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Xu Y, Ahmed I, Zhao Z, Lv L. A comprehensive review on glycation and its potential application to reduce food allergenicity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-23. [PMID: 37683268 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2248510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Food allergens are a major concern for individuals who are susceptible to food allergies and may experience various health issues due to allergens in their food. Most allergenic foods are subjected to heat treatment before being consumed. However, thermal processing and prolonged storage can cause glycation reactions to occur in food. The glycation reaction is a common processing method requiring no special chemicals or equipment. It may affect the allergenicity of proteins by altering the structure of the epitope, revealing hidden epitopes, concealing linear epitopes, or creating new ones. Changes in food allergenicity following glycation processing depend on several factors, including the allergen's characteristics, processing parameters, and matrix, and are therefore hard to predict. This review examines how glycation reactions affect the allergenicity of different allergen groups in allergenic foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ishfaq Ahmed
- Haide College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhengxi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liangtao Lv
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergy: A Complex Interplay What We Know and What We Would Like to Learn. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144232. [PMID: 35887996 PMCID: PMC9317394 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by intense pruritus, eczematous lesions, and relapsing course. It presents with great clinical heterogeneity, while underlying pathogenetic mechanisms involve a complex interplay between a dysfunctional skin barrier, immune dysregulation, microbiome dysbiosis, genetic and environmental factors. All these interactions are shaping the landscape of AD endotypes and phenotypes. In the “era of allergy epidemic”, the role of food allergy (FA) in the prevention and management of AD is a recently explored “era”. Increasing evidence supports that AD predisposes to FA and not vice versa, while food allergens are presumed as one of the triggers of AD exacerbations. AD management should focus on skin care combined with topical and/or systemic treatments; however, in the presence of suspected food allergy, a thorough allergy evaluation should be performed. Food-elimination diets in food-allergic cases may have a beneficial effect on AD morbidity; however, prolonged, unnecessary diets are highly discouraged since they can lead to loss of tolerance and potentially increase the risk of IgE-mediated food allergy. Preventive AD strategies with the use of topical emollients and anti-inflammatory agents as well as early introduction of food allergens in high-risk infants seem promising in managing and preventing food allergy in AD patients. The current review aims to overview data on the complex AD/FA relationship and provide the most recent developments on whether food allergy interventions change the AD course and vice versa.
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Balsells-Vives S, San Bartolomé C, Casas-Saucedo R, Ruano-Zaragoza M, Rius J, Torradeflot M, Bartra J, Munoz-Cano R, Pascal M. Low Levels Matter: Clinical Relevance of Low Pru p 3 sIgE in Patients With Peach Allergy. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:868267. [PMID: 35769570 PMCID: PMC9234939 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.868267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many clinical lab settings still use 0.35 KUA/L as the cut-off for serum specific-IgE (sIgE) immunoassays, while the detection limit is 0.1 KUA/L. The clinical relevance of -low-level sIgE (0.1–0.35 KUA/L) remains controversial. Pru p 3 sIgE is considered to be the main routine tool for assessing lipid transfer protein (LTP) sensitization. We aimed to evaluate the clinical relevance of Pru p 3 sIgE low levels in a population diagnosed with LTP allergy. Adults diagnosed with LTP allergy and Pru p 3 sIgE ≥ 0.1 KUA/L between 2012 and 2019 were included. Clinical data were reviewed. nPru p 3 basophil activation test (BAT) was performed and basophil reactivity (BR) and sensitivity (BS) correlated with the peach allergy symptoms. Pru p 3 sIgE from 496 subjects was recorded, 114 (23.0%) between 0.1 and 0.34 KUA/L (grLOW), the rest ≥ 0.35 KUA/L (grB). A total of 44.7% in grLOW and 59.9% in grB were allergic. Urticaria was more frequent in grLOW. In grLOW, Pru p 3 sIgE was higher in patients with local compared with systemic symptoms. In grB, Pru p 3 sIgE was higher in allergic patients. Pru p 3/Total IgE ratios were higher in allergic vs. tolerant in both groups. In BAT, BR was similar in both groups. In grLOW, it was higher on allergic compared with tolerant (p = 0.0286), and on those having systemic vs. local symptoms (p = 0.0286). BS showed no significant difference between groups. Patients with low levels represent a non-negligible fraction and around 45% are peach allergic. BAT showed functional sIgE in them. Pru p 3 sensitizations should be carefully evaluated even when sIgE levels are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Balsells-Vives
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy (IRCE), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara San Bartolomé
