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Peng WJ, Pan HF, Tao JH, Wang BX, Lu MM, Wang S, He Q, Wang J. A meta-analysis of the association between cytokine gene polymorphisms and systemic sclerosis. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-011-0574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Peng WJ, Pan HF, Tao JH, Wang BX, Lu MM, Wang S, He Q, Wang J. A meta-analysis of the association between cytokine gene polymorphisms and systemic sclerosis. Mod Rheumatol 2011; 22:695-703. [PMID: 22173230 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-011-0574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate the association of cytokine gene polymorphisms with systemic sclerosis (SSc) susceptibility. Electronic databases were used to identify published studies before July 2011. In total, 23 case-control studies including 3524 SSc cases and 6086 healthy controls were included in the meta-analysis. We examined the relationship between five gene polymorphisms [cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) -1722T/C, CTLA-4 -318C/T, CTLA-4 +49A/G, angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D, STAT-4 rs7574865] and susceptibility to SSc. The combined odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated to estimate the strength of the association in a fixed or random effect model. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed. We found a significant association between SSc and STAT rs7574865 (TT vs. GG: OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.36-0.54; TT vs. TG + GG: OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.39-0.59; TT + TG vs. GG: OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.66-0.83; T vs. G: OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.66-0.79), but there were no other statistically significant associations with other gene polymorphisms. Our study suggested that SSc is associated with STAT gene rs7574865 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-jia Peng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Granel B, Bernard F, Chevillard C. Genetic susceptibility to systemic sclerosis from clinical aspect to genetic factor analyses. Eur J Intern Med 2009; 20:242-52. [PMID: 19393491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic sclerosis is a rare autoimmune disease mainly characterized by vascular alteration and fibrosis involving skin but also visceral organs such as lungs, digestive tract, and heart. This disease leads to high morbidity and mortality. Its pathogenesis remains unclear, but recent attention has focus on genetic factors. OBJECTIVE We first recall the main manifestations associated with systemic sclerosis and leading to its diagnosis and prognosis. Then we propose an overview on human genetics studies, as a number of genetic loci have been identified that appear to be associated with the disease. METHODS Articles concerning association studies with candidate genes encoding for extracellular matrix proteins, cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, and proteins involved in vascular tone and immune regulations are presented and discussed. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Systemic sclerosis is a multigenic complex disorder. Genetic associations are observed in distinct phenotypes such as the diffuse cutaneous form or the limited form, or in association with specific autoantibody pattern. Promising candidate genes are those involved in pathways that lead to the vascular damage and fibrosis. A better knowledge of crucial mediators involved in systemic sclerosis could in the future provide new therapeutic strategies to control the disease.
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WIPFF JULIEN, GALLIER GUILLAUME, DIEUDE PHILIPPE, AVOUAC JEROME, TIEV KIET, HACHULLA ERIC, GRANEL BRIGITTE, DIOT ELISABETH, SIBILIA JEAN, MOUTHON LUC, MEYER OLIVIER, KAHAN ANDRE, VARRET MATHILDE, BOILEAU CATHERINE, ALLANORE YANNICK. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene Does Not Contribute to Genetic Susceptibility to Systemic Sclerosis in European Caucasians. J Rheumatol 2009; 36:337-40. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.080622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Objective.To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphisms including I/D and 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) affect susceptibility to systemic sclerosis (SSc) in a large French Caucasian population.Methods.A case-control study was performed in 494 patients with SSc and 280 healthy controls for I/D polymorphism. Two supplementary exonic SNP of ACE gene (rs4309, rs4362) were genotyped in 659 patients with SSc and 511 matched healthy controls. Among the whole SSc population, 453 (67%) patients with SSc had the limited cutaneous subtype, 47 (7%) had precapillary pulmonary arterial hypertension, 209 (32%) had digital ulcers, and 10 (1.5%) had renal crisis. A combined analysis of the available results for ACE I/D genotypes in Caucasians was also performed.Results.There was no association between the 3 polymorphic markers and SSc for allelic and genotype frequencies. No association was observed for the different vascular subsets of the disease. Haplotype analyses did not detect any association. The lack of association for ACE I/D was confirmed by the combined analysis.Conclusion.These results in a large cohort of European Caucasian patients with SSc do not support that the ACE gene is implicated in the pathogenesis of SSc and its vascular damage.
