2100 HCM patients were interrogated. Forty-six nonobstructive HCM patients (2.2%) either received or were listed for heart transplant, including 20 with normal systolic function (ejection fraction ≥50%). At transplant listing, these 20 patients were 42±13 years old, each in New York Heart Association functional class III/IV with ejection fraction of 62±7%. LV was hypertrophied with maximum wall thickness of 22±4 mm and nondilated (end-diastolic dimension, 39±7 mm). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in 10 (of 15) patients showed no or minimal fibrosis (≤5% LV mass). Elevated LV end-diastolic or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, consistent with diastolic dysfunction, was present in 15 patients (75%). LV filling was impaired by echocardiographic measures in all patients, including a restrictive inflow pattern in 8 (40%). In 2 patients, traditional criteria for transplant were absent, including peak V
O
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>14 mL/kg/min. Heart transplantation was performed in 12 patients with each alive and without cardiovascular symptoms, 2.3±1.7 years later.
Conclusions—
A previously under-recognized segment of the broad HCM clinical spectrum consists of nonobstructive patients with advanced heart failure, in the presence of preserved systolic function, for whom heart transplant is the sole definitive therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J. Rowin
- From the Department of Medicine, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.J.R., M.S.K., J.E.U., D.D., M.S.M.); Department of Medicine, the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.J.M., S.A.C., D.S.F., K.M.H., K.M.H.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (R.H.C.); and Department of Pathology and Medicine, Baylor
| | - Barry J. Maron
- From the Department of Medicine, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.J.R., M.S.K., J.E.U., D.D., M.S.M.); Department of Medicine, the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.J.M., S.A.C., D.S.F., K.M.H., K.M.H.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (R.H.C.); and Department of Pathology and Medicine, Baylor
| | - Michael S. Kiernan
- From the Department of Medicine, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.J.R., M.S.K., J.E.U., D.D., M.S.M.); Department of Medicine, the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.J.M., S.A.C., D.S.F., K.M.H., K.M.H.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (R.H.C.); and Department of Pathology and Medicine, Baylor
| | - Susan A. Casey
- From the Department of Medicine, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.J.R., M.S.K., J.E.U., D.D., M.S.M.); Department of Medicine, the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.J.M., S.A.C., D.S.F., K.M.H., K.M.H.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (R.H.C.); and Department of Pathology and Medicine, Baylor
| | - David S. Feldman
- From the Department of Medicine, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.J.R., M.S.K., J.E.U., D.D., M.S.M.); Department of Medicine, the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.J.M., S.A.C., D.S.F., K.M.H., K.M.H.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (R.H.C.); and Department of Pathology and Medicine, Baylor
| | - Katarzyna M. Hryniewicz
- From the Department of Medicine, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.J.R., M.S.K., J.E.U., D.D., M.S.M.); Department of Medicine, the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.J.M., S.A.C., D.S.F., K.M.H., K.M.H.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (R.H.C.); and Department of Pathology and Medicine, Baylor
| | - Raymond H. Chan
- From the Department of Medicine, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.J.R., M.S.K., J.E.U., D.D., M.S.M.); Department of Medicine, the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.J.M., S.A.C., D.S.F., K.M.H., K.M.H.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (R.H.C.); and Department of Pathology and Medicine, Baylor
| | - Kevin M. Harris
- From the Department of Medicine, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.J.R., M.S.K., J.E.U., D.D., M.S.M.); Department of Medicine, the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.J.M., S.A.C., D.S.F., K.M.H., K.M.H.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (R.H.C.); and Department of Pathology and Medicine, Baylor
| | - James E. Udelson
- From the Department of Medicine, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.J.R., M.S.K., J.E.U., D.D., M.S.M.); Department of Medicine, the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.J.M., S.A.C., D.S.F., K.M.H., K.M.H.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (R.H.C.); and Department of Pathology and Medicine, Baylor
| | - David DeNofrio
- From the Department of Medicine, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.J.R., M.S.K., J.E.U., D.D., M.S.M.); Department of Medicine, the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.J.M., S.A.C., D.S.F., K.M.H., K.M.H.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (R.H.C.); and Department of Pathology and Medicine, Baylor
| | - William C. Roberts
- From the Department of Medicine, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.J.R., M.S.K., J.E.U., D.D., M.S.M.); Department of Medicine, the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.J.M., S.A.C., D.S.F., K.M.H., K.M.H.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (R.H.C.); and Department of Pathology and Medicine, Baylor
| | - Martin S. Maron
- From the Department of Medicine, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.J.R., M.S.K., J.E.U., D.D., M.S.M.); Department of Medicine, the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.J.M., S.A.C., D.S.F., K.M.H., K.M.H.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (R.H.C.); and Department of Pathology and Medicine, Baylor
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