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Sharlow ER, Llaneza DC, Grever WE, Mingledorff GA, Mendelson AJ, Bloom GS, Lazo JS. High content screening miniaturization and single cell imaging of mature human feeder layer-free iPSC-derived neurons. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2023; 28:275-283. [PMID: 36273809 PMCID: PMC10119332 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons are being increasingly used for high content imaging and screening. However, iPSC-derived neuronal differentiation and maturation is time-intensive, often requiring >8 weeks. Unfortunately, the differentiating and maturing iPSC-derived neuronal cultures also tend to migrate and coalesce into ganglion-like clusters making single-cell analysis challenging, especially in miniaturized formats. Using our defined extracellular matrix and low oxygen culturing conditions for the differentiation and maturation of human cortical neurons, we further modified neuronal progenitor cell seeding densities and feeder layer-free culturing conditions in miniaturized formats (i.e., 96 well) to decrease neuronal clustering, enhance single-cell identification and reduce edge effects usually observed after extended neuronal cell culture. Subsequent algorithm development refined capabilities to distinguish and identify single mature neurons, as identified by NeuN expression, from large cellular aggregates, which were excluded from image analysis. Incorporation of astrocyte conditioned medium during differentiation and maturation periods significantly increased the percentage (i.e., ∼10% to ∼30%) of mature neurons (i.e., NeuN+) detected at 4-weeks post-differentiation. Pilot, proof of concept studies using this optimized assay system yielded negligible edge effects and robust Z-factors in population-based as well as image-based neurotoxicity assay formats. Moreover, moxidectin, an FDA-approved drug with documented neurotoxic adverse effects, was identified as a hit using both screening formats. This miniaturized, feeder layer-free format and image analysis algorithm provides a foundational imaging and screening platform, which enables quantitative single-cell analysis of differentiated human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Sharlow
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, 340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, 5th Floor, P.O. Box 800735, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA.
| | - Danielle C Llaneza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, 340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, 5th Floor, P.O. Box 800735, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA
| | | | - Garnett A Mingledorff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, 340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, 5th Floor, P.O. Box 800735, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA
| | - Anna J Mendelson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, 340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, 5th Floor, P.O. Box 800735, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA
| | - George S Bloom
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, 420 Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400328, Charlottesville VA 22904, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, 420 Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400328, Charlottesville VA 22904, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, 420 Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400328, Charlottesville VA 22904, USA
| | - John S Lazo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, 340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, 5th Floor, P.O. Box 800735, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA
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Liu Z, Li H, Jin Z, Li Y, Guo F, He Y, Liu X, Qi Y, Yuan L, He F, Li D. Exploration of Target Spaces in the Human Genome for Protein and Peptide Drugs. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 20:780-794. [PMID: 35338014 PMCID: PMC9881050 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
After decades of development, protein and peptide drugs have now grown into a major drug class in the marketplace. Target identification and validation are crucial for the discovery of protein and peptide drugs, and bioinformatics prediction of targets based on the characteristics of known target proteins will help improve the efficiency and success rate of target selection. However, owing to the developmental history in the pharmaceutical industry, previous systematic exploration of the target spaces has mainly focused on traditional small-molecule drugs, while studies related to protein and peptide drugs are lacking. Here, we systematically explore the target spaces in the human genome specifically for protein and peptide drugs. Compared with other proteins, both successful protein and peptide drug targets have many special characteristics, and are also significantly different from those of small-molecule drugs in many aspects. Based on these features, we develop separate effective genome-wide target prediction models for protein and peptide drugs. Finally, a user-friendly web server, Predictor Of Protein and PeptIde drugs' therapeutic Targets (POPPIT) (http://poppit.ncpsb.org.cn/), is established, which provides not only target prediction specifically for protein and peptide drugs but also abundant annotations for predicted targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China,College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Honglei Li
- Suzhou Geneworks Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215028, China
| | - Zhaoyu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yangzhige He
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yaning Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China,College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Liying Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Fuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China,Corresponding authors.
