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Wahyono T, Sholikin MM, Konca Y, Obitsu T, Sadarman S, Jayanegara A. Effects of urea supplementation on ruminal fermentation characteristics, nutrient intake, digestibility, and performance in sheep: A meta-analysis. Vet World 2022; 15:331-340. [PMID: 35400956 PMCID: PMC8980397 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.331-340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: As a non-protein nitrogen source, urea is a popular, low cost, and easily obtained protein supplement. The objective of the present study was to perform a meta-analysis of the effects of urea supplementation on rumen fermentation and sheep performance. Materials and Methods: A total of 32 experiments from 21 articles were compiled into a dataset. The levels of dietary urea varied from 0 to 31 g/kg of dry matter (DM). Parameters observed were rumen fermentation product, nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility, and sheep performance. This dataset was analyzed using a mixed model methodology, with urea supplementation levels as fixed effects and the different experiments as random effects. Results: Increasing levels of urea were associated with increases (p=0.008) in rumen pH, butyrate (C4) production, and ammonia (NH3–N) concentration. Urea supplementation had minor effects on total volatile fatty acids (p=0.242), total protozoa (p=0.429), and the microbial N supply (p=0.619), but tended to increase methane production (CH4; p<0.001). Supplementation of urea increased the intake of dry matter (DM; p=0.004) and crude protein (CP; p=0.001). Digestibility parameters, such as DM digestibility (DMD) and CP digestibility (CPD), also increased (p<0.01) as a result of urea supplementation. Retained N (p=0.042) and N intake (p<0.001) were higher with increasing levels of urea supplementation. In terms of animal performance, supplementation of urea increased average daily gain (ADG; p=0.024), but decreased the hot carcass weight percentage (p=0.017). Conclusion: This meta-analysis reports the positive effects of urea supplementation on rumen fermentation products (i.e., pH, C4, and NH3–N), intake (DM, CP, and N), digestibility (DMD and CPD), and ADG in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teguh Wahyono
- National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia; Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Miftakhus Sholikin
- National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia; Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Yusuf Konca
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Taketo Obitsu
- Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Sadarman Sadarman
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; Department of Animal Science, UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim, Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia
| | - Anuraga Jayanegara
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
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da Silva JRC, de Carvalho FFR, de Andrade Fereira M, de Souza EJO, Maciel MIS, Barreto LMG, Lopes LA, Cordeiro EHA, Véras ASC. Carcass characteristics and meat quality of sheep fed alfalfa hay to replace Bermuda grass hay. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:2455-2463. [PMID: 31197721 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate carcass characteristics, meat quality, and organ and viscera weight of forty male sheep, not castrated, initially weighed 26.5 ± 1.85 kg, and confined for 100 days (44 days for the adjustment period and 56 days of the experimental period). The treatments were four levels of replacement of Bermuda grass hay with alfalfa hay (0, 200, 400, and 600 g/kg, based on dry matter). The design was randomized blocks (one lighter group and other heavier group) with 10 animals in each treatment. There were no effects on weight gain or carcass parameters. However, an increase was observed on dry matter intake (g/day), crude protein intake (g/day), empty body weight (kg), and subcutaneous fat thickness (mm). There was also an increase in total organ weights in kg and g/kg. The tissue composition of the leg had a quadratic effect on the bone tissue weight (g) and linear effect on adipose tissue relative (g/kg) and muscle-fat relations. There was also a quadratic effect on bone tissues (g/kg) and muscle-bone relations. Likewise, there was a quadratic effect on the qualitative characteristics of meat (measure of luminosity), with the replacement of Bermuda grass hay with alfalfa hay in sheep feed. The replacement of Bermuda grass hay with alfalfa did not change carcass characteristics and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ricardo Coelho da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manuel de Medeiros Street, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo de Andrade Fereira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manuel de Medeiros Street, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira Avenue, s/n, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, 56909-535, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Sucupira Maciel
- Department of Domestic Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manuel de Medeiros Street, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Lígia Maria Gomes Barreto
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Sergipe, Engineer Jorge Neto Highway, Silos, Nossa Senhora da Glória, SE, 49680-000, Brazil
| | - Levi Auto Lopes
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manuel de Medeiros Street, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Henrique Araújo Cordeiro
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manuel de Medeiros Street, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Antonia Sherlânea Chaves Véras
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manuel de Medeiros Street, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil.
