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Danys D, Marcinkeviciute K, Cereska V, Miknevicius P, Poskus T, Osorio J. Telementoring Experience for Complex Bariatric Operation-Laparoscopic Single-Anastomosis Duodeno-Ileal Bypass with Sleeve Gastrectomy (SADI-S). Obes Surg 2024; 34:1983-1986. [PMID: 38530550 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-024-07200-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In a groundbreaking surgical collaboration, a team of surgeons in Lithuania successfully performed the first single-anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S) operation under the remote telemonitoring guidance of a highly experienced surgeon from Spain.The Lithuanian surgical team, comprising skilled bariatric surgeons, meticulously prepared for the SADI-S operation under the remote guidance of their Spanish proctor. Utilizing video conferencing and real-time communication, the mentor provided step-by-step instructions, shared insights, and addressed any concerns during the procedure. The mentor's extensive experience and guidance ensured a safe and successful surgical outcome.This innovative approach not only demonstrates the potential of telemedicine in the field of complex bariatric surgeries but also highlights the power of international cooperation in advancing surgical techniques and patient care by using modern methods of telemedicine and proctorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatas Danys
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Nephrourology and Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 03101, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | | | - Vaidas Cereska
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Nephrourology and Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 03101, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Povilas Miknevicius
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Nephrourology and Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 03101, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Poskus
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Nephrourology and Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 03101, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 03101, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Javier Osorio
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, C/Feixa Llarga S/N, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
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Curwick L, Zmijewski P, Beierle E, Chen H. The importance of faculty mentorship: Evaluation of a departmental junior faculty mentorship program. Am J Surg 2024; 230:99-100. [PMID: 38042718 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Curwick
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Polina Zmijewski
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Beierle
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Herbert Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Kambakamba P, Naiem A, Betz E, Hotz AS, Richetti K, Stein M, Abry L, Meier A, Seeger N, Grochola F, Grieder F, Breitenstein S. Applying augmented reality in teaching of surgical residents-telementoring, a "stress-free" way to surgical autonomy? Langenbecks Arch Surg 2024; 409:100. [PMID: 38504065 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-024-03287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achieving surgical autonomy can be considered the ultimate goal of surgical training. Innovative head-mounted augmented reality (AR) devices enable visualization of the operating field and teaching from remote. Therefore, utilization of AR glasses may be a novel approach to achieve autonomy. The aim of this pilot study is to analyze the feasibility of AR application in surgical training and to assess its impact on intraoperative stress. METHODS A head-mounted RealWear Navigator® 500 glasses and the TeamViewer software were used. Initial "dry lab" testing of AR glasses was performed in combination with the Symbionix LAP Mentor™. Subsequently, residents performed various stage-adapted surgical procedures semi-autonomously (SA) (on-demand consultation of senior surgeon, who is in theatre but not scrubbed) versus permanent remote supervision (senior surgeon not present) via augmented reality (AR) glasses, worn by the resident in theatre. Stress was measured by intraoperative heart rate (Polar® pulse belt) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire. RESULTS After "dry lab" testing, N = 5 senior residents performed equally N = 25 procedures SA and with AR glasses. For both, open and laparoscopic procedure AR remote assistance showed satisfactory applicability. Utilization of AR significantly reduced intraoperative peak pulse rate from 131 to 119 bpm (p = 0.004), as compared with the semi-autonomous group. Likewise, subjectively perceived stress according to STAI was significantly lower in the AR group (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION AR can be applied in surgical training and may help to reduce stress in theatre. In the future, AR has a huge potential to become a stepping stone to surgical autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Kambakamba
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland.
