1
|
Muro BB, Carnevale RF, Leal DF, Almond GW, Monteiro MS, Poor AP, Schinckel AP, Garbossa CA. The importance of optimal body condition to maximise reproductive health and perinatal outcomes in pigs. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:351-371. [PMID: 35748154 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422422000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Overnutrition or undernutrition during all or part of the reproductive cycle predisposes sows to metabolic consequences and poor reproductive health which contributes to a decrease in sow longevity and an increase in perinatal mortality. This represents not only an economic problem for the pig industry but also results in poor animal welfare. To maximise profitability and increase sustainability in pig production, it is pivotal to provide researchers and practitioners with synthesised information about the repercussions of maternal obesity or malnutrition on reproductive health and perinatal outcomes, and to pinpoint currently available nutritional managements to keep sows' body condition in an optimal range. Thus, the present review summarises recent work on the consequences of maternal malnutrition and highlights new findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bd Muro
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaella F Carnevale
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego F Leal
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Glen W Almond
- Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matheus S Monteiro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André P Poor
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Allan P Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Cesar Ap Garbossa
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Faccin JEG, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, DeRouchey JM, Woodworth JC, Gebhardt JT. Gilt development to improve offspring performance and survivability. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6609152. [PMID: 35708589 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for developing incoming replacement gilts can indirectly and directly influence survivability of their offspring. Indirectly, having proper gilt development reduces culling rates and mortality, which increases longevity and creates a more mature sow herd. Older sows are more likely to have greater immunity than gilts and therefore can pass this along to their pigs in both quantity and quality of colostrum and milk, thus improving piglet survivability. Directly, proper gilt development will maximize mammary gland development which increases colostrum and milk production leading to large, healthy pig. As for the developing gilt at birth, increasing colostrum intake, reducing nursing pressure, providing adequate space allowance, and good growth rate can increase the likelihood that gilts successfully enter and remain in the herd. Light birth weight gilts (<1 kg) or gilts from litters with low birth weight should be removed early in the selection process. Gilts should be weaned at 24 d of age or older and then can be grown in a variety of ways as long as lifetime growth rate is over 600 g/d. Current genetic lines with exceptional growth rate run the risk of being bred too heavy, reducing longevity. On the other hand, restricting feed intake at specific times could be detrimental to mammary development. In these situations, reducing diet amino acid concentration and allowing ad libitum feed is a possible strategy. Gilts should be bred between 135 and 160 kg and at second estrus or later while in a positive metabolic state to increase lifetime productivity and longevity in the herd. Once bred, gilts should be fed to maintain or build body reserves without becoming over-conditioned at farrowing. Proper body condition at farrowing impacts the percentage of pigs born alive as well as colostrum and milk production, and consequently, offspring performance and survivability. Combined with the benefit in pig immunity conferred by an older sow parity structure, gilt development has lasting impacts on offspring performance and survivability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamil E G Faccin
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao XM, Jiang XR, Xia T, Arévalo Sureda E, Schroyen M, Everaert N, Li XL. Effect of dietary protein and energy intake on embryonic survival and gene expression in the uterine endometrium of early pregnant gilts. Animal 2022; 16:100540. [PMID: 35594693 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine embryonic loss during early gestation is a serious problem in swine production. Improving embryonic survival can be achieved by maternal manipulation. Protein and energy are two major components of the diet, which play decisive roles in embryonic survival. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of enhancing maternal protein or energy intake on embryonic survival during early gestation in gilts and to explore the underlying mechanism. From day (d) 0 to 30 of gestation, 40 gilts (Landrace × York) were randomly allocated to 5 diets according to daily intake of low (L, National Research Council (NRC) recommendation for gestation gilts), medium (M, 20% higher than NRC) or high (H, 40% higher than NRC) CP or metabolisable energy (ME) (LCPLME, MCPLME, HCPLME, LCPHME, HCPHME). Gilts were sacrificed on d 30 of gestation, and number of foetuses and corpora lutea, embryonic survival rate, uterine weight, and total volume of allantoic fluid were recorded or calculated. Gene expression was determined by Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR), western blot or immunohistochemistry. Results showed that increasing protein or ME intake significantly increased embryonic survival rate. Compared with diet LCPLME, plasma progesterone (P4) concentration in diet LCPHME increased at d 14 and d 30 of gestation. Progesterone receptor (PGR) was found not to be expressed in the epithelia but was strongly expressed in the stroma of the endometrium. Increasing protein or ME intake did not alter PGR expression in the endometrium. There was also no change in the amount of P4, hepatocyte growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor-7 in the endometrium. The mRNA abundance of cationic amino acid transporter 1 in the endometrium in diet LCPHME and HCPHME was significantly lower than in diet LCPLME. Diet HCPLME showed a tendency to increase neutral amino acid transporter 1 mRNA expression in the endometrium compared to diet LCPLME (P = 0.087). In conclusion, increasing maternal protein or ME intake had a positive effect on the embryonic survival. Increased protein intake by 20 or 40% did not alter plasma P4 level, but increasing ME intake by 40% improved plasma P4 concentration at d 14 and 30 of gestation. Increasing maternal protein or ME intake did not induce PGR expression in the endometrium. Maternal protein and energy intake likely mediate transportation of cationic and neutral amino acids from mother to foetus to affect embryonic survival and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X M Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux 5030, Belgium
| | - X R Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - T Xia
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - E Arévalo Sureda
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux 5030, Belgium
| | - M Schroyen
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux 5030, Belgium
| | - N Everaert
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux 5030, Belgium
| | - X L Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carrión-lópez M, Madrid J, Martínez S, Hernández F, Orengo J. Effects of the feeding level in early gestation on body reserves and the productive and reproductive performance of primiparous and multiparous sows. Res Vet Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
5
|
Riddersholm KV, Bahnsen I, Bruun TS, de Knegt LV, Amdi C. Identifying Risk Factors for Low Piglet Birth Weight, High Within-Litter Variation and Occurrence of Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Piglets in Hyperprolific Sows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092731. [PMID: 34573697 PMCID: PMC8468730 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Piglet mortality is an ongoing concern for pig production worldwide. Piglets that have a low piglet birth weight (PBW), suffer from intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or are born from litters with a high within-litter variation in PBW (CVPBW) have an increased risk of dying before weaning. IUGR piglets, CVPBW and a low PBW might be connected by the same risk factors, and in order to optimize fetal development in the litter, these risk factors should be identified. Free-access stall feeding, floor feeding and electronic sow feeding systems are commonly used feeding systems for gestating sows in Denmark. These systems differ in several points, including in sow competition at feeding. The nutritional status of the sow is important for fetal development, and so the feeding method during gestation is also expected to affect such development. Of the risk factors identified in this study, increasing litter size was considered the most critical. Only small differences were found between the feeding systems and these differed amongst groups. The results should inspire further investigation of those risk factors to clarify causes of the observed effects and what drives individual herd differences. Abstract This study aimed to identify risk factors affecting PBW, high CVPBW and the occurrence of IUGR piglets in 12 commercial Danish herds with hyperprolific sows using free-access stalls, floor or electronic sow feeding systems in the gestation unit. The following factors were investigated: the duration of previous lactation, the length of the interval from weaning to insemination, the length of gestation, litter size, parity, sow backfat thickness in late gestation and the type of feeding system in the gestation unit. The study included newborn piglets from 452 litters with the following production indicator averages: 21.3 piglets/L, 1235 g PBW, 22.9% CVPBW and 10.9% and 11.8% within-litter occurrence of severe and mild IUGR piglets, respectively. Increasing length of weaning-to-insemination interval decreased PBW by 25.8 g/day. For 2nd to 9th parity sows, each additional piglet in the litter increased CVPBW by 0.38%, the occurrence of severe IUGR piglets by 0.68% and mild IUGR piglets by 0.50%. Sows of 5th parity and older had a 1.39% higher CVPBW and 49.1 g lighter piglets compared with sows of 2nd to 4th parity. PBW was lower in one ESF herd, suggesting complex interactions that need to be further elucidated. The main critical risk factor observed was litter size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina V. Riddersholm
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (K.V.R.); (I.B.); (L.V.d.K.)
