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Can the Combined Use of the Mirid Predator Nesidiocoris tenuis and a Braconid Larval Endoparasitoid Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris Improve the Biological Control of Tuta absoluta? INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12111004. [PMID: 34821804 PMCID: PMC8621560 DOI: 10.3390/insects12111004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Combining natural enemies may lead to synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects on the control of insect pests. An investigation into the nature and outcome of the interaction between a generalist mirid predator, Nesidiocoris tenuis, and a specialist koinobiont larval endoparasitoid, Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris, in the control of a co-shared host/prey, Tuta absoluta, was undertaken under laboratory conditions. We found that the presence of N. tenuis did not affect oviposition performance or progeny production by D. gelechiidivoris. When both natural enemies were combined, the efficacy in reducing T. absoluta populations was significantly higher than that of either natural enemy used alone. Nesidiocoris tenuis preferentially reduced the densities of T. absoluta eggs, while D. gelechiidivoris reduced the larval stages of the pest. The combined use of N. tenuis and D. gelechiidivoris could potentially help reduce the overall infestation level of T. absoluta in tomato agroecosystems. Abstract The koinobiont solitary larval endoparasitoid Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris (Marsh) (Syn.: Apanteles gelechiidivoris) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the predatory bug Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae) are important natural enemies of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a serious pest of tomato. Although N. tenuis preferentially feeds on T.absoluta eggs, it is also recorded as a predator of first and second instar larval stages. Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris preferentially seeks these early larval stages of T. absoluta for oviposition. The occurrence of intraguild predation between N. tenuis and D. gelechiidivoris and the consequences on the oviposition performance of D. gelechiidivoris were investigated in the laboratory. Regardless of the manner of introduction (i.e., the sequence of combinations with D. gelechiidivoris) or density (i.e., number of N. tenuis combined with D. gelechiidivoris), the presence of N. tenuis did not affect the oviposition performance of D. gelechiidivoris or the parasitoid’s progeny. Combination assays revealed that the efficacy of the combined use of N. tenuis and D. gelechiidivoris in controlling T. absoluta populations was significantly higher than that of either natural enemy alone. Our results highlight the potential of combining mirid predators and koinobiont larval endoparasitoids to control T. absoluta. The findings further contribute to data supporting the release of D. gelechiidivoris in tomato agroecosystems for the control of T. absoluta in Africa, where N. tenuis is widespread and abundant.
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Abstract
Parasitoids depend on other insects for the development of their offspring. Their eggs are laid in or on a host insect that is consumed during juvenile development. Parasitoids harbor a diversity of microbial symbionts including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. In contrast to symbionts of herbivorous and hematophagous insects, parasitoid symbionts do not provide nutrients. Instead, they are involved in parasitoid reproduction, suppression of host immune responses, and manipulation of the behavior of herbivorous hosts. Moreover, recent research has shown that parasitoid symbionts such as polydnaviruses may also influence plant-mediated interactions among members of plant-associated communities at different trophic levels, such as herbivores, parasitoids, and hyperparasitoids. This implies that these symbionts have a much more extended phenotype than previously thought. This review focuses on the effects of parasitoid symbionts on direct and indirect species interactions and the consequences for community ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; , ,
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; , ,
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; , ,
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Arias-Penna DC, Whitfield JB, Janzen DH, Winifred Hallwachs, Dyer LA, Smith MA, Hebert PDN, Fernández-Triana JL. A species-level taxonomic review and host associations of Glyptapanteles (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) with an emphasis on 136 new reared species from Costa Rica and Ecuador. Zookeys 2019; 890:1-685. [PMID: 31798309 PMCID: PMC6881475 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.890.35786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The descriptive taxonomic study reported here is focused on Glyptapanteles, a species-rich genus of hymenopteran parasitoid wasps. The species were found within the framework of two independent long-term Neotropical caterpillar rearing projects: northwestern Costa Rica (Área de Conservación Guanacaste, ACG) and eastern Andes, Ecuador (centered on Yanayacu Biological Station, YBS). One hundred thirty-six new species of Glyptapanteles Ashmead are described and all of them are authored by Arias-Penna. None of them was recorded in both countries; thus, 78 are from Costa Rica and the remaining 58 from Ecuador. Before this revision, the number of Neotropical described Glyptapanteles did not reach double digits. Reasonable boundaries among species were generated by integrating three datasets: Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene sequencing data, natural history (host records), and external morphological characters. Each species description is accompanied by images and known geographical distribution. Characteristics such as shape, ornamentation, and location of spun Glyptapanteles cocoons were imaged as well. Host-parasitoid associations and food plants are also here published for the first time. A total of 88 species within 84 genera in 15 Lepidoptera families was encountered as hosts in the field. With respect to food plants, these wild-caught parasitized caterpillars were reared on leaves of 147 species within 118 genera in 60 families. The majority of Glyptapanteles species appeared to be relatively specialized on one family of Lepidoptera or even on some much lower level of taxonomic refinement. Those herbivores in turn are highly food-plant specialized, and once