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Dhawan M, Sharma A, Priyanka, Thakur N, Rajkhowa TK, Choudhary OP. Delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2: Mutations, impact, challenges and possible solutions. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2068883. [PMID: 35507895 PMCID: PMC9359381 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2068883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since commencement of COVID-19 pandemic, several SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged amid containment efforts via vaccination. The Delta variant (B.1.617.2), discovered in October 2020, was designated as a VOC by the WHO on May 11, 2021. The enhanced transmissibility of Delta variant has been associated with critical mutations such as D614G, L452R, P681R, and T478K in the S-protein. The increased affinity of the S-protein and ACE2 has been postulated as a key reason for decreased vaccine efficacy. As per evidence, the Delta variant possesses increased transmissibility and decreased vaccine efficacy compared to other VOCs like Alpha and Beta. This has led to concerns regarding the acquisition of novel mutations in the Delta variant and outbreaks in vulnerable communities, including vaccinated people. In this mini-review of Delta variant, we have explained its evolution and characteristics, the impact of spike mutations on infectivity and immune evasion, and measures to combat future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
- Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester, UK
| | - Abhilasha Sharma
- Department of Life Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Priyanka
- Independent Researcher, 07, Type IV Quarter, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Nanamika Thakur
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Allied and Healthcare Sciences, GNA University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Tridib Kumar Rajkhowa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Om Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
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Mukerjee N, Maitra S, Das P, Malik S, Alexiou A, Ghosh A. Omicron with threatened antagonistic consequences and are convoyed by new fangled risks - Correspondence. Int J Surg 2022; 106:106947. [PMID: 36152924 PMCID: PMC9492386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobendu Mukerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700118, India; Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia.
| | | | - Padmashree Das
- Centre of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Assam, 786004, India.
| | - Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, India.
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia & AFNP Med, Wien, Austria.
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Microbiology Division, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India.
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Prasad S, Shahid A, Co ELF, Khatri G, Cheema HA, Rocha ICN, Bardhan M, Hasan MM. Vaccine apartheid: the separation of the world's poorest and most vulnerable and the birth of Omicron. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2022; 10:25151355221107975. [PMID: 35832726 PMCID: PMC9272166 DOI: 10.1177/25151355221107975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Prasad
- National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, Ukraine
| | - Abia Shahid
- Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Edzel Lorraine F Co
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Mainak Bardhan
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Mohammad Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
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Morales-Jadán D, Viteri-Dávila C, Castro-Rodriguez B, Vallejo-Janeta AP, Rivera-Olivero IA, Perez F, Garcia-Bereguiain MA. Clinical Performance of Three Commercial SARS‐CoV‐2 Rapid Antigen Tests for Community-Dwelling Individuals in a Tropical Setting. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:832235. [PMID: 35865818 PMCID: PMC9294138 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.832235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of Rapid Diagnosis Antigen Tests (RDAgTs) for SARS-CoV-2 detection has substantially increased as some of the brands available in the market were certified for clinical use by international regulatory agencies. RDAgTs are a fast and cheap tool for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance with great potential to improve testing capacities in middle- and low-income countries compared to the gold standard RT-qPCR. However, as the clinical performance of RDAgTs has been shown to vary greatly between the commercial brands available, evaluation studies are necessary. Moreover, the available evaluation has been done in high-income countries while SARS-CoV-2 transmission is also actively happening in developing countries, many of which are located in tropical latitudes where cross-reactivity with other infectious agents is highly prevalent, which could compromise RDAgT specificity. Moreover, unreported mutations and/or new SARS-CoV-2 variants may compromise RDAgT sensitivity as genomic surveillance is limited in these settings. Here we describe a multicenter and manufacturer‐independent evaluation of the clinical performance and analytical sensitivity of three different RDAgTs brands available in South America from three companies, Rapigen (South Korea), SD-Biosensor (South Korea), and Certest (Spain), compared to the gold standard RT-qPCR. A total number of 1,646 nasopharyngeal swabs from community-dwelling individuals were included in the study, and 379 of them were SARS-CoV-2 positive by RT-qPCR. The overall sensitivity for each RDAgT was 79% (IC95%: 72 - 86.2), 64.2% (IC95%: 56.7 - 71.6), and 45.8% (IC95%: 35.8 - 55.8) for SD-Biosensor, Certest, and Rapigen, respectively. The overall specificity for each RDAgT was 100%, 97.7% (IC95%: 96.8 - 98.6), and 100% for SD-Biosensor, Certest, and Rapigen, respectively. However, the limit of detection (LoD) to achieve a sensitivity over 90% was substantially lower for Certest RDAgT (102 copies/uL) compared to SD-Biosensor (103 copies/uL) or Rapigen (106 copies/uL) RDAgTs, considering that the gold standard RT-qPCR method used in this study has a high sensitivity of 97.7% and low LoD of 5 copies/uL. Additionally, the Certest RDAgT also showed an improved sensitivity up to 79.7% (IC95%: 70.2 – 89.2) for symptomatic individuals. Finally, the slight reduction in specificity for Certest RDAgTs was only associated with one of the laboratories performing this study, pointing out the need for locally assessed evaluation for RDAgTs like this one carried out in Ecuador. In conclusion, two of the three the RDAgTs tested in this study are a fast, cheap, and point of care tool for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance and reliable enough to detect SARS-CoV-2 infectious individuals.