| | - Ida Bahnsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (K.V.R.); (I.B.); (L.V.d.K.)
| | | | - Leonardo V. de Knegt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (K.V.R.); (I.B.); (L.V.d.K.)
| | - Charlotte Amdi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (K.V.R.); (I.B.); (L.V.d.K.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mallmann AL, Oliveira GS, Ulguim RR, Mellagi APG, Bernardi ML, Orlando UAD, Gonçalves MAD, Cogo RJ, Bortolozzo FP. Impact of feed intake in early gestation on maternal growth and litter size according to body reserves at weaning of young parity sows. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa075. [PMID: 32150274 PMCID: PMC7098703 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of increasing the feed level (1.8, 2.5, and 3.2 kg/d) during early gestation in parity 1 (PO1) and parity 2 (PO2) sows on maternal growth and litter size was evaluated. A total of 361 sows were group-housed and fed a diet based on a corn-soybean meal (3.15 Mcal Metabolizable Energy (ME) per kg and 0.68% standardized ileal digestible lysine) from day 6 of gestation until day 30. Sows were weighed at weaning and on day 30 of gestation. Farrowing rate, number of total piglets born, piglets born alive, stillborn piglets, and mummified fetuses were recorded at farrowing. The effect of feed level on the total number of piglets born was also evaluated according to classes of body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), backfat (BF), and caliper unit at weaning for each parity order. There was no evidence for significant effect of the interaction between feed level × parity on the variables related to maternal growth and reproductive performance (P ≥ 0.128). Greater feed levels linearly increased the gains in body condition (i.e., BW, BCS, BF, and caliper unit) between weaning and day 30 of gestation (P < 0.001). Farrowing rate was not influenced by the feed level (P ≥ 0.200) and parity (P ≥ 0.209). The number of total piglets born decreased linearly as the feed level increased (P = 0.041), whereas no evidences for differences were observed on piglets born alive among treatments (P ≥ 0.317), neither between parities (P ≥ 0.904). For PO1 sows, the total piglets born on BW classes (≤183 vs. >183 kg) and on classes of BF (≤11.5 vs. > 11.5 mm) were quadratically affected by the feed levels (P ≤ 0.041). In contrast, the number of total piglets born was marginally affected (linear; P ≤ 0.094) by the feed level in the different classes of BW, BCS, and caliper unit in PO2 sows. There was no evidence for differences for the interaction of feed level and classes of body condition (P ≥ 0.199) for PO2 sows. Similarly, no interactions between feed level and classes of BW, BCS, and BF at weaning were observed (P ≥ 0.233) for PO1 sows; however, the total piglets born were affected by an interaction between feed level and caliper unit class (P = 0.042). In conclusion, increased feed intake from day 6 of gestation until day 30 resulted in increased maternal BW gain but reduced the number of total piglets born. Furthermore, lighter and in a poor BCS PO1 sows at weaning produced fewer total born piglets with no benefits from greater amounts of feed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André L Mallmann
- Departamento de Medicina Animal/Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriela S Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Animal/Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Ulguim
- Departamento de Medicina Animal/Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula G Mellagi
- Departamento de Medicina Animal/Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mari L Bernardi
- Departamento de Zootecnia/Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo J Cogo
- Frísia Cooperativa Agroindustrial, Carambeí, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernando P Bortolozzo
