Usefulness of Left Ventricular Strain by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Feature-Tracking to Predict Cardiovascular Events in Patients With and Without Heart Failure

Assessment of new-onset heart failure prediction in a diabetic population using left ventricular global strain: a prospective cohort study based on UK Biobank

Background

Impaired glucose utilization influences myocardial contractile function. However, the prognostic importance of left ventricular global radial strain (LV-GRS), left ventricular global circumferential strain (LV-GCS), and left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) in predicting new-onset heart failure (HF) in a population with diabetes is unclear.

Methods

The study design is prospective cohort from the UK Biobank. Totally 37,899 participants had a complete data of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), of which 940 patients with diabetes were included, and all the participants completed follow-up. LV-GRS, LV-GCS, and LV-GLS were measured by completely automated CMR with tissue tagging. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis and C-index was performed to evaluate the association between the strain parameters and the new-onset HF in patients suffering from diabetes.

Results

The average age of the 940 participants was 57.67 ± 6.97 years, with males comprising 66.4% of the overall population. With an average follow-up period of 166.82 ± 15.26 months, 35 (3.72%) patients reached the endpoint (emergence of new-onset HF). Significant associations were found for the three strain parameters and the new-onset HF (LV-GRS-hazard ratio [HR]: 0.946, 95% CI: 0.916-0.976; LV-GCS-HR: 1.162, 95% CI: 1.086-1.244; LV-GCS-HR: 1.181, 95% CI: 1.082-1.289). LV-GRS, LV-GCS, and LV-GLS were closely related to the related indicators to HF, and showed a high relationship to new-onset HF in individuals with diabetes at 5 and 10 years: LV-GRS: 0.75 (95% CI, 0.41-0.94) and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.44-0.98), respectively; LV-GCS: 0.80 (95% CI, 0.50-0.96) and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.41-0.98), respectively; LV-GLS: 0.72 (95% CI, 0.40-0.93) and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.48-0.97), respectively. In addition, age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and presence of hypertension or coronary artery disease (CAD) made no impacts on the association between the global strain parameters and the incidence of HF.

Conclusion

LV-GRS, LV-GCS, and LV-GLS is significantly related to new-onset HF in patients with diabetes at 5 and 10 years.

Prognostic value of visual and quantitative CMR regional myocardial function in patients with suspected myocarditis

According to updated Lake-Louise Criteria, impaired regional myocardial function serves as a supportive criterion in diagnosing myocarditis. This study aimed to assess visual regional wall motional abnormalities (RWMA) and novel quantitative regional longitudinal peak strain (RLS) for risk stratification in the clinical setting of myocarditis. In patients undergoing CMR and meeting clinical criteria for suspected myocarditis global longitudinal strain (GLS), late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), RWMA and RLS were assessed in the anterior, septal, inferior, and lateral regions and correlated to the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including heart failure hospitalization, sustained ventricular tachycardia, recurrent myocarditis, and all-cause death. In 690 consecutive patients (age: 48.0 ± 16.0 years; 37.7% female) with suspected myocarditis impaired RLS was correlated with RWMA and LV-GLS but not with the presence of LGE. At median follow up of 3.8 years, MACE occurred in 116 (16.8%) patients. Both, RWMA and RLS in anterior-, septal-, inferior-, and lateral- locations were univariately associated with outcomes (all p < 0.001), but not after adjusting for clinical characteristics and LV-GLS. In the subgroup of patients with normal LV function, RWMA were not predictive of outcomes, whereas septal RLS had incremental and independent prognostic value over clinical characteristics (HRadjusted = 1.132, 95% CI 1.020-1.256; p = 0.020). RWMA and RLS can be used to assess regional impairment of myocardial function in myocarditis but are of limited prognostic value in the overall population. However, in the subgroup of patients with normal LV function, septal RLS represents a distinctive marker of regional LV dysfunction, offering potential for risk-stratification.