caterpillars were collected, early instars (1-3) yielded more parasitoids than later instars. Glyptapanteles jimmilleri Arias-Penna, sp. nov. is the first egg-larval parasitoid recorded within the genus, though there may be many more since such natural history requires a more focused collection of eggs. The rate of hyperparasitoidism within the genus was approximately 4% and was represented by Mesochorus spp. (Ichneumonidae). A single case of multiparasitoidism was reported, Copidosoma floridanum Ashmead (Encyrtidae) and Glyptapanteles ilarisaaksjarvi Arias-Penna, sp. nov. both parasitoid species emerged from the caterpillar of Noctuidae: Condica cupienta (Cramer). Bodyguard behavior was observed in two Glyptapanteles species: G. howelldalyi Arias-Penna, sp. nov. and G. paulhansoni Arias-Penna, sp. nov. A dichotomous key for all the new species is provided. The numerous species described here, and an equal number already reared but not formally described, signal a far greater Glyptapanteles species richness in the Neotropics than suggested by the few described previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Carolina Arias-Penna
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - James B Whitfield
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Daniel H Janzen
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 102 Leidy Laboratories, 433 S. University Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Winifred Hallwachs
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lee A Dyer
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - M Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Paul D N Hebert
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 579 Gordon St., Guelph, Ontario, N1G 1Y2, Canada
| | - José L Fernández-Triana
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
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Harvey JA, Gols R. Effects of plant-mediated differences in host quality on the development of two related endoparasitoids with different host-utilization strategies. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 107:110-115. [PMID: 29555347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Among parasitoids that develop inside the bodies of feeding, growing hosts (so-called 'koinobiont' endoparasitoids), two strategies have evolved to dispose of host resources. The larvae of one group consumes most host tissues before pupation, whereas in the other the parasitoid larvae consume only host hemolymph and fat body and at maturity emerge through the host cuticle to pupate externally. Here we compared development and survival (to adult emergence) of two related larval endoparasitoids (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Larvae of Dolichogenidea sicaria are tissue feeders whereas larvae of Cotesia vestalis are hemolymph feeders. Here, development of P. xylostella and the two parasitoids was compared on three populations (one cultivar [Cyrus], two wild, [Winspit and Kimmeridge]) of cabbage that have been shown to vary in direct defense and hence quality. Survival of P. xylostella and C. vestalis (to adult eclosion) did not vary with cabbage population, but did so in D. sicaria, where survival was lower when reared on the wild populations than on the cultivar. Furthermore, adult herbivore mass was significantly higher and development was significantly shorter in moths reared on the cultivar. The tissue-feeing D. sicaria was larger but took longer to develop than the hemolymph-feeder C. vestalis. The performance of both parasitoids was better on the cabbage cultivar than on the wild populations, although the effects were less apparent than in the host. Our results show that (1) differences in plant quality are diffused up the food chain, and (2) the effects of host quality are reflected on the development of both parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Ecological Sciences - Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Whitfield JB, Austin AD, Fernandez-Triana JL. Systematics, Biology, and Evolution of Microgastrine Parasitoid Wasps. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 63:389-406. [PMID: 29058979 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The braconid parasitoid wasp subfamily Microgastrinae is perhaps the most species-rich subfamily of animals on Earth. Despite their small size, they are familiar to agriculturalists and field ecologists alike as one of the principal groups of natural enemies of caterpillars feeding on plants. Their abundance and nearly ubiquitous terrestrial distribution, their intricate interactions with host insects, and their historical association with mutualistic polydnaviruses have all contributed to Microgastrinae becoming a key group of organisms for studying parasitism, parasitoid genomics, and mating biology. However, these rich sources of data have not yet led to a robust genus-level classification of the group, and some taxonomic confusion persists as a result. We present the current status of understanding of the general biology, taxonomic history, diversity, geographical patterns, host relationships, and phylogeny of Microgastrinae as a stimulus and foundation for further study. Current progress in elucidating the biology and taxonomy of this important group is rapid and promises a revolution in the classification of these wasps in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Whitfield
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA;
| | - Andrew D Austin
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia;
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Body odors of parasitized caterpillars give away the presence of parasitoid larvae to their primary hyperparasitoid enemies. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:986-95. [PMID: 25236382 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Foraging success of parasitoids depends on the utilization of reliable information on the presence of their often, inconspicuous hosts. These parasitic wasps use herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that provide reliable cues on host presence. However, host searching of hyperparasitoids, a group of parasitoids that parasitize the larvae and pupae of other parasitoids, is more constrained. Their hosts do not feed on plants, and often are even concealed inside the body of the herbivore host. Hyperparasitoids recently have been found to use HIPVs of plants damaged by herbivore hosts in which the parasitoid larvae develop. However, hyperparasitoids that search for these parasitoid larvae may be confronted with healthy and parasitized caterpillars on the same plant, further complicating their host location. In this study, we addressed whether the primary hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus uses caterpillar body odors to discriminate between unparasitized herbivores and herbivores carrying larvae of parasitoid hosts. We show that the hyperparasitoids made faster first contact and spent a longer mounting time with parasitized caterpillars. Moreover, although the three parasitoid hosts conferred different fitness values for the development of B. galactopus, the hyperparasitoids showed similar behavioral responses to caterpillar hosts carrying different primary parasitoid hosts. In addition, a two-chamber olfactometer assay revealed that volatiles emitted by parasitized caterpillars were more attractive to the hyperparasitoids than those emitted by unparasitized caterpillars. Analysis of volatiles revealed that body odors of parasitized caterpillars differ from unparasitized caterpillars, allowing the hyperparasitoids to detect their parasitoid host.
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Fujii T, Matsuo K, Abe Y, Yukawa J, Tokuda M. An endoparasitoid avoids hyperparasitism by manipulating immobile host herbivore to modify host plant morphology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102508. [PMID: 25033216 PMCID: PMC4102521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many parasitic organisms have an ability to manipulate their hosts to increase their own fitness. In parasitoids, behavioral changes of mobile hosts to avoid or protect against predation and hyperparasitism have been intensively studied, but host manipulation by parasitoids associated with endophytic or immobile hosts has seldom been investigated. We examined the interactions between a gall inducer Masakimyia pustulae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoids. This gall midge induces dimorphic leaf galls, thick and thin types, on Euonymus japonicus (Celastraceae). Platygaster sp. was the most common primary parasitoid of M. pustulae. In galls attacked by Platygaster sp., whole gall thickness as well as thicknesses of upper and lower gall wall was significantly larger than unparasitized galls, regardless of the gall types, in many localities. In addition, localities and tree individuals significantly affected the thickness of gall. Galls attacked by Platygaster sp. were seldom hyperparasitized in the two gall types. These results strongly suggest that Platygaster sp. manipulates the host plant's development to avoid hyperparasitism by thickening galls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Fujii
- Biosystematics Laboratory, Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Matsuo
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Entomological Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Abe
- Biosystematics Laboratory, Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Yukawa
- Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Tokuda
- Laboratory of System Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Bodyguard manipulation in a multipredator context: Different processes, same effect. Behav Processes 2013; 99:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dubois F, Thomas F, Brodeur J. When should a trophically transmitted parasite exploit host compensatory responses? Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Dubois
- Département de sciences biologiques; Université de Montréal; Montréal; QC; Canada
| | | | - Jacques Brodeur
- Département de sciences biologiques; Université de Montréal; Montréal; QC; Canada
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van Houte S, Ros VID, van Oers MM. Walking with insects: molecular mechanisms behind parasitic manipulation of host behaviour. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:3458-75. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stineke van Houte
- Laboratory of Virology; Wageningen University; Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Vera I. D. Ros
- Laboratory of Virology; Wageningen University; Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Monique M. van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology; Wageningen University; Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
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Poelman EH, Harvey JA, van Loon JJA, Vet LEM, Dicke M. Variation in herbivore-induced plant volatiles corresponds with spatial heterogeneity in the level of parasitoid competition and parasitoid exposure to hyperparasitism. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; PO Box 8031; 6700; EH Wageningen; The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology; Droevendaalsesteeg 10; 6708; PB Wageningen; The Netherlands
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; PO Box 8031; 6700; EH Wageningen; The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; PO Box 8031; 6700; EH Wageningen; The Netherlands
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Korenko S, Pekár S. A parasitoid wasp induces overwintering behaviour in its spider host. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24628. [PMID: 21931784 PMCID: PMC3169635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites and parasitoids control behaviors of their hosts. However, the origin of the behavior evoked by the parasitic organism has been rarely identified. It is also not known whether the manipulation is universal or host-specific. Polysphinctine wasps, koinobiont ectoparasitoids of several spider species that manipulate host web-spinning activity for their own protection during pupation, provide an ideal system to reveal the origin of the evoked behavior. Larva of Zatypota percontatoria performed species-specific manipulation of theridiid spiders, Neottiura bimaculata and Theridion varians, shortly before pupation. Parasitized N. bimaculata produced a dense web, whereas parasitized T. varians built a cupola-like structure. The larva pupated inside of either the dense web or the cupola-like structure. We discovered that unparasitized N. bimaculata produce an analogous dense web around their eggsacs and for themselves during winter, while T. varians construct an analogous ‘cupola’ only for overwintering. We induced analogous manipulation in unparasitized hosts by altering ambient conditions. We discovered that the behavior evoked by larvae in two hosts was functionally similar. The larva evoked protective behaviors that occur in unparasitized hosts only during specific life-history periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Korenko
- Department of Agroecology and Biometeorology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic.