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Zhang Q, Shi Y, English AS. COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in the Context of the First Delta Outbreak in China During the Early Summer of 2021: The Role of Geographical Distance and Vaccine Talk. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2022; 15:1203-1214. [PMID: 35711278 PMCID: PMC9196912 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s361024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Vaccination is essential to control the prevalence of COVID-19. However, vaccine hesitancy has been a major issue globally. Some studies have suggested that community outbreaks might boost vaccine uptake. Consistent with that idea, vaccination rates increased dramatically during the first outbreak of the COVID-19 Delta variant in Guangdong, China, in June 2021. Based on the risk perception attitude theory, this study attempted to explore the joint effect of geographical distance to the outbreak and the frequency of talking about the COVID-19 vaccine (vaccine talk) on people’s COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Methods An anonymous self-report online questionnaire was completed by citizens living in Guangdong Province, China, from June 6 to 11, 2021, during the Delta variant outbreak in that region. The relationship between COVID-19 vaccine uptake, geographical distance to the epicenter of the outbreak, and vaccine talk was analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results Data from 350 respondents were included in the final analysis. Results showed a negative association between geographical distance and COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Furthermore, the relationship was moderated by vaccine talk. Specifically, when individuals infrequently discussed vaccine talk with others, close distance to the epicenter of the outbreak served as a motivator for getting vaccinated, whereas for people who frequently discussed the vaccine, geographical distance might have played less of a role in motivating them to get vaccinated. Conclusion This research highlights the joint effect of geographical distance to the outbreak of COVID-19 and vaccine talk in COVID-19 vaccine uptake. While the findings may only be a starting point for launching a public health awareness campaign, encouraging people to engage in more conversations about vaccines may be a promising solution for future health emergencies, especially among people far from the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qionghan Zhang
- School of Business Administration, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Shi
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Alexander Scott English
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Understanding the omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of SARS-CoV-2: Mutational impacts, concerns, and the possible solutions. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 78:103737. [PMID: 35571678 PMCID: PMC9078452 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite many nations' best efforts to contain the so-called COVID-19 pandemic, the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain (B.1.1.529) has been identified as a serious concern. After more than two years of COVID-19 pandemic and more than a year of worldwide vaccination efforts, the globe will not be free of COVID-19 variants such as Delta and Omicron variants. According to current statistics, the Omicron variant has more than 30 mutations when contrasted to other VOCs such as Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Delta (B.1.617.2). High numbers of changes, particularly in the spike protein (S-Protein), raise worries about the virus's capacity to resist pre-existing immunity acquired by vaccination or spontaneous infection and antibody-based therapy. The Omicron variant raised international concerns, resuming travel bans and coming up with many questions about its severity, transmissibility, testing, detection, and vaccines efficiency against it. Additionally, inadequate health care infrastructures and many immunocompromised individuals increase the infection susceptibility. The current status of low vaccination rates will play a significant role in omicron spreading and create a fertile ground for producing new variants. As a result, this article emphasizes the mutational changes and their consequences. In addition, the potential preventing measures have been examined in detail. In South Africa, WHO designated the first cases of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529). This variation is notable for having an extremely high number of spike protein mutations. Omicron has about 50 mutations, particularly 32 spike protein mutations. Omicron considers the most common variant in South Africa as an alternative to Delta.