[Predictive value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for adverse left ventricular remodeling after acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction]

OBJECTIVE

To assess the value of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging for predicting adverse left ventricular remodeling in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data and serial CMR (cine and LGE sequences) images of 86 STEMI patients within 1 week and 5 months after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), including 25 patients with adverse LV remodeling and 61 without adverse LV remodeling, defined as an increase of left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) over 15% at the second CMR compared to the initial CMR. The CMR images were analyzed for LV volume, infarct characteristics, and global and infarct zone myocardial function. The independent predictors of adverse LV remodeling following STEMI were analyzed using univariate and multivariate Logistic regression methods.

RESULTS

The initial CMR showed no significant differences in LV volume or LV ejection fraction (LVEF) between the two groups, but the infarct mass and microvascular obstructive (MVO) mass were significantly greater in adverse LV remodeling group (P < 0.05). Myocardial injury and cardiac function of the patients recovered over time in both groups. At the second CMR, the patients with adverse LV remodeling showed a significantly lower LVEF, a larger left ventricular end-systolic volume index (LVESVI) and a greater extent of infarct mass (P < 0.001) with lower global peak strains and strain rates in the radial, circumferential, and longitudinal directions (P < 0.05), infarct zone peak strains in the 3 directions, and infarct zone peak radial and circumferential strain rates (P < 0.05). The independent predictors for adverse LV remodeling following STEMI included the extent of infarct mass (AUC=0.793, 95% CI: 0.693-0.873; cut-off value: 30.67%), radial diastolic peak strain rate (AUC=0.645, 95% CI: 0.534-0.745; cut-off value: 0.58%), and RAAS inhibitor (AUC= 0.699, 95% CI: 0.590-0.793).

CONCLUSION

The extent of infarct mass, peak radial diastolic strain rate, and RAAS inhibitor are independent predictors of adverse LV remodeling following STEMI.

Adiposity influences on myocardial deformation: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking study in people with overweight to obesity without established cardiovascular disease

The objective of this study was to assess whether dietary-induced weight loss improves myocardial deformation in people with overweight to obesity without established cardiovascular disease applying cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) with feature tracking (FT) based strain analysis. Ninety people with overweight to obesity without established cardiovascular disease (age 44.6 ± 9.3 years, body mass index (BMI) 32.6 ± 4 kg/m2) underwent CMR. We retrospectively quantified FT based strain and LA size and function at baseline and after a 6-month hypocaloric diet, with either low-carbohydrate or low-fat intake. The study cohort was compared to thirty-four healthy normal-weight controls (age 40.8 ± 16.0 years, BMI 22.5 ± 1.4 kg/m2). At baseline, the study cohort with overweight to obesity without established cardiovascular disease displayed significantly increased global circumferential strain (GCS), global radial strain (GRS) and LA size (all p < 0.0001 versus controls) but normal global longitudinal strain (GLS) and normal LA ejection fraction (all p > 0.05 versus controls). Dietary-induced weight loss led to a significant reduction in GCS, GRS and LA size irrespective of macronutrient composition (all p < 0.01). In a population with overweight to obesity without established cardiovascular disease subclinical myocardial changes can be detected applying CMR. After dietary-induced weight loss improvement of myocardial deformation could be shown. A potential clinical impact needs further studies.

Cardiac magnetic resonance for the early prediction of reverse left ventricular remodeling in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the changes in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) characteristics and investigate the predictors of reverse left ventricular remodeling (r-LVR) in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eighty-six STEMI patients (median 56 years) were retrospectively studied. The patients were divided into r-LVR and without r-LVR groups. CMR analysis included LV volume, infarct characteristics, and global and regional myocardial function. The strain and displacement were assessed by CMR-feature tracking. The predictors of r-LVR were analyzed by the logistic regression method.

