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Abd El-Tawab AA, El-Hofy FI, Abdelmonem MA, Youssef HS. Molecular characterization of netB and tpeL virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes of Clostridium perfringens isolated from herbs and spices. BIONATURA 2021. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2021.06.03.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine some virulence-associated genes and antimicrobial multidrug resistance of Clostridium perfringens recovered from herbs and spices widely distributed in the Egyptian market. C. perfringens virulence and resistance factors were determined using PCR targeting the netB, tpeL, ermB, bla and tetK genes. Thirty three out of 392 samples (8.42%) from herbs and spices submitted to our laboratory for bacteriological screening were positive for presence C. perfringens. PCR results for the tpeL gene in isolated C. perfringens revealed 9 out of 33 (27.3 %) of isolates, while netB was not detected. The isolates were resistant to Clindamycin, Vancomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin with inhibition zones of 6.28 ± 0.63, 8.78 ± 0.41, 9.63 ± 0.63, and 9.84 ± 0.66 mm, respectively. The genes mentioned above were selected to correspond to the ineffective antimicrobials; ermB for erythromycin, tetK for tetracycline, and bla for the remainder. PCR results for antibacterial resistant genes in isolated C. perfringens revealed their presence. From 33 isolates, bla gene was detected in 21 (63.4 %), tetK in 13 (39.4 %) and ermB in only one isolate (3.03 %). Sequencing analysis was done for the bla gene as an example for the detected genes as detected at the highest incidence (63.4%). No cross-relationship was detected upon comparing incidence data of both studied virulence genes and those of antimicrobial resistance. The present findings may explain the resistance of C. perfringens to the examined antibacterials and recommend avoiding the application of them to control the microbe. In addition, the authors recommend following strict hygienic procedures during the industry of herbs and spices to ensure their clearance from Clostridium perfringens before distributing the products as food additives into the markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A. Abd El-Tawab
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, 13736 Moshtohor, EGYPT
| | - Fatma I. El-Hofy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, 13736 Moshtohor, EGYPT
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelmonem
- Department of Microbiology, Central Lab of Residue Analysis of Pesticides & Heavy Metals in Food, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, 12311 Giza, Egypt
| | - Hend S. Youssef
- Department of Microbiology, Central Lab of Residue Analysis of Pesticides & Heavy Metals in Food, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, 12311 Giza, Egypt
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How can packaging, source and food safety management system affect the microbiological quality of spices and dried herbs? The case of a developing country. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 353:109295. [PMID: 34166957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spices and herbs are widely used in almost all types of food preparation and their microbial contamination may cause spoilage and pose public health risk. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of packaging, source and a food safety management system (FSMS) on the microbiological quality of spices and dried herbs in a developing country, like Lebanon. For this, a total of 96 composite samples of thirteen most commonly consumed types of spices and dried herbs were collected twice at three-month interval. Each type was purchased in 5 common brands from 4 categories: packaged in companies with FSMS, packaged in companies without FSMS, packaged imported, and unpackaged. Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), sulfite reducing anaerobic bacteria, C. perfringens, coliforms, E. coli, yeasts and molds were found in 89%, 43%, 18%, 15%, 1% and 54% of the samples, respectively. All samples were negative for Salmonella. One per cent, 4%, 6%, 1% and 7% of the samples had unacceptable levels of TAMB, coliforms, sulfite reducing anaerobic bacteria, E. coli, yeasts and molds, respectively. Among the four categories, imported samples had the lowest microbiological load, followed by locally packaged in companies with FSMS, then locally packaged in companies without FSMS and the highest microbiological load was for the unpackaged spices and dried herbs. This study highlighted the importance of storage conditions, good hygienic practices, process controls and FSMSs in the spices and dried herbs sector.
