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Gardner AS, Maclean IMD, Rodríguez‐Muñoz R, Hopwood PE, Mills K, Wotherspoon R, Tregenza T. The relationship between the body and air temperature in a terrestrial ectotherm. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11019. [PMID: 38352197 PMCID: PMC10862186 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ectotherms make up the majority of terrestrial biodiversity, so it is important to understand their potential responses to climate change. Often, models aiming to achieve this understanding correlate species distributions with ambient air temperature. However, this assumes a constant relationship between the air temperature and body temperature, which determines an ectotherm's thermal performance. To test this assumption, we develop and validate a method for retrospective estimation of ectotherm body temperature using heat exchange equations. We apply the model to predict the body temperature of wild field crickets (Gryllus campestris) in Northern Spain for 1985-2019 and compare these values to air temperature. We show that while air temperature impacts ectotherm body temperature, it captures only a fraction of its thermal experience. Solar radiation can increase the body temperature by more than 20°C above air temperature with implications for physiology and behaviour. The effect of solar radiation on body temperature is particularly important given that climate change will alter cloud cover. Our study shows that the impacts of climate change on species cannot be assumed to be proportional only to changing air temperature. More reliable models of future species distributions require mechanistic links between environmental conditions and thermal ecophysiologies of species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilya M. D. Maclean
- Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of ExeterPenrynCornwallUK
| | | | - Paul E. Hopwood
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynCornwallUK
| | - Kali Mills
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynCornwallUK
| | - Ross Wotherspoon
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynCornwallUK
| | - Tom Tregenza
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynCornwallUK
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Tregenza T, Niemelä PT, Rodríguez-Muñoz R, Hopwood PE. Environment and mate attractiveness in a wild insect. Behav Ecol 2022; 33:999-1006. [PMID: 36382230 PMCID: PMC9639583 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of female choice in sexual selection is well established, including the recognition that females choose their mates based on multiple cues. These cues may include intrinsic aspects of a male's phenotype as well as aspects of the environment associated with the male. The role of the spatial location of a potential mate has been well studied in territorial vertebrates. However, despite their role as laboratory models for studies of sexual selection, the potential for insects to choose their mates on the basis of location has scarcely been studied. We studied a natural population of individually tagged crickets (Gryllus campestris) in a meadow in Northern Spain. Adults typically move between burrows every few days, allowing us to examine how pairing success of males can be predicted by the burrow they occupy, independent of their own characteristics. We observed the entirety of ten independent breeding seasons to provide replication and to determine whether the relative importance of these factors is stable across years. We find that both male ID and the ID his burrow affect the likelihood that he is paired with a female, but the burrow has a consistently greater influence. Furthermore, the two factors interact: the relative attractiveness of an individual male depends on which burrow he occupies. Our finding demonstrates a close interaction between naturally and sexually selected traits. It also demonstrates that mate choice studies may benefit from considering not only obvious secondary sexual traits, but also more cryptic traits such as microhabitat choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Tregenza
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Petri T Niemelä
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari, Biocenter, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rolando Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul E Hopwood
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Tregenza T, Rodríguez-Muñoz R, Boonekamp JJ, Hopwood PE, Sørensen JG, Bechsgaard J, Settepani V, Hegde V, Waldie C, May E, Peters C, Pennington Z, Leone P, Munk EM, Greenrod STE, Gosling J, Coles H, Gruffydd R, Capria L, Potter L, Bilde T. Evidence for genetic isolation and local adaptation in the field cricket Gryllus campestris. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1624-1636. [PMID: 34378263 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how species can thrive in a range of environments is a central challenge for evolutionary ecology. There is strong evidence for local adaptation along large-scale ecological clines in insects. However, potential adaptation among neighbouring populations differing in their environment has been studied much less. We used RAD sequencing to quantify genetic divergence and clustering of ten populations of the field cricket Gryllus campestris in the Cantabrian Mountains of northern Spain, and an outgroup on the inland plain. Our populations were chosen to represent replicate high and low altitude habitats. We identified genetic clusters that include both high and low altitude populations indicating that the two habitat types do not hold ancestrally distinct lineages. Using common-garden rearing experiments to remove environmental effects, we found evidence for differences between high and low altitude populations in physiological and life-history traits. As predicted by the local adaptation hypothesis, crickets with parents from cooler (high altitude) populations recovered from periods of extreme cooling more rapidly than those with parents from warmer (low altitude) populations. Growth rates also differed between offspring from high and low altitude populations. However, contrary to our prediction that crickets from high altitudes would grow faster, the most striking difference was that at high temperatures, growth was fastest in individuals from low altitudes. Our findings reveal that populations a few tens of kilometres apart have independently evolved adaptations to their environment. This suggests that local adaptation in a range of traits may be commonplace even in mobile invertebrates at scales of a small fraction of species' distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Tregenza
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | | | - Jelle J Boonekamp
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul E Hopwood
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Jesper Givskov Sørensen
- Genetics, Ecology & Evolution Section, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bechsgaard
- Genetics, Ecology & Evolution Section, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Virginia Settepani
- Genetics, Ecology & Evolution Section, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Vinayaka Hegde
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Callum Waldie
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Emma May
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Caleb Peters
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Zinnia Pennington
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Paola Leone
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Emil M Munk
- Genetics, Ecology & Evolution Section, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Samuel T E Greenrod
- Genetics, Ecology & Evolution Section, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Joe Gosling
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Harry Coles
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Rhodri Gruffydd
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Loris Capria
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Laura Potter
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Trine Bilde
- Genetics, Ecology & Evolution Section, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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