RESULTS

There were 37 patients in the r-LVR group and 49 patients in the without r-LVR group. At initial CMR, there was no difference in LV volume and global cardiac function between the two groups. However, the infarct zone radial and longitudinal displacements were higher in the r-LVR group (p < 0.05, respectively). At the second CMR, the r-LVR group showed higher LVEF, lower LV volume, and total enhanced mass (all p < 0.05). The infarct zone radial and circumferential strains and radial displacement were higher in the r-LVR group (all p < 0.05). The r-LVR group had better recovery of myocardial injury and function. Of note, microvascular obstruction (MVO) mass (odds ratio: 0.779 (0.613-0.989), p = 0.041) and infarct zone peak longitudinal displacement (PLD) (odds ratio: 1.448 (1.044-2.008), p = 0.026) were independent predictors of r-LVR.

CONCLUSIONS

At initial CMR, there were no differences in global cardiac function between the two groups, but infarct zone displacements were higher in the r-LVR group. The r-LVR group had better recovery of cardiac function. In addition, MVO mass and infarct zone PLD were independent predictors of r-LVR.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT

Our study assessed changes in cardiac structure, function, and tissue characteristics after STEMI by CMR, investigated the best predictors of r-LVR in STEMI patients, and laid the foundation for the development of new parameter-guided treatment strategies for STEMI patients.

KEY POINTS

• At initial CMR, the reverse left ventricular remodeling (r-LVR) group had less myocardial damage and higher infarct zone displacement, but there were no differences in global function between the two groups. • Both groups showed recovery of myocardial injury and cardiac function over time, but the r-LVR group had less enhanced mass and better cardiac function compared to the without r-LVR group at the second CMR. • Microvascular obstruction mass and infarct zone peak longitudinal displacement by cardiac magnetic resonance feature-tracking were significant predictors of r-LVR in STEMI patients.

Prognostic value of myocardial strain by magnetic resonance imaging in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Aim    This study was aimed at performing a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the prognostic role of left ventricular (LV) myocardial strain variables as determined by magnetic-resonance imaging in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.Material and methods    A search was performed in PubMed (MEDLINE), Google Scholar, and EMBASE databases for studies on the prognostic role of LV myocardial strain based on MR feature-tracking in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Uncorrected odds ratio (OR) values reported by the studies where similar evaluation criteria of myocardial strain were available, were combined for a meta-analysis.Results    Nine studies were selected from 351 publications for this systematic review and meta-analysis. The analysis included a totality of 2139 patients (mean age, 52.3 years; mean follow-up duration, 42.5 months). The meta-analysis showed that the worsening of the LV global longitudinal strain (GLS), global circumferential strain (GCS), and global radial strain (GRS) was associated with increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE): OR, 1.13  per each % of GLS; 95 % CI: 1.050–1.225; p=0.001; OR, 1.16 per each % of GCS; 95 % CI: 1.107–1.213; p<0.0001; OR, 0.95 per each % of GRS; 95 % CI: 0.92–0.97; p<0.0001.Conclusion    The LV GLS, GCS, and GRS variables by MR feature-tracking data are powerful predictors for the development of MACE. Evaluation of myocardial strain can be used as an effective instrument for risk stratification in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.

 

Right ventricular function declines prior to left ventricular ejection fraction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND

The right ventricle (RV) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) tends to be neglected, as previous efforts have predominantly focused on examining the prognostic value of left ventricular (LV) abnormalities. The objectives of this study were to assess RV function in HCM, changes over time, and association with clinical outcomes.

METHODS

Two hundred and ninety HCM patients with preserved LV ejection fraction (LVEF ≥ 55%) and 30 age- and sex-matched controls underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). All patients were followed up for clinical events for a median duration of 4.4 years. Sixty-three patients had a follow-up CMR undertaken at a median interval of 5.4 years. Main study measures and outcomes were RV function (RV ejection fraction (RVEF) and RV strain) at baseline, temporal changes in RV function over time and prognostic value of RV dysfunction for predicting cardiovascular outcomes in HCM.