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Agarwal SK, Tan FK, Arnett FC. Genetics and genomic studies in scleroderma (systemic sclerosis). Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2008; 34:17-40; v. [PMID: 18329530 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It currently is believed that scleroderma is a complex polygenic disease that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals who have encountered specific environment exposures and/or other stochastic factors. The nature of these genetic determinants and how they interact with environmental factors are areas of active investigation. This article discusses the evidence that supports a strong genetic link to scleroderma. These studies implicate potential pathogenetic mechanisms involved in scleroderma, which, it is hoped, may translate into clinical utility, including determination of disease risk, diagnosis, prognosis, and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Agarwal
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin, MSB 5.270, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Allanore Y, Wipff J, Kahan A, Boileau C. Genetic basis for systemic sclerosis. Joint Bone Spine 2007; 74:577-83. [PMID: 17855142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Among the connective tissue diseases, systemic sclerosis is an orphan disease in which diffuse connective tissue alterations lead to multi-organ involvement. Environmental factors implicated in triggering this multifactorial disease include crystalline silica, chlorine solvents, welding vapors, and various other solvents. Clustering within families indicates a role for genetic factors. Although concordance for the disease among identical twins is low, concordance for autoantibodies associated with systemic sclerosis and for fibroblast gene expression profiles is higher. Because multiplex families are rare, association and candidate gene strategies are the most appropriate methods for investigating the genetics of systemic sclerosis. The most consistent data relate to the involvement of fibrosis genes, most notably the TGF-beta regulation pathway, secreted protein acid and rich in cysteine (SPARC) genes, and the fibrillin-1 gene (FBN1). Several variants of genes for cytokines or their receptors may be involved. Data on the vasculopathy characteristic of systemic sclerosis are somewhat conflicting. Investigations into the genetics of systemic sclerosis may shed light on the complex pathophysiology of this disease, help to identify factors that predict organ involvement, and suggest new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Allanore
- Paris Descartes University, School of Medicine, Rheumatology A Department, Cochin Teaching Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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Abstract
A number of genetic loci have been identified that appear to be associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma). There is mounting evidence suggesting that these genetic associations may in fact be associated with distinct phenotypes in SSc based on autoantibody pattern rather than with SSc as a single disease entity. This may ultimately have implications for approaches to therapy as well as responses to therapy. The most promising candidate genes are those involved in pathways that lead to the vascular damage and fibrosis that are the hallmarks of this disease. There is uncertainty, however, regarding the nature of the key pathological mechanisms that link these two disease processes. Recent studies have focused on Fli1 (friend leukaemia integration 1), a transcription factor that is found in immune cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells that regulates collagen gene function and angiogenesis. Fli1 is dysregulated in SSc skin and dermal blood vessels, and appears to play a pathological role in SSc skin fibrosis and vessel degeneration. Whether this dysregulation is due to genetic polymorphisms in the Fli1 pathway or to epigenetic mechanisms is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen D Mayes
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas, Houston Health Science Center, Fannin, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Granel B, Chevillard C, Dessein A. Implication de l'interleukine 13 et de son récepteur dans la sclérodermie systémique. Rev Med Interne 2007; 28:613-22. [PMID: 17543424 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interleukin 13 is an immunoregulatory cytokine predominantly secreted by activated Th2 cells. It has similar functions with interleukin 4 and they share a common receptor. However, unlike interleukin 4, l'interleukin 13 does not appear to be important in the initial differentiation of CD4 T into Th2-type cells, but rather appears to be necessary in the effector phase of inflammation and fibrosis. This cytokine has been involved in recent works in allergic inflammation and in some fibrotic diseases leading to a scientific interest to analysis the role of interleukin 13 in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). MAIN POINTS Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune disease characterized by vascular alteration and skin and visceral fibrosis. A genetic background associated with susceptibility is supposed. Knowing the profibrogenic properties of interleukin 13, we asked if polymorphisms located in interleukin 13 and interleukin 13 receptor genes could be associated with systemic sclerosis. We observed significant associations between IL13 and IL13RA2 gene polymorphisms and the disease, particularly the cutaneous diffuse form of the disease. PERSPECTIVES AND PROJECTS Results concerning the involvement of interleukin 13 pathway in systemic sclerosis need to be confirmed on another larger population. Functional studies will be done to explain the effect of these associations. We feel that IL13/IL13R pathway is interesting as immunomodulation with the interleukin 13 receptor inhibitor is possible in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Granel
- Inserm, U399, laboratoire d'immunologie et de génétique des maladies parasitaires, faculté de médecine de La Timone, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Microvascular abnormality is a dominant feature of systemic sclerosis. There is increasing evidence that statins, developed as lipid-lowering drugs, yield profound benefits beyond their lipid-lowering effects. These 'pleiotropic' effects suggest that statins may be beneficial for treating SSc vasculopathy. This review focuses on the action of statins on endothelial functions and their potential use in treating SSc. RECENT FINDINGS The initial event in the pathogenesis of vascular involvement in SSc has been thought to be endothelial injury, but recent studies have led to another theory--that insufficient vascular repair due to defective vasculogenesis contributes to this process. Statins inhibit cholesterol synthesis, but they also suppress the synthesis of other lipid intermediates, resulting in protection of the endothelium through improvements in endothelial function, mobilization of endothelial precursors, suppression of the inflammatory response, and inhibition of fibrosis. Only a few studies evaluating the clinical benefits of statins have been conducted in SSc patients to date, but one open-label study showed that statins might be effective in improving vascular symptoms. SUMMARY Statins display numerous effects that may be of potential benefit in preventing endothelial dysfunction in SSc patients. Further clinical trials of statins in SSc patients are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Kuwana