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Darling JO, Starkey AJ, Nubla JJ, Reff MJ. Financial Impact of Medically Integrated Pharmacy Interventions on Oral Oncolytic Prescriptions. JCO Oncol Pract 2022; 18:e1225-e1230. [PMID: 35561289 PMCID: PMC9287285 DOI: 10.1200/op.22.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: As the utilization of oral cancer medications rises, it is vital that cancer centers track costs associated with these expensive medications. This research seeks to report the cost interventions associated with medically integrated pharmacies (MIPs) and mail-order pharmacies. METHODS: Data collection occurred from October 2016 through May 2021. Volunteers input data from their oncology practice into NCODA's Cost Avoidance and Waste Tracker tool, an innovative easy-to use tool that allows practices to document any cost saving interventions or waste occurrences. RESULTS: The Cost Avoidance and Waste Tracker tool was used by nearly 50 MIPs across the country. Specifically, 26 practices submitted cost avoidance data, and 37 practices tracked waste associated with oral oncolytic therapy. Among the 26 practices, 677 cost avoidance events led to a total cost avoidance of $7,057,053.73 US dollars (USD). The net cost avoidance for the MIP's was $6,510,971.28 USD compared with $546,082.45 USD for the external mail-order pharmacies. Among the 37 practices that reported waste, 768 events were reported, leading to a total drug waste of $11,275,642.16 USD. Of that, $8,935,612.15 USD was attributed waste from external mail-order pharmacies, whereas $2,429,592.01 USD worth of drug waste was reported from MIPs. CONCLUSION: Medically integrated dispensing of oral oncolytic therapies allows for increased pharmacy oversight, leading to increased cost avoidance and reduced waste for patients and third-party payers. Although these data are difficult to compare because of the complexity of workflows at different dispensing sites, the real-world financial differences between medically integrated dispensing and mail-order pharmacies appear to be significant. NCODA's CAWT tool was used by nearly 50 medically integrated practices across the country; specifically, 26 practices submitted cost avoidance data, and 37 practices used the tool to track waste associated with oral oncolytic therapy. 677 cost avoidance events across the 26 practices led to a total cost avoidance of $7,057,053.73 USD, and 768 reported waste events across the 37 practices led to a total drug waste calculation totaling $11,275,642.16 USD.![]()
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Lankford C, Dura J, Tran A, Lam SW, Naelitz B, Willner M, Geyer K. Effect of clinical pharmacist interventions on cost in an integrated health system specialty pharmacy. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2021; 27:379-384. [PMID: 33645240 PMCID: PMC10391180 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2021.27.3.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Patients who are prescribed specialty medications require close monitoring, including assessment of laboratory parameters, toxicities, and adherence. Specialty pharmacies integrated within a health system are able to access records, assess therapy, and efficiently communicate with prescribers. OBJECTIVE: To analyze interventions made by clinical pharmacists within the Cleveland Clinic Specialty Pharmacy (CCSP) regarding cost avoidance for the health care system and improvements in patient safety. METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational study that analyzed pharmacist interventions regarding specialty hematology/oncology medications. Interventions were measured with pharmacist documentation within the electronic health record (EHR). The primary endpoint was the cost-avoidance effect of clinical pharmacist interventions resulting from pharmacist access to the EHR. Secondary endpoints included pharmacist interventions that led to additional ancillary or supportive care, time taken to perform interventions, total interventions according to new or refill status, and total interventions performed according to insurance subtype. RESULTS: 547 interventions were identified during the study period, with a total cost avoidance of $1,508,131. The intervention with the highest overall cost savings was discontinuation of therapy ($290,091). The highest cost savings, based on intervention type, was lack of follow-up ($30,892). The medication with the highest overall cost savings was abiraterone ($273,160). Gilteritinib was associated with the highest cost saving per intervention ($28,350). The indication with the highest overall cost savings was prostate cancer ($402,601), while cutaneous T-cell lymphoma had the highest cost savings per intervention ($25,424). CONCLUSIONS: CCSP pharmacist interventions led to significant overall cost savings to the health care system. Although not measured in this study, it is reasonable to expect that decreased medication use may also translate into less financial burden for patients, as well as for pharmacy benefit managers. Access to the EHR and integration within the health care system may have facilitated the cost savings. DISCLOSURES: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Lankford
- Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jillian Dura
- Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Annie Tran
- Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Simon W Lam
- Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Bryan Naelitz
- Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Marc Willner
- Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Kristel Geyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Liao M, Zhang J, Wang G, Wang L, Liu J, Ouyang L, Liu B. Small-Molecule Drug Discovery in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Current Situation and Future Directions. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2382-2418. [PMID: 33650861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, but an effective targeted therapy has not been well-established so far. Considering the lack of effective targets, where do we go next in the current TNBC drug development? A promising intervention for TNBC might lie in de novo small-molecule drugs that precisely target different molecular characteristics of TNBC. However, an ideal single-target drug discovery still faces a huge challenge. Alternatively, other new emerging strategies, such as dual-target drug, drug repurposing, and combination strategies, may provide new insight into the improvement of TNBC therapeutics. In this review, we focus on summarizing the current situation of a series of candidate small-molecule drugs in TNBC therapy, including single-target drugs, dual-target drugs, as well as drug repurposing and combination strategies that will together shed new light on the future directions targeting TNBC vulnerabilities with small-molecule drugs for future therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minru Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Leiming Wang
- The Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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The Potential Benefit of Expedited Development and Approval Programs in Precision Medicine. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11010045. [PMID: 33466644 PMCID: PMC7828670 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased understanding of the molecular causes of disease has begun to fulfill the promise of precision medicine with the development of targeted drugs, particularly for serious diseases with unmet needs. The drug approval regulatory process is a critical component to the continued growth of precision medicine drugs and devices. To facilitate the development and approval process of drugs for serious unmet needs, four expedited approval programs have been developed in the US: priority review, accelerated approval, fast track, and breakthrough therapy programs. METHODS To determine if expedited approval programs are fulfilling the intended goals, we reviewed drug approvals by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 2011 and 2017 for new molecular entities (NMEs). RESULTS From 2011 through 2017, the FDA approved 250 NMEs, ranging from 27 approvals in 2013 to 46 in 2017. The NME approvals spanned 22 different disease classes; almost one-third of all NMEs were for oncology treatments. CONCLUSIONS As these pathways are utilized more, additional legislative changes may be needed to re-align incentives to promote continued development of innovative drugs for serious unmet needs in a safe, efficacious, and affordable manner.
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