RESULTS

When compared to controls, HCM patients exhibited lower RV and LV peak global longitudinal systolic strains on feature-tracking analysis of cine images, while RVEF and LVEF were within the normal range. On follow-up CMR, both RV and LV strain parameters decreased over time. RVEF decreased at follow-up (65 ± 7% to 62 ± 7%, P < 0.001) but the change in LVEF was not significant (68 ± 10% to 66 ± 8%, P = 0.30). On clinical follow up, reduced RVEF was an independent predictor of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) [HR 1.10 (95% CI 1.06-1.15), P < 0.001] and composite cardiovascular events (NSVT, stroke, heart failure hospitalisation and cardiovascular death) [HR 1.07 (95% CI 1.03-1.10), P < 0.001]. RV longitudinal strain was an independent predictor of NSVT [HR 1.05 (95% CI 1.01-1.09), P = 0.029]. Patients with RVEF < 55% showed an increased risk of NSVT and composite cardiovascular events. In contrast, LVEF and LV global longitudinal strain were not predictive of such events on multivariable analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

In HCM, RV function, including RV strain, and LV strain decrease over time despite preserved LVEF. Reduction in RV but not LV function is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Assessing RV function in early HCM disease might have a role in risk stratification to prevent future cardiovascular events.

Insights Into Myocardial Oxygenation and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Tissue Biomarkers in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

BACKGROUND

The pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is not well understood, but evidence strongly suggests involvement of microvascular dysfunction. We studied the myocardial oxygenation reserve as a direct marker of coronary vascular function and its relation to myocardial deformation and tissue characteristics by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR).

METHODS

In a dual-center case-control study, patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (>50%) and healthy controls older than 50 years underwent quantitative CMR for ventricular volumes and functional assessment with feature tracking, as well as tissue characterization (T1, T2, extracellular volume). Coronary vascular function was measured by oxygenation-sensitive (OS)-CMR of the myocardial oxygenation response to a vasoactive breathing maneuver.

RESULTS

Twenty-nine patients completed the CMR exam. Compared with cutoffs derived from 12 control subjects, circumferential peak strain was attenuated in 97% of patients. Native T1 was elevated in 93%, extracellular volume was elevated in 83%. Sixty-six percent of patients revealed either regional or global myocardial edema, defined by an increased myocardial T2. An attenuated global myocardial oxygenation reserve (<4.4%) was observed in 96% of the patients (1.7±3.9% versus 9.1±5.3% in controls, P<0.001). This was correlated with septal wall thickness (r=-0.54, P=0.003), edema (myocardial T2; β=-0.26% oxygenation-sensitive/ms [95% CI, -0.49 to -0.03], P=0.029), and reduced diastolic strain rate (β=1.50% oxygenation-sensitive/s^-1 [95% CI, 0.06-2.90], P=0.042).

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with clinical heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, vascular dysfunction as measured by an attenuated myocardial oxygenation reserve is associated with myocardial edema, a thicker septum, and diastolic dysfunction. A quantitative comprehensive CMR exam including oxygenation-sensitive-CMR allows for comprehensive imaging-based phenotyping of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Fast Strain-Encoded Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for Diagnostic Classification and Risk Stratification of Heart Failure Patients

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of fast-strain encoded magnetic resonance (fast-SENC) cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) to classify and risk stratify all-comer patients with different stages of chronic heart failure (Stages of heart failure A to D) based on American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines with standard clinical and CMR imaging data.

BACKGROUND

Heart failure is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, resulting in millions of deaths and hospitalizations annually.

METHODS

The study population consisted of 1,169 consecutive patients between September 2017 and February 2019 who underwent CMR for clinical reasons, and 61 healthy volunteers. In addition, clinical follow-up was performed in Stages A and B patients after 1.9 ± 0.4 years. Wall motion score and late gadolinium enhancement score indexes, left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, and global circumferential and longitudinal strain based on fast-SENC acquisitions, were calculated in all subjects. The percentage of myocardial segments with strain ≤-17% (% normal myocardium) was determined in all subjects.