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Silva LFP, Dixon RM, Costa DFA. Nitrogen recycling and feed efficiency of cattle fed protein-restricted diets. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an19234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cattle to grow and reproduce when ingesting low-protein diets is a crucial attribute for productive beef cattle systems in the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics. Nitrogen (N) recycling to the rumen is an important and known physiological mechanism allowing ruminants to efficiently grow in low-protein diets, but is usually disregarded in the nutritional models. This review discusses the role and magnitude of N recycling to provide additional N as microbial substrate in the rumen and in determining the efficiency of ruminants ingesting low-protein diets, to better understand the major factors regulating N recycling to the rumen. In addition to a review of the literature, study-adjusted regressions were used to evaluate various aspects of crude protein (CP) intake and availability, N recycling and excretion. There is large variation in N excretion and N-use efficiency among diets and among individuals, illustrating the opportunity for improvement in overall efficiency of cattle production. These data indicated that N recycling to the entire gastrointestinal tract supplies from half to twice as much N available for microbial growth as does the diet. Addition of rumen-degradable protein can increase rumen efficiency in using the available energy, as, conversely, the addition of fermentable energy can increase rumen efficiency in using the available CP. The present review has demonstrated that both are possible because of greater N recycling. Also, the importance of preserving the available N for determining individual variation in feed efficiency and the implications for selection are discussed. Nitrogen recycling can be controlled at both the epithelial wall of compartments of the gastrointestinal tract and at the liver, where ureagenesis occurs. Addition of fermentable energy can increase N recycling to the rumen and to post-ruminal tract by acting at both sites, and the mechanisms for this are discussed in the text. Although the effect of altering CP concentration in the diet has been substantially investigated, other factors potentially modulating N recycling, such as total fermentable energy, sources of protein and energy, hormonal modulation, and genetic variance, remain poorly understood. The selection of more efficient animals and development of diets with a lower environmental impact inescapably means further elucidation of the N-recycling mechanism.
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Bhatt RS, Sahoo A, Karim SA. Replacement of mustard oil cake by urea in short-term strategic feeding of cull ewes to improve body condition and carcass traits. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an15178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Strategic short-term feeding of culled Malpura ewes (age >6 years, average liveweight 26.8 ± 0.96 kg) was aimed at improving their body condition and increase marketability of their carcass following slaughter. Randomly, 8 out of 40 ewes were slaughtered to study initial (Day 0) carcass traits and the remaining ewes were equally divided into two groups: mustard cake (Control) and urea. They were stall fed with ad libitum guar straw (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) and concentrate mixture at 25 g/kg liveweight after 4 h of morning grazing in the pasture. The Control group was offered concentrate with solvent extracted mustard cake whereas it was replaced on an equivalent nitrogen (N) basis with urea in the concentrate offered to the other group. Daily feed intake and weekly change in ewe liveweight and body condition score were measured during the 91 days of the experiment. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in digestibility of nutrients between the groups. Both groups had similar dry matter and metabolisable energy intake, but the mustard cake group recorded higher (P < 0.05) cumulative weight gain and body condition score. Ruminal fluid samples and blood biochemical measurements were analysed periodically (0, 45 and 91 days), with ruminal fluid samples during the post-feeding hours also analysed. There was periodic variation in rumen pH (P = 0.013), volatile fatty acid (P = 007), total N (P = 0.001) and ammonia-N (P = 0.025) concentration in both groups. Higher post-feeding volatile fatty acid (P = 0.031) and total N (P = 0.003) values were observed in the mustard cake group. Ruminal ciliate protozoal population showed a quadratic response over time after feeding with an initial decline post-grazing, but was not affected by treatment. Similar significant (P < 0.05) improvements in haemoglobin, glucose, total protein, urea and cholesterol levels were evident in both groups at 91 days. Both treatments showed similar improvement in carcass composition, distribution of fat and chemical composition of Longissimus dorsi after 91 days of realimentation compared with initial values. Short-term pre-slaughter feeding of cull ewes improved body condition, carcass traits and composition. Replacement of costly mustard cake with urea in the diet of cull ewes could be a means to improve profitability of this strategic feeding protocol, as well as enhancing their market value.