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Harvey JA, Tanaka T, Kruidhof M, Vet LE, Gols R. The ‘usurpation hypothesis’ revisited: dying caterpillar repels attack from a hyperparasitoid wasp. Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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SEYAHOOEI MAJEEDASKARI, VAN ALPHEN JACQUESJM, KRAAIJEVELD KEN. Metabolic rate affects adult life span independently of developmental rate in parasitoid wasps. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Thomas F, Brodeur J, Maure F, Franceschi N, Blanchet S, Rigaud T. Intraspecific variability in host manipulation by parasites. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:262-9. [PMID: 21211573 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Muratori FB. Heterokairy as an anti-predator strategy for parasitic species. Commun Integr Biol 2010; 3:309-12. [PMID: 20798814 DOI: 10.4161/cib.3.4.11977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterokairy refers to plasticity in the timing of onset of developmental events at the level of an individual. When two developmental stages do not share the same ecological niche, referred to as 'ontogenetic niches', the control of the niche shift through a change in developmental timing can be advantageous for the individual (e.g., when mortality risk is different in the two niches). Heterokairy can arise either from plasticity in developmental rate (ontogenetic shift) or by a purely behavioral decision (behavioral shift). Parasitic species living inside of their hosts often inherit the predators of their hosts. To cope with the predation risk on their hosts, parasites and parasitoids show either host-manipulation abilities or either host-leaving strategies. Nevertheless, leaving the host should be associated with developmental costs, since the parasitic individuals are usually unable to parasitize another host. This process is thus related to the classical tradeoff between size and developmental time. Recent studies provided examples of behavioral heterokairy in invertebrates. The goal of this publication is to review and discuss recent results on developmental plasticity in parasitic species in an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric B Muratori
- Biodiversity Research Centre; Earth & Life Institute; Université de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Muratori FB, Borlee S, Messing RH. Induced niche shift as an anti-predator response for an endoparasitoid. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:1475-80. [PMID: 20071387 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When two developmental stages do not share the same ecological niche, the control of the niche shift through a change in developmental timing, referred to as 'heterokairy', can provide an adaptive advantage for the individual (e.g. if mortality risk is higher in the first niche). For endoparasitic species that develop inside another (host) species, mortality of the host may directly induce mortality risk for the parasite. Thus, endoparasitoid larvae should be selected for response to host predation. In this study, aphids previously parasitized by the endoparasitoid Endaphis fugitiva, Gagné and Muratori (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), were experimentally exposed to increased mortality risks. Both simulated attack and actual predator attacks against aphid hosts induced early emergence of the parasitoid larvae. Parasitoid emergence from the aphids occurred several minutes before the predator finished feeding on the aphid, allowing enough time for the parasitoid larvae to avoid direct predation. Predator-induced emergence produced significantly smaller parasitoid larvae than controls, but, interestingly, no effect on Endaphis adult size was found. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of induced emergence in an insect parasitoid, but we suggest that this mechanism might be at work in many other species where plasticity in development time allows the individual to perform an adaptive niche shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric B Muratori
- Unité d'écologie et biogéographie, Biodiversity Research Centre, Université de Louvain, 4 croix du sud, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Janssen A, Grosman AH, Cordeiro EG, de Brito EF, Fonseca JO, Colares F, Pallini A, Lima ER, Sabelis MW. Context-dependent fitness effects of behavioral manipulation by a parasitoid. Behav Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arp153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Tanaka S, Ohsaki N. Does Manipulation by the Parasitoid WaspCotesia glomerata(L.) Cause Attachment Behaviour of Host Caterpillars on Cocoon Clusters? Ethology 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Seyahooei MA, Kraaijeveld-Smit FJL, Kraaijeveld K, Crooijmans JBM, Van Dooren TJM, van Alphen JJM. Closely related parasitoids induce different pupation and foraging responses inDrosophilalarvae. OIKOS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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