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Peters U, Tomlinson I. Utilizing Human Genetics to Develop Chemoprevention for Cancer-Too Good an Opportunity to be Missed. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2024; 17:7-12. [PMID: 38173394 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-22-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Large-scale genetic studies are reliably identifying many risk factors for disease in the general population. Several of these genetic risk factors encode potential drug targets, and genetics has already helped to introduce targeted agents for some diseases, an example being lipid-lowering drugs to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Multiple drugs have been developed to treat cancers based on somatic mutations and genomics, but in stark contrast, there seems to be a reluctance to use germline genetic data to develop drugs to prevent malignancy, despite the large numbers of people who could benefit, the potential for lowering cancer rates, and the widespread current use of non-pharmaceutical measures to reduce cancer risk factors such as tobacco, alcohol, and infectious diseases. We argue that concerted efforts for cancer prevention based on genetics, including genes influenced by common polymorphisms that modulate cancer risk, are urgently needed. There are enormous, yet underutilized, opportunities to develop novel targeted agents for chemoprevention of cancer based on human germline genetics. Such efforts are likely to require the support of a dedicated funding program by national and international agencies. See related commentary by Winham and Sherman, p. 13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Peters
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Skoog S, Henriksson L, Gustafsson H, Sandstedt M, Elvelind S, Persson A. Comparison of the Agatston score acquired with photon-counting detector CT and energy-integrating detector CT: ex vivo study of cadaveric hearts. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2022; 38:1145-1155. [PMID: 34988781 PMCID: PMC11142966 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-021-02494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the correlation and agreement between AS derived from either an energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT) or a photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT). Reproducibility was also compared. In total, 26 calcified coronary lesions (from five cadaveric hearts) were identified for inclusion. The hearts were positioned in a chest phantom and scanned in both an EID-CT and a prototype PCD-CT. The EID-CT and PCD-CT acquisition and reconstruction parameters were matched. To evaluate the reproducibility, the phantom was manually repositioned, and an additional scan was performed using both methods. The EID-CT reconstructions were performed using the dedicated calcium score kernel Sa36. The PCD-CT reconstructions were performed with a vendor-recommended kernel (Qr36). Several monoenergetic energy levels (50-150 keV) were evaluated to find the closest match with the EID-CT scans. A semi-automatic evaluation of calcium score was performed on a post-processing multimodality workplace. The best match with Sa36 was PCD-CT Qr36 images, at a monoenergetic level of 72 keV. Statistical analyses showed excellent correlation and agreement. The correlation and agreement with regards to the Agatston score (AS) between the two methods, for each position as well as between the two positions for each method, were assessed with the Spearman´s rank correlation. The correlation coefficient, rho, was 0.98 and 0.97 respectively 0.99 and 0.98. The corresponding agreements were investigated by means of Bland-Altman plots. High correlation and agreement was observed between the AS derived from the EID-CT and a PCD-CT. Both methods also demonstrated excellent reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Skoog
- Department of Radiology and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden.
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Lilian Henriksson
- Department of Radiology and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Håkan Gustafsson
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mårten Sandstedt
- Department of Radiology and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Elvelind
- Department of Clinical Pathology, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Persson
- Department of Radiology and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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