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Lee EB, Zhao J, Kim JY, Xiong M, Song YW. Evidence of potential interaction of chemokine genes in susceptibility to systemic sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:2443-8. [PMID: 17599774 DOI: 10.1002/art.22742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine genetic polymorphisms in the chemokine pathway, and to assess their interactions in relation to susceptibility to systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS To identify the risk of SSc conferred by genetic polymorphisms in the chemokine pathway, 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 8 candidate genes were studied in 99 patients with SSc and 198 age- and sex-matched controls in a Korean population. SNPs were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism or sequence-specific primer methods. Genetic associations between each SNP and SSc risk, calculated as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals, were estimated using chi-square tests. Haplotypes for the 2 polymorphisms in the gene CCL5 (RANTES) were constructed, and their associations with SSc were tested. Gene-gene interactions were investigated using a recently described novel method, and the results were confirmed by conditional logistic regression. Adjustment for multiple testing was based on Bonferroni correction. RESULTS There was significant evidence of gene-gene interaction between polymorphisms in the genes CXCL8 (interleukin-8) and CCL5, and both of these were associated with an increased risk of SSc. This SNP-SNP interaction was confirmed by 2 independent statistical methods. The associations remained significant after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing. No significant association between each individual SNP or haplotype and the risk of SSc was found. CONCLUSION Crosstalk between the 2 chemokines CXCL8 and CCL5 may contribute to the susceptibility to SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Bong Lee
- Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Fatini C, Mannini L, Sticchi E, Rogai V, Guiducci S, Conforti ML, Cinelli M, Pignone AM, Bolli P, Abbate R, Cerinic MM. Hemorheologic profile in systemic sclerosis: role of NOS3 -786T > C and 894G >T polymorphisms in modulating both the hemorheologic parameters and the susceptibility to the disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:2263-70. [PMID: 16802365 DOI: 10.1002/art.21933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microvascular disorders are relevant in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Hyperviscosity, due to alterations of blood cells and plasma components, may play a role in the pathogenesis of microcirculatory disorders. An impaired availability of nitric oxide, related to polymorphisms in NOS3, the gene for endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase, might influence erythrocyte deformability. We undertook this study to investigate the hemorheologic profile in SSc and the role of NOS3 polymorphisms in modulating the hemorheologic status of SSc patients. METHODS We studied 113 consecutive SSc patients (75 with limited cutaneous SSc [lcSSc] and 38 with diffuse cutaneous SSc [dcSSc]) and 113 healthy controls. The hemorheologic profile was obtained by assessing whole blood viscosity (WBV; at shear rates of 0.512 and 94.5 seconds(-1)), plasma viscosity (PLV; at a shear rate of 94.5 seconds(-1)), and erythrocyte deformability index (DI). We determined NOS3 polymorphisms by molecular analysis. RESULTS A marked alteration of hemorheologic parameters was found both in patients with lcSSc and in those with dcSSc compared with controls (P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, rheologic variables were significantly associated with the disease (for WBV at a shear rate of 94.5 seconds(-1), odds ratio [OR] 5.4, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.4-19.9, P = 0.01; for PLV, OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2-6.5, P = 0.01; for DI, OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.4-10.8, P = 0.007), and NOS3 -786C and 894T alleles significantly affected the DI (for -786C allele, OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.01-5.4, P = 0.04; for 894T allele, OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.01-4.8, P = 0.04). The simultaneous presence of the -786C and 894T alleles represented a susceptibility factor for SSc (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.4-5.7, P = 0.004). CONCLUSION Our findings document an altered rheologic profile in SSc and demonstrate a relationship between this alteration and NOS3 polymorphisms, thus shedding light on a potential novel mechanism influencing the microcirculation in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Fatini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, Thrombosis Centre, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 85, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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Assassi S, Tan FK. Genetics of scleroderma: update on single nucleotide polymorphism analysis and microarrays. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005; 17:761-7. [PMID: 16224255 DOI: 10.1097/01.bor.0000179943.27777.b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent family, twin, and genetic association studies suggest a genetic basis for the susceptibility to systemic sclerosis or scleroderma. The purpose of this review is to summarize the results of genetic association and gene expression profiling studies from January 2004 to May 2005. RECENT FINDINGS In the review period, only a handful reports on single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of candidate genes and transcriptional profiling have been published. SUMMARY Currently, single nucleotide polymorphism association studies in systemic sclerosis use small sample sizes and have low reproducibility. To detect associations with candidate genes that confer a modest relative risk for disease in the general population, studies are needed with much larger sample sizes that also account for the effects of population stratification. Candidate genes or pathways identified through microarrays can be explored as potential biomarkers, used for molecular phenotyping of systemic sclerosis, or targeted for future genetic association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assassi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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