RESULTS

LV ejection fraction, global circumferential and longitudinal strain, and % normal myocardium significantly decreased with increasing heart failure stages (p < 0.001 for all by analysis of variance). By multivariable analysis, % normal myocardium remained an independent predictor of heart failure stages, exhibiting closer association than LV ejection fraction (rpartial = 0.76 vs. rpartial = 0.30; p < 0.001). Importantly, 149 of 399 (37%) with Stage A were reclassified to Stage B, that is, as having subclinical LV dysfunction based on % normal myocardium <80%. Such patients exhibited significantly higher rates of all-cause mortality and hospital stay due to heart failure during follow-up, compared with patients with % normal myocardium ≥80% (chi-square = 6.9; p = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

The % normal myocardium, determined by fast-SENC, enables improved identification of asymptomatic patients with subclinical LV dysfunction compared with LV ejection fraction and risk stratification of patients with so far asymptomatic heart failure. The identification of such presumably healthy patients at high risk for heart failure-related outcomes may bear important medical implications.

Comparing cardiovascular magnetic resonance strain software packages by their abilities to discriminate outcomes in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) myocardial strain analysis using feature tracking (FT) is an increasingly popular method to assess cardiac function. However, different software packages produce different strain values from the same images and there is little guidance regarding which software package would be the best to use. We explored a framework under which different software packages could be compared and used based on their abilities to differentiate disease from health and differentiate disease severity based on outcome.

METHOD

To illustrate this concept, we compared 4-chamber left ventricular (LV) peak longitudinal strain (GLS) analyzed from retrospective electrocardiogram gated cine imaging performed on 1.5 T CMR scanners using three CMR post-processing software packages in their abilities to discriminate a group of 45 patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) from 26 controls without cardiovascular disease and to discriminate disease severity based on outcomes. The three different post-processing software used were SuiteHeart, cvi42, and DRA-Trufistrain.

RESULTS

All three software packages were able to distinguish HFpEF patients from controls. 4-chamber peak GLS by SuiteHeart was shown to be a better discriminator of adverse outcomes in HFpEF patients than 4-chamber GLS derived from cvi42 or DRA-Trufistrain.

CONCLUSION

We illustrated a framework to compare feature tracking GLS derived from different post-processing software packages. Publicly available imaging data sets with outcomes would be important to validate the growing number of CMR-FT software packages.

Everolimus for the Prevention of Calcineurin-Inhibitor-Induced Left Ventricular Hypertrophy After Heart Transplantation (RADTAC Study)

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of combined low-dose everolimus and low-dose tacrolimus compared with standard-dose tacrolimus in attenuating left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT).

BACKGROUND

Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) such as tactrolimus are important in preventing cardiac allograft rejection and reducing mortality after OHT. However CNIs are causatively linked to the development of LVH, and are associated with nephrotoxicity and vasculopathy. CNI-sparing agents such as everolimus have been hypothesized to inhibit adverse effects of CNIs.

METHODS

In this prospective, randomized, open-label study, OHT recipients were randomized at 12 weeks after OHT to a combination of low-dose everolimus and tacrolimus (the RADTAC group) or standard-dose tacrolimus (the TAC group), with both groups coadministered mycophenolate and prednisolone. The primary endpoint was LVH indexed as the change in left ventricular mass (ΔLVM) by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging from 12 to 52 weeks. Secondary endpoints included CMR-based myocardial performance, T1 fibrosis mapping, blood pressure, and renal function. Safety endpoints included episodes of allograft rejection and infection.