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy (IRCE), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomedic (CDB), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocío Casas-Saucedo
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy (IRCE), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Allergy Section, Department of Pneumology, Institut Clínic Respiratori (ICR), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Research Network on Allergy (ARADyAL, Red Nacional de Alergia–Asma, Reacciones Adversas y Alérgicas-), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ruano-Zaragoza
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy (IRCE), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Allergy Section, Department of Pneumology, Institut Clínic Respiratori (ICR), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Research Network on Allergy (ARADyAL, Red Nacional de Alergia–Asma, Reacciones Adversas y Alérgicas-), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Rius
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomedic (CDB), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Torradeflot
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomedic (CDB), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Bartra
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy (IRCE), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Allergy Section, Department of Pneumology, Institut Clínic Respiratori (ICR), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Research Network on Allergy (ARADyAL, Red Nacional de Alergia–Asma, Reacciones Adversas y Alérgicas-), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Joan Bartra
| | - Rosa Munoz-Cano
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy (IRCE), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Allergy Section, Department of Pneumology, Institut Clínic Respiratori (ICR), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Research Network on Allergy (ARADyAL, Red Nacional de Alergia–Asma, Reacciones Adversas y Alérgicas-), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Pascal
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy (IRCE), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomedic (CDB), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Research Network on Allergy (ARADyAL, Red Nacional de Alergia–Asma, Reacciones Adversas y Alérgicas-), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Hou X, Luo W, Wu L, Chen Y, Li G, Zhang R, Zhang H, Wu J, Sun Y, Xu L, Xu P, Yu Y, Huang D, Hao C, Sun B. Associations of Four sensitization patterns revealed by Latent Class Analysis with Clinical symptoms: A multi-center study of China. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 46:101349. [PMID: 35330802 PMCID: PMC8938883 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the significant regional differences in the distribution of allergens, the relationship between anaphylaxis and allergic sensitization is complex in China. Using this large-scale epidemiologic survey, we explore the potential patterns of sensitization to common allergens in mainland China and investigate their relationship with various clinical symptoms. METHOD The participants were recruited from 13 medical centers in mainland China from October 2019 to June 2021. Skin prick test (SPT) results that cover 18 common allergens were utilized to diagnose atopic sensitization. The demographic characteristics and clinical information were collected through questionnaires during routine medical follow-up. Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to determine the optimal sensitization patterns. The logistic regression was used to assess the associations of different sensitization patterns with allergy symptoms. FINDINGS A total of 1089 patients who had a positive SPT to at least one of 18 allergens were included for formal analysis. An optimal LCA model with 4 classes was obtained in this study, and the corresponding labels were as follows: Class1, house dust mite sensitization; Class2, low pollen sensitization; Class3, middle pollen sensitization; Class4, high pollen sensitization. The prevalence of different classes varied widely in geographical distribution, which was characterized by Class1 being very common in south and east as well as Class2 in north and west of China. Compared with patients in Class1, those in middle and high pollen sensitization clusters had the higher odds ratios (ORs) of allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis when controlling for other confounders. However, there was no significant difference between low pollen sensitization and house dust mite sensitization groups in the risks for various clinical performances except dermatitis. Additionally, the adjusted ORs (95% confidence interval) of allergic conjunctivitis and dermatitis for participants in pollen sensitization clusters (Class2, 3 and 4) were 1.56 (1.18, 2.06) and 1.43 (1.09, 1.88) respectively compared with those in Class1. INTERPRETATION In this study, we identified four sensitization clusters with specific risks of various clinical symptoms using common allergens by adopting LCA. Our findings may contribute to improved diagnosis and potential immunotherapy approaches to allergy in mainland China. FUNDING This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81802076 and 81871736), the Guangzhou Science and Technology Foundation (202102010327), the Foundation of SKLRD (MS-2019-06 and Z-2022-09), and the Foundation of GYYY (ZH201904) and ZNSA-2020012.