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Hyun WB, Kang HS, Lee JW, Abraha HB, Kim KP. A newly-isolated Bacillus subtilis BSC35 produces bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance with high potential to control Clostridium perfringens in food. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ishaq AR, Manzoor M, Hussain A, Altaf J, Rehman SU, Javed Z, Afzal I, Noor A, Noor F. Prospect of microbial food borne diseases in Pakistan: a review. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 81:940-953. [PMID: 33605364 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.232466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays food borne illness is most common in people due to their epidemic nature. These diseases affect the human digestive system through bacteria, viruses and parasites. The agents of illness are transmitted in our body through various types of food items, water and uncooked. Pathogens show drastic changes in immunosuppressant people. This review gives general insights to harmful microbial life. Pakistan is a developed country and because of its improper food management, a lot of gastrointestinal problems are noted in many patients. Bacteria are most common agents to spread diarrhoea, villi infection, constipation and dysenteric disease in human and induce the rejection of organ transplant. Enhancement of their lifestyle, properly cooked food should be used and to overcome the outbreak of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Ishaq
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - M Manzoor
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - A Hussain
- Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - J Altaf
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - S Ur Rehman
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Z Javed
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - I Afzal
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - A Noor
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - F Noor
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Mathot AG, Postollec F, Leguerinel I. Bacterial spores in spices and dried herbs: The risks for processed food. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:840-862. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gabrielle Mathot
- Université de Brest, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne Quimper France
| | | | - Ivan Leguerinel
- Université de Brest, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne Quimper France
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Benítez-Cardoza CG, Fernández-Velasco DA, Vique-Sánchez JL. Triosephosphate Isomerase Inhibitors as Potential Drugs against Clostridium perfringens. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel A. Fernández-Velasco
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas; Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de; México México
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Gkogka E, Reij M, Gorris L, Zwietering M. Risk assessment of Clostridium perfringens in Cornish pasties in the UK. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Growth of Clostridium perfringens in roasted chicken and braised beef during cooling – One-step dynamic analysis and modeling. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Spices in the desiccated state provide an environment that allows the survival of many foodborne pathogens. Currently, the incidence of pathogen-positive spices imported into the United States is 1.9 times higher than for any other imported food. Correspondingly, imported spices have been associated with numerous foodborne outbreaks and multiple product recalls. Despite the association with recalls and outbreaks, the actual pathogen populations in spices, when found, are frequently extremely small. In addition to pathogenic bacterial species, toxigenic molds have been frequently recovered from spices, and aflatoxins have been found in as many as 58% of the spices sampled. The presence of toxigenic molds is especially problematic to the immunocompromised or those on immunosuppressive therapy and has been linked to gut aspergillosis. Numerous detection methods, including both traditional and advanced DNA regimes, are being tested to optimize recovery of pathogens from spices. Further, a number of new inactivation intervention methods to decontaminate spices are examined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B. Gurtler
- Eastern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 10460, USA
| | - Susanne E. Keller
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA
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Lee CA, Labbé R. Distribution of Enterotoxin- and Epsilon-Positive Clostridium perfringens Spores in U.S. Retail Spices. J Food Prot 2018; 81:394-399. [PMID: 29420063 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of spices as vehicles of foodborne illness prompted an examination of bacterial spores in these products. Here, we report on the levels and characteristics of spores of Clostridium perfringens associated with 247 U.S. retail spices. Forty-three confirmed isolates from 17% of samples were obtained, present at levels ranging from 3.6 to 2,400/g. Twenty-seven (63%) of C. perfringens isolates were positive for the enterotoxin gene ( cpe). Seven random spice isolates produced enterotoxin at levels of between 4 and 16 ng/mL, compared with three outbreak (control) strains that each produced enterotoxin levels of >1,024 ng/mL. D95°C levels (1.0 to 3.3 min) of spores of four randomly selected spice isolates suggests a plasmid-localized cpe, while one had D95°C (>45 min) consistent with chromosomally located cpe. Five of the 43 isolates possessed the epsilon toxin gene ( etx, as well as cpe). Foods could easily become contaminated with spores of cpe-positive C. perfringens by the addition of spices. Because of its spore-forming ability, its rapid generation times at elevated temperatures, improper heating, cooling, and holding conditions could lead to elevated levels of C. perfringens in foods, a requirement for its implication in foodborne outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-An Lee
- Department of Food Science, 100 Holdsworth Way, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Ronald Labbé
- Department of Food Science, 100 Holdsworth Way, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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Oliveira RB, Lopes LS, Baptista RC, Chincha AA, Portela JB, Nascimento JS, Costa LE, Cruz AG, Sant’Ana AS. Occurrence, populations, diversity, and growth potential of spore-forming bacteria in “requeijão cremoso”. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Microbiological quality of Argentinian paprika. Rev Argent Microbiol 2017; 49:339-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Napoli E, Mazzaglia A, Restuccia C, Ragni P, Lanza CM, Ruberto G. The effect of γ-irradiation on chemical composition, microbial load and sensory properties of Sicilian oregano. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Abbona CC, Stagnitta PV. Clostridium perfringens: Comparative effects of heat and osmotic stress on non-enterotoxigenic and enterotoxigenic strains. Anaerobe 2016; 39:105-13. [PMID: 27012900 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens isolates associated with food poisoning carries a chromosomal cpe gene, while non-foodborne human gastrointestinal disease isolates carry a plasmid cpe gene. The enterotoxigenic strains tested produced vegetative cells and spores with significantly higher resistance than non-enterotoxigenic strains. These results suggest that the vegetative cells and spores have a competitive advantage over non-enterotoxigenic strains. However, no explanation has been provided for the significant associations between chromosomal cpe genotypes with the high resistance, which could explain the strong relationship between chromosomal cpe isolates and C. perfringens type A food poisoning. Here, we analyse the action of physical and chemical agent on non-enterotoxigenic and enterotoxigenic regional strains. And this study tested the relationship between the sensitivities of spores and their levels SASPs (small acid soluble proteins) production in the same strains examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Carolina Abbona
- IBAM-CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Patricia Virginia Stagnitta
- Departamento de Química Biológica Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina.
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Simone B, Atchison C, Ruiz B, Greenop P, Dave J, Ready D, Maguire H, Walsh B, Anderson S. Investigating an outbreak of Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis in a school using smartphone technology, London, March 2013. Euro Surveill 2014; 19. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.19.20799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Affiliation(s)
- B Simone
- Field Epidemiology Services (Victoria), Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- These authors contributed equally
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Atchison
- South West London Health Protection Team, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- These authors contributed equally
| | - B Ruiz
- Commercial Environmental Health, London Borough of Richmond Upon Thames, London, United Kingdom
| | - P Greenop
- Commercial Environmental Health, London Borough of Richmond Upon Thames, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Dave
- PHE Public Health Laboratory London, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - D Ready
- PHE Public Health Laboratory London, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - H Maguire
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
- Field Epidemiology Services (Victoria), Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - B Walsh
- South West London Health Protection Team, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Anderson
- Field Epidemiology Services (Victoria), Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