RESULTS

Forty stable OHT recipients were randomized. Recipients in the RADTAC group had significantly lower tacrolimus levels compared with the TAC group (6.5 ± 3.5 μg/l vs. 8.6 ± 2.8 μg/l; p = 0.02). The mean everolimus level in the RADTAC group was 4.2 ± 1.7 μg/l. A significant reduction in LVM was observed in the RADTAC group compared with an increase in LVM in the TAC group (ΔLVM = -13.0 ± 16.8 g vs. 2.1 ± 8.4 g; p < 0.001). Significant differences were also noted in secondary endpoints measuring function and fibrosis (Δ circumferential strain = -2.9 ± 2.8 vs. 2.1 ± 2.3; p < 0.001; ΔT1 mapping values = -32.7 ± 51.3 ms vs. 26.3 ± 90.4 ms; p = 0.003). No significant differences were observed in blood pressure (Δ mean arterial pressure = 4.2 ± 18.8 mm Hg vs. 2.8 ± 13.8 mm Hg; p = 0.77), renal function (Δ creatinine = 3.1 ± 19.9 μmol/l vs. 9 ± 21.8 μmol/l; p = 0.31), frequency of rejection episodes (p = 0.69), or frequency of infections (p = 0.67) between groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of low-dose everolimus and tacrolimus compared with standard-dose tacrolimus safely attenuates LVH in the first year after cardiac transplantation with an observed reduction in CMR-measured fibrosis and an improvement in myocardial strain.

Layer-specific strain in patients with heart failure using cardiovascular magnetic resonance: not all layers are the same

BACKGROUND

Global longitudinal strain (GLS), most commonly measured at the endocardium, has been shown to be superior to left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) for the identification of systolic dysfunction and prediction of outcomes in heart failure (HF). We hypothesized that strains measured at different myocardial layers (endocardium = ENDO, epicardium = EPI, average = AVE) will have distinct diagnostic and predictive performance for patients with HF.

METHODS

Layer-specific GLS, layer-specific global circumferential strain (GCS) and global radial strain (GRS) were evaluated by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) feature tracking in the Alberta HEART study. A total of 453 subjects consisted of healthy controls (controls, n = 77), at-risk for HF (at-risk, n = 143), HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF, n = 87), HF with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF, n = 88) and HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF, n = 58). For outcomes analysis, CMR-derived imaging parameters were adjusted with a base model that included age and N-terminal prohormone of b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) to test their independent association with 5-year all-cause mortality.

RESULTS

GLS_EPI distinguished all groups with preserved LVEF (controls - 16.5 ± 2.4% vs. at-risk - 15.5 ± 2.7% vs. HFpEF - 14.1 ± 3.0%, p < 0.001) while GLS_ENDO and all GCS (all layers) were similar among these groups. GRS was reduced in HFpEF (41.1 ± 13.8% versus 48.9 ± 10.7% in controls, p < 0.001) and the difference between GLS_EPI and GLS_ENDO were significantly larger in HFpEF as compared to controls. Within the preserved LVEF groups, reduced GRS and GLS_EPI were significantly associated with increased LV mass (LVM) and LVM/LV end-diastolic volume EDV (concentricity). In multivariable analysis, only GLS_AVE and GRS predicted 5-year all-cause mortality (all ps < 0.05), with the strongest association with 5-year all-cause mortality by Akaike Information Criterion analysis and significant incremental value for outcomes prediction beyond LVEF or GLS_ENDO by the likelihood ratio test.

CONCLUSION

Global strains measured on endocardium, epicardium or averaged across the wall thickness are not equivalent for the identification of systolic dysfunction or outcomes prediction in HF. The endocardium-specific strains were shown to have poorest all-around performance. GLS_AVE and GRS were the only CMR parameters to be significantly associated with 5-year all-cause mortality in multivariable analysis. GLS_EPI and GRS, as well as the difference in endocardial and epicardial strains, were sensitive to systolic dysfunction among HF patients with normal LVEF (> 55%), in whom lower strains were associated with increased concentricity.