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Key Words
- 95% CI, 95% confidence interval
- AIC, Akaike Information Criterion
- AR, allergic rhinitis
- AS, asthma
- BIC, Bayesian Information Criterion
- CAIC, the “consistent AIC”
- CRD, component-resolved diagnosis
- IgE, Immunoglobulin E
- LCA, latent class analysis
- SPT, skin prick test
- SSA-BIC, the adjusted BIC using Rissanen's sample size adjustment
- clinical symptoms
- latent class analysis
- sIgE, specific IgE
- sensitization patterns
- skin prick test
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqing Hou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau 999078, Macau, China
| | - Wenting Luo
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Liting Wu
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuemin Chen
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Branch of National Clinical, 610000, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongfang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital 730400, Gansu, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Gansu Provincial Hospital 730400, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inner Mongolia Cancer Hospital 021000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Yinchuan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital 750001, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lina Xu
- Department of Respirology, Children's Hospital, Soochow University 215025, Suzhou, China
| | - Peiru Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University 830000, China
| | - Yongmei Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University 650000, Kunming, China
| | - Dongming Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Bo'ai Hospital of Zhongshan City 511462, Zhongshan, China
| | - Chuangli Hao
- Department of Respirology, Children's Hospital, Soochow University 215025, Suzhou, China
- Chuangli Hao, Department of Respirology, Children's Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, Jiangsu, China. Tel: +86-51280693588; Fax: +86-512-80696309.
| | - Baoqing Sun
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
- Corresponding author: Baoqing Sun, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China. Tel: +86 20 8306 2865; Fax: +86 20 8306 2729.
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Singh AM, Anvari S, Hauk P, Lio P, Nanda A, Sidbury R, Schneider L. Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergy: Best Practices and Knowledge Gaps-A Work Group Report from the AAAAI Allergic Skin Diseases Committee and Leadership Institute Project. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:697-706. [PMID: 35101439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Allergists are often asked to evaluate children with atopic dermatitis (AD) for allergen triggers to disease. Testing, particularly for food triggers, often leads to elimination diets in an effort to improve AD control. However, the dual exposure hypothesis suggests that oral tolerance to food antigens is promoted through high-dose oral exposure, where sensitization occurs through lower dose cutaneous exposure. This suggests that strict elimination diets may pose some risks in children with AD. In addition, emerging evidence suggests an important role of skin inflammation in further allergic disease and the importance of dietary exposure to maintain oral tolerance. This work group report reviews current guidelines-based management for children with moderate-to-severe AD, the evidence for current recommendations for the evaluation and management of these children, provides a nuanced examination of these studies, and addresses current knowledge gaps in the care of these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Departments of Dermatology and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, American Family Children's Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin.
| | - Sara Anvari
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Pia Hauk
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy/Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Children's Hospital, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter Lio
- Medical Dermatology Associates of Chicago and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anil Nanda
- Asthma and Allergy Center, Lewisville and Flower Mound, Texas and Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Robert Sidbury
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lynda Schneider
- Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Maillard Reaction Induced Changes in Allergenicity of Food. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040530. [PMID: 35206007 PMCID: PMC8870895 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is increasing in prevalence, posing aheavier social and financial burden. At present, there is still no widely accepted treatment for it. Methods to reduce or eliminate the allergenicity of trigger foods are urgently needed. Technological processing contributes to producing some hypoallergenic foods. Among the processing methods, the Maillard reaction (MR) is popular because neither special chemical materials nor sophisticated equipment is needed. MR may affect the allergenicity of proteins by disrupting the conformational epitope, disclosing the hidden epitope, masking the linear epitope, and/or forming a new epitope. Changes in the allergenicity of foods after processing are affected by various factors, such as the characteristics of the allergen, the processing parameters, and the processing matrix, and they are therefore variable and difficult to predict. This paper reviews the effects of MR on the allergenicity of each allergen group from common allergenic foods.