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Hong CK, Seo YH, Choi CM, Hwang IS, Kim MS. Microbial Quality of Fresh Vegetables and Fruits in Seoul, Korea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.13103/jfhs.2012.27.1.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Corigliano MG, de Guzmán AMS, Stagnitta PV. Characterization of the plasmidic or chromosomal cpe gene and metabolic activities in Clostridium perfringens isolates from food in San Luis--Argentina. Cent Eur J Public Health 2011; 19:46-53. [PMID: 21526657 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Food poisoning and non-food poisoning illnesses due to C. perfringens (by enterotoxin production) have been associated to chromosomal or plasmidic location of the cpe gene, respectively. Clostridial pathogenicity has been correlated to protease and azoreductase production. The aim of this work was: i) to assess the sanitary-hygienic quality of dehydrated soups (100 samples) consumed in San Luis - Argentina; ii) to verify the presence of C. perfringens in these food products using the "Most Probable Number" method (MPN) and plate-counting methods; iii) to characterise enterotoxigenicity in strain isolates by RPLA; iv) to determine the chromosomal or plasmidic location of the cpe gene in enterotoxigenic strains previously isolated from food in our lab, using PCR; v) to correlate chromosomal cpe and spore heat-resistance; vi) to compare protease activity in cpe+ and cpe- strains; and vii) to compare azoreductase activity in cpe+ and cpe- strains. Twenty-six isolates had a count a 3-43 bacteria g(-1) count using MPN; 7.7% exceeded the Argentine Food Code (CAA) limit. All isolates showed protease activity: enterotoxigenic isolates had higher protease activity than non-enterotoxigenic isolates. All isolates showed azoreductase activity: enterotoxigenic isolates had higher activity and shorter reducing times. Enterotoxigenic isolates showed chromosomal location for the gene responsible for the enterotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Georgina Corigliano
- General Microbiology, Area of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, San Luis National University, Argentina
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Vitullo M, Ripabelli G, Fanelli I, Tamburro M, Delfine S, Sammarco M. Microbiological and toxicological quality of dried herbs. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 52:573-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Novel insights into the epidemiology of Clostridium perfringens type A food poisoning. Food Microbiol 2010; 28:192-8. [PMID: 21315973 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens food poisoning ranks among the most common gastrointestinal diseases in developed countries. The disease is caused by C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) encoded by cpe and produced by less than 5% of C. perfringens type A strains. Molecular epidemiological research in the past 15 years has focused on the reservoirs and routes of cpe-positive C. perfringens aiming to clarify the role and epidemiology of chromosomal and plasmid-borne cpe-carrying strains. This literature review highlights novel aspects in the epidemiology of CPE-mediated diseases. We suggest that (1) chromosomal and plasmid-borne cpe-carrying C. perfringens strains are genetically and epidemiologically distinct and have adapted to different environments; (2) not only chromosomal but also plasmid-borne cpe-carrying C. perfringens strains cause food poisonings; (3) other CPE-mediated diseases, such as antibiotic-associated and sporadic diarrhea, associated with plasmid-borne cpe-positive strains, may be food-related; (4) the role of animals as the main reservoir of cpe-positive C. perfringens needs to be reconsidered; (5) humans serve as an important reservoir of cpe-positive C. perfringens, introducing a contamination risk into foods through handling; and (6) the current standard procedures to diagnose C. perfringens food poisoning fail to detect and isolate many C. perfringens strains, distorting the epidemiological understanding of C. perfringens food poisoning.
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Cosano I, Pintado C, Acevedo O, Novella JL, Alonso GL, Carmona M, de la Rosa C, Rotger R. Microbiological quality of saffron from the main producer countries. J Food Prot 2009; 72:2217-20. [PMID: 19833050 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.10.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A microbiological study of saffron spice was undertaken in the context of a European research project (Methodologies for Implementing International Standards for Saffron Purity and Quality, the acronym for which is SAFFIC), analyzing 79 samples obtained from the main producer countries, namely Greece, Iran, Italy, Morocco, and Spain. Current microbiological quality criteria are the same as for other spices, but saffron is added in minute quantities during the cooking process, so the health risk associated with microbial contamination might be lower. We did not detect Salmonella either by culture or by PCR methods in any sample, and Escherichia coli was only found in five samples. Enterobacteriaceae were frequently found (70.9% of the samples), but most of them belonged to species of probable environmental origin. Aerobic sporulated bacteria were also common, but only three samples contained Bacillus cereus at low levels (<200 CFU g(-1)). Clostridium perfringens counts were also very low, with only one sample reaching >100 CFU g(-1), an acceptable value. Overall, microbial contamination in saffron was markedly lower than it was in other spices.
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Neuromuscular and Central Nervous System Manifestations of Clostridium perfringens Infections. Infection 2007; 35:396-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s15010-007-6345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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