Running away from cardiovascular disease at the right speed: The impact of aerobic physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness on cardiovascular disease risk and associated subclinical phenotypes

Higher levels of physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the relationship of aerobic PA and CRF with risk of atherosclerotic CVD outcomes and heart failure (HF) seem to be distinct. Furthermore, recent studies have raised concerns of potential toxicity associated with extreme levels of aerobic exercise, with higher levels of coronary artery calcium and incident atrial fibrillation noted among individuals with very high PA levels. In contrast, the relationship between PA levels and measures of left ventricular structure and function and risk of HF is more linear. Thus, personalizing exercise levels to optimal doses may be key to achieving beneficial outcomes and preventing adverse CVD events among high risk individuals. In this report, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the associations of aerobic PA and CRF levels with risk of adverse CVD outcomes and the preceding subclinical cardiac phenotypes to better characterize the optimal exercise dose needed to favorably modify CVD risk.

Detection of subclinical myocardial dysfunction in cocaine addicts with feature tracking cardiovascular magnetic resonance

BACKGROUND

Cocaine is an addictive, sympathomimetic drug with potentially lethal effects. We have previously shown with cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) the presence of cardiovascular involvement in a significant percentage of consecutive asymptomatic cocaine addicts. CMR with feature-tracking analysis (CMR-FT) allows for the quantification of myocardial deformation which may detect preclinical involvement. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effects of cocaine on the left ventricular myocardium in a group of asymptomatic cocaine users with CMR-FT.

METHODS

In a cohort of asymptomatic cocaine addicts (CA) who had been submitted to CMR at 3 T, we used CMR-FT to measure strain, strain rate and dyssynchrony index in CA with mildly decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (CA-LVEFd) and in CA with preserved ejection fraction (CA-LVEFp). We also measured these parameters in 30 age-matched healthy subjects.

RESULTS

There were no differences according to age. Significant differences were seen in global longitudinal, radial and circumferential strain, in global longitudinal and radial strain rate and in radial and circumferential dyssynchrony index among the groups, with the lowest values in CA-LVEFd and intermediate values in CA-LVEFp. Longitudinal, radial and circumferential strain values were significantly lower in CA-LVEFp with respect to controls.

CONCLUSIONS

CA-LVEFp show decreased systolic strain and strain rate values, with intermediate values between healthy controls and CA-LVEFd. Signs suggestive of dyssynchrony were also detected. In CA, CMR-FT based strain analysis can detect early subclinical myocardial involvement.

Feature Tracking Myocardial Strain Incrementally Improves Prognostication in Myocarditis Beyond Traditional CMR Imaging Features

OBJECTIVES

This study investigated the association of cardiovascular cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) feature tracking (FT) with outcome in a patient cohort with myocarditis and evaluated the possible incremental prognostic benefit beyond clinical features and traditional CMR features.

BACKGROUND

CMR is used to diagnose and risk stratify patients with myocarditis. CMR-FT allows quantitative strain analysis of myocardial function; however, its prognostic benefit in myocarditis is unknown.

METHODS

Consecutive patients with clinically suspected myocarditis and presence of midmyocardial or epicardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and/or myocardial edema in CMR were included. Clinical and CMR features were analyzed with regard to major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (i.e., hospitalization for heart failure, sustained ventricular tachycardia, and all-cause mortality).

RESULTS

Of 740 patients with clinically suspected myocarditis, 455 (61%) met our final diagnostic criteria based on CMR tissue characterization. At a median follow-up of 3.9 years, MACE occurred in 74 (16%) patients. In the univariable analysis, CMR-FT global longitudinal peak strain (GLS) was significantly associated with MACE. In a multivariable model adjusting for clinical variables (age, sex, body mass index, and acuteness of symptoms) and traditional CMR features (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] and LGE extent), GLS remained independently associated with outcome (GLS hazard ratio: 1.21; 95% confidence interval: 1.08 to 1.36; p = 0.001) and incrementally improved prognostication (chi-square increases from 42.6 to 79.8 to 88.5; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Myocardial strain using CMR-FT provides independent and incremental prognostic value over clinical features, LVEF, and LGE in patients with myocarditis. CMR-FT may serve as a novel marker to improve risk stratification in myocarditis. (CMR Features in Patients With Suspected Myocarditis [CMRMyo]; NCT03470571).