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Yulistiani D, Jelan ZA, Liang JB, Yaakub H, Abdullah N. Effects of Supplementation of Mulberry (Morus alba) Foliage and Urea-rice Bran as Fermentable Energy and Protein Sources in Sheep Fed Urea-treated Rice Straw Based Diet. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:494-501. [PMID: 25656207 PMCID: PMC4341098 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A digestibility study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing mulberry foliage and urea rice-bran as a source of fermentable energy and protein to 12 sheep fed diets based on urea-treated rice straw (TRS). The three dietary treatments were: T1, TRS with mulberry; T2, TRS with 50% mulberry replaced with rice bran and urea; and T3, TRS with rice bran and urea. The study was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications for each treatment. The sheep were fed one of the three diets and the supplements were offered at 1.2% of the body weight (BW) and the TRS was provided ad libitum. There were no differences (p>0.05) among the three treatment groups with respect to dry matter (DM) intake (76.8±4.2 g/kg BW0.75) and DM, organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) digestibility (55.3±1.22; 69.9±0.85; 46.3±1.65% respectively for DM, OM, and CP). The digestibility of fiber (neutral detergent fiber [NDF] and acid detergent fiber) was significantly lower (p<0.05) for T3 (46.2 and 46.6 respectively) compared to T1 (55.8 and 53.7 respectively) and T2 (54.1 and 52.8 respectively). Nitrogen (N) intake by sheep on diet T3 was significantly (p<0.05) higher than sheep fed diet T1. However, N balance did not differ among the three diets (3.0±0.32 g/d). In contrast, the rumen ammonia (NH3-N) concentrations in sheep fed T2 and T3 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in sheep fed T1. The NH3-N concentrations for all three diets were above the critical value required for optimum rumen microbial growth and synthesis. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations were highest (p<0.05) in T1 (120.3 mM), whilst the molar proportion of propionic acid was highest in T3 (36.9%). However, the microbial N supply in sheep fed T1 and T3 was similar but was significantly (p<0.05) higher than for sheep fed T2. It was concluded that mulberry foliage is a potential supplement of fermentable energy and protein for sheep fed TRS based diet. The suggested level of supplementation is 1.2% of BW or 32% of the total diet since it resulted in similar effects on the intake of DM, OM, and NDF, digestibility of DM, OM, and CP, N utilization and microbial supply when compared to rice bran and urea supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Yulistiani
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Z A Jelan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - J B Liang
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - H Yaakub
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - N Abdullah
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
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Cao Y, Zang Y, Lv R, Takahashi T, Yoshida N, Yang H. Effects of adding urea on fermentation quality of pruned persimmon branch silage and its digestibility, preference, nitrogen balance and rumen fermentation in beef cattle. Anim Sci J 2013; 85:219-26. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine; Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University; Daqing Heilongjiang China
| | - Yanqing Zang
- College of Food Science; Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University; Daqing Heilongjiang China
| | - Renlong Lv
- Faculty of Agriculture; Yamagata University; Tsuruoka Yamagata Japan
| | | | - Norio Yoshida
- Faculty of Agriculture; Yamagata University; Tsuruoka Yamagata Japan
| | - Huanmin Yang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine; Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University; Daqing Heilongjiang China
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Gomez-Vazquez A, de la Cruz-Lazaro E, Pinos-Rodriguez JM, Guerrero-Lagarreta I, Plascencia-Jorquera A, Joaquin-Torres BM. Growth performance and meat characteristics of hair lambs grazing stargrass pasture without supplementation or supplemented with concentrate containing different levels of crude protein. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2011.623714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Gomez A, Mendoza GD, Garcìa-Bojalil C, Barcena R, Ramos JA, Crosby MM, Pinos-Rodríguez JM, Lara A. Effect of supplementation with urea, blood meal, and rumen-protected methionine on growth performance of Holstein heifers grazing kikuyu pasture. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 43:721-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kozloski G, Cadorin R, Härter C, Oliveira L, Alves T, Mesquita F, Castagnino D. Effect of suplemental nitrogen source and feeding frequency on nutrient supply to lambs fed a kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) hay-based diet. Small Rumin Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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