| | - Amir Naiem
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Elise Betz
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Sophie Hotz
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Richetti
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Stein
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Abry
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Aline Meier
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Nico Seeger
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Filip Grochola
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Felix Grieder
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Breitenstein
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
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Reddy K, Gharde P, Tayade H, Patil M, Reddy LS, Surya D. Advancements in Robotic Surgery: A Comprehensive Overview of Current Utilizations and Upcoming Frontiers. Cureus 2023; 15:e50415. [PMID: 38222213 PMCID: PMC10784205 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Robotic surgery, a groundbreaking advancement in medical technology, has redefined the landscape of surgical procedures. This comprehensive overview explores the multifaceted world of robotic surgery, encompassing its definition, historical development, current applications, clinical outcomes, benefits, emerging frontiers, challenges, and future implications. We delve into the fundamentals of robotic surgical systems, examining their components and advantages. From general and gynecological surgery to urology, cardiac surgery, orthopedics, and beyond, we highlight the diverse specialties where robotic surgery is making a significant impact. The many benefits discussed include improved patient outcomes, reduced complications, faster recovery times, cost-effectiveness, and enhanced surgeon experiences. The outlook reveals a healthcare landscape where robotic surgery is increasingly vital, enabling personalized medicine, bridging healthcare disparities, and advancing surgical precision. However, challenges such as cost, surgeon training, technical issues, ethical considerations, and patient acceptance remain relevant. In conclusion, robotic surgery is poised to continue shaping the future of health care, offering transformative possibilities while emphasizing the importance of collaboration, innovation, and ethical governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavyanjali Reddy
- Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Pankaj Gharde
- Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Harshal Tayade
- Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Mihir Patil
- Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Lucky Srivani Reddy
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Dheeraj Surya
- Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Fernandes RD, Ghasroddashti A, Sorefan-Mangou F, Williams E, Choi K, Fasola L, Szasz P, Zevin B. Educational Effectiveness of Telementoring as a Continuing Professional Development Intervention for Surgeons in Practice: A Systematic Review. ANNALS OF SURGERY OPEN 2023; 4:e341. [PMID: 38144497 PMCID: PMC10735140 DOI: 10.1097/as9.0000000000000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We performed a systematic review to determine the educational effectiveness of telementoring as a continuing professional development (CPD) intervention for surgeons in practice. Background Surgeons can mentor their peers in remote locations using videoconferencing communication, referred to as telementoring. Methods We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE and included studies assessing the educational effectiveness of telementoring interventions used by surgeons in practice. We excluded studies involving only trainees and those not evaluating educational effectiveness. Two reviewers independently screened, extracted data, and assessed study quality using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI; maximum score 18). Educational outcomes were categorized using Moore's Outcomes Framework. Results We retrieved a total of 1351 records, and 252 studies were selected for full-text review. Twenty-eight studies were included with 1 randomized controlled trial, 19 cohort studies, 5 qualitative studies, and 3 case studies, totaling 178 surgeons and 499 cases. The average MERSQI score was 10.21 ± 2.2 out of 18. Educational outcomes included surgeons' satisfaction with telementoring interventions (Moore's Level 2) in 12 studies, improvement in surgeons' procedural knowledge (Level 3b) in 3 studies, improvements in surgeons' procedural competence in an educational setting (Level 4) in 4 studies, performance in a workplace-based setting (Level 5) in 23 studies, and patient outcomes (Level 6) in 3 studies. No studies reported community health outcomes (Level 7). Conclusions Moderate-level evidence demonstrates the use of telementoring as effective in changing surgeons' knowledge and competence in both educational and workplace-based settings. Its use is also associated with changes in patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erin Williams
- Department of Surgery, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ken Choi
- From the The School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurie Fasola
- Department of Surgery, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Szasz
- Department of Surgery, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Boris Zevin
- Department of Surgery, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Gabbard J, Sadarangani TR, Datta R, Fabius CD, Gettel CJ, Douglas NF, Juckett LA, Kiselica AM, Murali KP, McCarthy EP, Torke AM, Callahan CM. Career development in pragmatic clinical trials to improve care for people living with dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2023; 71:3554-3565. [PMID: 37736669 PMCID: PMC10810339 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.18599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The growing number of people living with dementia (PLWD) requires a coordinated clinical response to deliver pragmatic, evidence-based interventions in frontline care settings. However, infrastructure to support such a response is lacking. Moreover, there are too few researchers conducting rigorous embedded pragmatic clinical trials (ePCTs) to make the vision of high quality, widely accessible dementia care a reality. National Institute on Aging (NIA) Imbedded Pragmatic Alzheimer's disease and Related Dementias Clinical Trials (IMPACT) Collaboratory seeks to improve the pipeline of early career researchers qualified to lead ePCTs by funding career development awards. Even with support from the Collaboratory, awardees face practical and methodological challenges to success, recently exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We first describe the training opportunities and support network for the IMPACT CDA recipients. This report then describes the unique career development challenges faced by early-career researchers involved in ePCTs for dementia care. Topics addressed include challenges in establishing a laboratory, academic promotion, mentoring and professional development, and work-life balance. Concrete suggestions to address these challenges are offered for early-career investigators, their mentors, and their supporting institutions. While some of these challenges are faced by researchers in other fields, this report seeks to provide a roadmap for expanding the work of the IMPACT Collaboratory and initiating future efforts to recruit, train, and retain talented early-career researchers involved in ePCTs for dementia care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Gabbard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Rupak Datta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Chanee D. Fabius
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cameron J. Gettel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Natalie F. Douglas
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The Herbert H. and Grace A. Dow College of Health Professions, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan
| | - Lisa A Juckett
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Andrew M. Kiselica
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Health Professions, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Ellen P. McCarthy
- Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexia M. Torke
- Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Indiana University Center for Aging Research, Regenstrief Institute, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Christopher M. Callahan
- Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Indiana University Center for Aging Research, Regenstrief Institute, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
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Oussi N, Forsberg E, Dahlberg M, Enochsson L. Tele-mentoring - a way to expand laparoscopic simulator training for medical students over large distances: a prospective randomized pilot study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:749. [PMID: 37817201 PMCID: PMC10566045 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown the clinical benefits of laparoscopic simulator training. Decreasing numbers of operations by surgical residents have further increased the need for surgical simulator training. However, many surgical simulators in Sweden are often insufficiently used or not used at all. Furthermore, large geographical distances make access to curriculum-based surgical simulator training at established simulator centres difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether tele-mentoring (TM) could be well tolerated and improve basic laparoscopic surgical skills of medical students 900 km away from the teacher. METHODS Twenty students completed an informed consent and a pre-experimental questionnaire. The students were randomized into two groups: (1) TM (N = 10), receiving instructor feedback via video-link and (2) control group (CG, N = 10) with lone practice. Initial warm-up occurred in the Simball Box simulator with one Rope Race task followed by five consecutive Rope Race and three Peg Picker tasks. Afterwards, all students completed a second questionnaire. RESULTS The whole group enjoyed the simulator training (prescore 73.3% versus postscore 89.2%, P < 0.0001). With TM, the simulator Rope Race overall score increased (prescore 30.8% versus postscore 43.4%; P = 0.004), and the distance that the laparoscopic instruments moved decreased by 40% (P = 0.015), indicating better precision, whereas in the CG it did not. In Peg Picker, the overall scores increased, whereas total time and distance of the instruments decreased in both groups, indicating better performance and precision. CONCLUSIONS Simulation training was highly appreciated overall. The TM group showed better overall performance with increased precision in what we believe to be the visuospatially more demanding Rope Race tasks compared to the CG. We suggest that surgical simulator tele-mentoring over long distances could be a viable way to both motivate and increase laparoscopic basic skills training in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninos Oussi
- Centre for Clinical Research, Region Sörmland, Uppsala University, Eskilstuna, Sweden
- Division of Urology, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emil Forsberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Division of Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael Dahlberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Division of Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Sunderby Hospital, Luleå, 971 80, Sweden
| | - Lars Enochsson
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Division of Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- Department of Surgery, Sunderby Hospital, Luleå, 971 80, Sweden.
- Division of Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Hecker A, Nischwitz SP, Petritsch J, Holzer-Geissler JCJ, Draschl A, Wegscheider T, Lumenta DB. Undergraduate Skills Training in Pandemic Times: Where Is the Future of Medical Education? Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:1219-1228. [PMID: 37504481 PMCID: PMC10377890 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13070090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic forced medical programs to rapidly switch to remote teaching from scratch, impacting hands-on skills training. This study compared the efficacy of a hybrid online format to a regular in-person session for a mandatory surgical skills class. METHODS Third-year undergraduate medical students attending the surgical skills class in the winter semester of 2020/21 at the Medical University of Graz were randomly assigned to either the hybrid or in-person class, depending on their course schedule and government regulations. The hybrid class involved online videos, one-on-one peer tutoring, and an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). Pre- and post-class self-assessments were conducted to evaluate their theoretical and practical knowledge of a single interrupted suture. RESULTS The study included 85 students in the regular in-person class and 50 in the hybrid class. A pre-class assessment revealed higher self-assessments in the hybrid class for theoretical and practical knowledge, but a post-class assessment showed no significant difference. The advantages and disadvantages of both modalities were identified, providing valuable insights for future curriculum development. CONCLUSIONS Both teaching modes were effective for undergraduate surgical skills training. This study recommends implementing positive aspects of both the hybrid and in-person formats while recognizing their respective limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Hecker
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria (D.B.L.)
- Research Unit for Digital Surgery, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Sebastian P. Nischwitz
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria (D.B.L.)
- Research Unit for Digital Surgery, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Johanna Petritsch
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria (D.B.L.)
| | - Judith C. J. Holzer-Geissler
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria (D.B.L.)
| | - Alexander Draschl
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria (D.B.L.)
| | - Thomas Wegscheider
- Clinical Skills Center (CSC), Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - David Benjamin Lumenta
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria (D.B.L.)
- Research Unit for Digital Surgery, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
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Rasic G, Parikh PP, Wang ML, Keric N, Jung HS, Ferguson BD, Altieri MS, Nahmias J. The silver lining of the pandemic in surgical education: virtual surgical education and recommendations for best practices. GLOBAL SURGICAL EDUCATION : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR SURGICAL EDUCATION 2023; 2:59. [PMID: 38013862 PMCID: PMC10205563 DOI: 10.1007/s44186-023-00137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Virtual education is an evolving field within the realm of surgical training. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the application of virtual technologies in surgical education has undergone significant exploration and advancement. While originally developed to supplement in-person curricula for the development of clinical decision-making, virtual surgical education has expanded into the realms of clinical decision-making, surgical, and non-surgical skills acquisition. This manuscript aims to discuss the various applications of virtual surgical education as well as the advantages and disadvantages associated with each education modality, while offering recommendations on best practices and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Rasic
- Department of Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Priti P. Parikh
- Department of Surgery, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH USA
| | - Ming-Li Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Natasha Keric
- Division of Trauma, Acute Care Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Banner-University Medical Center Phoenix, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Hee Soo Jung
- Division of Acute Care and Regional General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI USA
| | - Benjamin D. Ferguson
- Division of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Maria S. Altieri
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania Hospital, Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Jeffry Nahmias
- Division of Trauma, Burns, and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA USA
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