Early and Quantitative Assessment of Myocardial Deformation in Essential Hypertension Patients by Using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking

The aims of the study were to identify subclinical global systolic function abnormalities and evaluate influencing factors associated with left ventricular (LV) strain parameters in hypertensive subjects using cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging feature tracking (CMR-FT). The study enrolled 57 patients with essential hypertension (mean age: 43.04 ± 10.90 years; 35 males) and 26 healthy volunteers (mean age: 38.69 ± 10.44 years; 11 males) who underwent clinical evaluation and CMR examination. Compared with controls, hypertensive patients had significantly impaired myocardial strain values while ejection fraction (EF) did not differ. After multivariate regression analyses adjustment for confounders, the global radial strains (GRS) was independently associated with the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) (β = -0.219, p = 0.009 and β = -0.224, p = 0.015, respectively; Adjusted R² = 0.4); the global circumferential strains (GCS) was also independently associated with the MAP and LVMI (β = 0.084, p = 0.002 and β = 0.073, p = 0.01, respectively; Adjusted R² = 0.439); the global longitudinal strains (GLS) was independently associated with the Age and MAP (β = 0.065, p = 0.021 and β = 0.077, p = 0.009, respectively; Adjusted R² = 0.289). Myocardial strain can early detect the myocardial damage and may be an appropriate target for preventive strategies before abnormalities of EF.

Kounis Syndrome—not a Single-organ Arterial Disorder but a Multisystem and Multidisciplinary Disease

Coronary symptoms associated with conditions related to mast cell activation and inflammatory cell interactions, such as those involving T-lymphocytes and macrophages, further inducing allergic, hypersensitivity, anaphylactic, or anaphylactic insults, are currently referred to as the Kounis syndrome. Kounis syndrome is caused by inflammatory mediators released during allergic insults, post-inflammatory cell activation, and interactions via multidirectional stimuli. A platelet subset of 20% with high- and low-affinity IgE surface receptors is also involved in this process. Kounis syndrome is not just a single-organ but also a complex multisystem and multi-organ arterial clinical condition; it affects the coronary, mesenteric, and cerebral arteries and is accompanied by allergy–hypersensitivity–anaphylaxis involving the skin, respiratory, and vascular systems in the context of anesthesia, surgery, radiology, oncology, or even dental and psychiatric medicine; further, it has significantly influences both morbidity and mortality. Kounis syndrome might be caused by numerous and continuously increasing causes, with broad clinical symptoms and signs, via multi-organ arterial system involvement, in patients of any age, thereby demonstrating predominant anaphylactic features in terms of a wide spectrum of mast cell-association disorders. Cardiac symptoms, such as chest pain, coronary vasospasm, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, acute cardiac failure, and sudden cardiac death associated with subclinical, clinical, acute, or chronic allergic reactions, constitute the clinical manifestations of this syndrome. Since its first description, a common pathway between allergic and non-allergic coronary events has been demonstrated. The hypothesis is based on the existence of a much higher degree of mast cell degranulation at plaque erosion or rupture sites compared with at the adjacent areas or even more distant segments in post-acute myocardial infarction of non-allergic etiology. Although mast cell activation, differentiation, and mediator release takes days or weeks, the mast cell degranulation may occur just before any acute coronary event, further resulting in coronary artery vasoconstriction and atheromatous plaque rupture. It seems that medications and natural molecules stabilizing the mast cell membrane as well as monoclonal antibodies protecting the mast cell surface can emerge as novel therapeutic modalities for acute coronary and cerebrovascular event prevention.