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Kubala SA, Mohyi PM, Sokol K, Frischmeyer-Guerrerio P. Challenge of food allergy testing and avoidance in children with atopic dermatitis. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/6/e243141. [PMID: 34088695 PMCID: PMC8183214 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-243141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common presenting complaint by children and their caretakers to their primary care providers. On testing, children with AD frequently exhibit positive food-specific IgE levels in the absence of immediate allergic reactions. Misinterpretation of these false positive tests can lead to unnecessary food avoidance, which can have tremendous psychosocial, economic and nutritional consequences and, in some cases, facilitate the development of an immediate hypersensitivity to the food. We present a child with persistent AD who underwent broad testing that led to unnecessary food avoidance resulting in Vitamin D deficiency, growth failure and the development of an IgE-mediated food allergy. This case underscores the need for caution by primary care clinicians in using food avoidance diets as a treatment for AD and the importance of limiting allergy testing to foods only when the clinical history indicates an immediate hypersensitivity reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ann Kubala
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paula Mariam Mohyi
- Internal Medicine, George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kristin Sokol
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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8
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Abstract
Oral food challenges (OFCs) are an indispensable tool for accurately diagnosing clinically relevant food allergy. Despite perceived concerns, data suggest OFCs, including infant OFCs, are both safe and practical in the clinical setting. The benefits of OFCs can be far reaching and impactful for the patient and parents, with improved quality of life, clarifying unnecessary dietary restrictions, increased social interactions, and reducing fear and anxiety. Demand for OFCs in infants and toddlers will continue to increase in the coming years and board-certified allergists will need to meet these demands by providing appropriate care in a safe and welcoming environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Greiwe
- Bernstein Allergy Group Inc, 8444 Winton Road, Cincinnati, OH 45231, USA; Division of Immunology/Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Rizk P, Rodenas M, De Benedetto A. Allergen Immunotherapy and Atopic Dermatitis: the Good, the Bad, and the Unknown. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2019; 19:57. [PMID: 31776678 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-019-0893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In light of the recent advancements in atopic dermatitis treatment, this review aims to summarize the utility and efficacy of allergy immunotherapy in atopic dermatitis patients. We examine its mechanism, pathophysiology, cost-efficacy, and current guidelines for clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS The literature supports the use of allergy immunotherapy in atopic conditions such as allergic rhinitis and asthma but insufficient evidence exists to suggest its efficacy in atopic dermatitis. The use of allergy immunotherapy has been shown to provide long-term cost savings in both the USA and the European Union in certain populations but differences in prescribing patterns and manufacturing make it difficult to study its impact on a larger, generalizable scale. Conflicting meta-analyses data and conclusions highlight the need for better, higher quality research to better understand allergy immunotherapy utility in atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rizk
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine University of Florida, 4037 NW 86 Terrace, Gainesville, FL, 32606, USA
| | - Mario Rodenas
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine University of Florida, 4037 NW 86 Terrace, Gainesville, FL, 32606, USA.
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Wasserman RL, Jones DH, Windom HH. Reaching for best practices in food oral immunotherapy: Report on the second annual Food Allergy Support Team meeting. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019; 123:129-130.e3. [PMID: 31082482 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Wasserman
- Allergy Partners of North Texas, Dallas, Texas; Medical City Children's Hospital, Dallas, Texas.
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