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Dhawan M, Emran TB, Priyanaka, Choudhary OP. Immunomodulatory effects of zinc and its impact on COVID-19 severity. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 77:103638. [PMID: 35464610 PMCID: PMC9012669 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to severe financial, clinical, and societal repercussions and imposed more pressure on the healthcare system of many nations. COVID-19 impacts the immune system by causing a systemic inflammatory reaction, often known as cytokine release syndrome (CRS). COVID-19 patients had elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In this context, many dietary interventions have been utilized to mitigate the adverse effects of COVID-19 by regulating the excessive secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Zinc, an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mineral in food with a well-established role in immunity, is now being employed in several clinical studies against COVID-19. Zn deficiency has been correlated with the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. As a result, we will summarise zinc's immunomodulatory effects in this article. We will investigate how zinc deficiency might contribute to a poor prognosis of COVID-19 disease by altering the release of particular cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India.,Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester, WA14 5PQ, UK
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Priyanaka
- Independent Researcher, 07, Type Iv Quarter, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, India
| | - Om Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, India
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Dhawan M, Emran TB, Choudhary OP. Implications of COVID-19 vaccine boosters amid the emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 77:103612. [PMID: 35432993 PMCID: PMC9001012 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Ann Post
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Buehler Center for Health Policy & Economics, Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pathogen Genomic and Microbial Evolution, Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Mohapatra RK, Kuppili S, Kumar Suvvari T, Kandi V, Behera A, Verma S, Kudrat‐E‐Zahan, Biswal SK, Al‐Noor TH, El‐ajaily MM, Sarangi AK, Dhama K. SARS‐CoV‐2 and its variants of concern including Omicron: looks like a never ending pandemic. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 99:769-788. [PMID: 35184391 PMCID: PMC9111768 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 is associated with high morbidity and mortality. This zoonotic virus has emerged in Wuhan of China in December 2019 from bats and pangolins probably and continuing the human‐to‐human transmission globally since last two years. As there is no efficient approved treatment, a number of vaccines were developed at an unprecedented speed to counter the pandemic. Moreover, vaccine hesitancy is observed that may be another possible reason for this never ending pandemic. In the meantime, several variants and mutations were identified and causing multiple waves globally. Now the safety and efficacy of these vaccines are debatable and recommended to determine whether vaccines are able to interrupt transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 variant of concern (VOC). Moreover, the VOCs continue to emerge that appear more transmissible and less sensitive to virus‐specific immune responses. In this overview, we have highlighted various drugs and vaccines used to counter this pandemic along with their reported side effects. Moreover, the preliminary data for the novel VOC “Omicron” are discussed with the existing animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan K. Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry Government College of Engineering Keonjhar‐758002 Odisha India
| | | | | | - Venkataramana Kandi
- Department of Microbiology Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences Karimnagar‐505417 Telangana India
| | - Ajit Behera
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela‐769008 India
| | - Sarika Verma
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute Bhopal MP 462026 India
- Academy of council Scientific and Industrial Research ‐ Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Hoshangabad Road Bhopal (M.P) 462026 India
| | - Kudrat‐E‐Zahan
- Department of Chemistry Rajshahi University Rajshahi Bangladesh
| | - Susanta K. Biswal
- Department of Chemistry School of Applied Sciences Centurion University of Technology and Management Odisha India
| | - Taghreed H. Al‐Noor
- Chemistry Department Ibn‐Al‐Haithem College of Education for Pure Science Baghdad University Baghdad Iraq
| | - Marei M. El‐ajaily
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Benghazi University Benghazi Libya
| | - Ashish K. Sarangi
- Department of Chemistry School of Applied Sciences Centurion University of Technology and Management Odisha India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology ICAR‐Indian Veterinary Research Institute Uttar Pradesh Bareilly India
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Tiecco G, Storti S, Degli Antoni M, Focà E, Castelli F, Quiros-Roldan E. Omicron Genetic and Clinical Peculiarities That May Overturn SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1987. [PMID: 35216104 PMCID: PMC8876558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a great threat to global public health. The original wild-type strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has genetically evolved, and several variants of concern (VOC) have emerged. On 26 November 2021, a new variant named Omicron (B.1.1.529) was designated as the fifth VOC, revealing that SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to go beyond the available therapies. The high number of mutations harboured on the spike protein make Omicron highly transmissible, less responsive to several of the currently used drugs, as well as potentially able to escape immune protection elicited by both vaccines and previous infection. We reviewed the latest publication and the most recent available literature on the Omicron variant, enlightening both reasons for concern and high hopes for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eugenia Quiros-Roldan
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.T.); (S.S.); (M.D.A.); (E.F.); (F.C.)
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