- Departamento de Medicina Animal/Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Leal DF, Muro BBD, Nichi M, Almond GW, Viana CHC, Vioti G, Carnevale RF, Garbossa CAP. Effects of post-insemination energy content of feed on embryonic survival in pigs: A systematic review. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 205:70-77. [PMID: 31010717 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The feeding of diets with greater energy content than that needed for body maintenance following mating is believed to reduce embryonic survival in pigs. In swine operations, therefore, feed intake is often restricted during the first and second week of pregnancy to reduce embryo mortality. There is thought to be a relationship between feeding diets that result in energy intake that is greater than that needed for body maintenance and embryonic death. This relationship is associated with lesser than typical progesterone (P4) concentrations when feeding diets with greater energy content due to increased hepatic clearance. There is no consensus, however, as to whether feeding should be restricted during early pregnancy to avert this possible detrimental effect. Thus, the aim of this systematic review is to assess the effect in sows and gilts of feeding diets with different energy contents post-mating on embryonic survival, evaluating when possible, the relationship of a greater energy intake and P4 concentrations on embryonic survival. An electronic search was conducted of the PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of science, and Scielo databases during June 2018. A total of 109 articles were retrieved, and of these, only 16 articles were selected after applying the selection criteria. There was no negative effect of a greater feed intake than that needed for body maintenance after breeding in 75% of the experiments. Results from 35% of the experiments indicated feeding early pregnant sows a diet with greater energy content than that needed for body maintenance resulted in augmented embryonic death. In 66.7% of the experiments, in which there was assessment of P4 concentration, there was no negative effect of feeding after farrowing a diet with greater energy than that needed for body maintenance. In conclusion, it appears that restricted feed intake in early pregnancy is no longer relevant when there are modern prolific dam lines utilized in swine production enterprises because dietary energy of as great as 54 MJ ME/day had no detrimental effect on embryo survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Leal
- Department of Animal Reproduction, FMVZ-USP Campus, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno B D Muro
- Department of Animal Reproduction, FMVZ-USP Campus, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Nichi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, FMVZ-USP Campus, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Geovanna Vioti
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, FMVZ-USP Campus, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Cesar A P Garbossa
- Department of Animal Production and Nutrition, FMVZ-USP Campus, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sinclair KD, Rutherford KMD, Wallace JM, Brameld JM, Stöger R, Alberio R, Sweetman D, Gardner DS, Perry VEA, Adam CL, Ashworth CJ, Robinson JE, Dwyer CM. Epigenetics and developmental programming of welfare and production traits in farm animals. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 28:RD16102. [PMID: 27439952 DOI: 10.1071/rd16102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that postnatal health and development can be influenced by events that occur in utero originated from epidemiological studies in humans supported by numerous mechanistic (including epigenetic) studies in a variety of model species. Referred to as the 'developmental origins of health and disease' or 'DOHaD' hypothesis, the primary focus of large-animal studies until quite recently had been biomedical. Attention has since turned towards traits of commercial importance in farm animals. Herein we review the evidence that prenatal risk factors, including suboptimal parental nutrition, gestational stress, exposure to environmental chemicals and advanced breeding technologies, can determine traits such as postnatal growth, feed efficiency, milk yield, carcass composition, animal welfare and reproductive potential. We consider the role of epigenetic and cytoplasmic mechanisms of inheritance, and discuss implications for livestock production and future research endeavours. We conclude that although the concept is proven for several traits, issues relating to effect size, and hence commercial importance, remain. Studies have also invariably been conducted under controlled experimental conditions, frequently assessing single risk factors, thereby limiting their translational value for livestock production. We propose concerted international research efforts that consider multiple, concurrent stressors to better represent effects of contemporary animal production systems.
Collapse
|
9
|
Che L, Yang Z, Xu M, Zhang Z, Liu P, Xu S, Che L, Lin Y, Fang Z, Feng B, Li J, Wu D. Dietary energy intake affects fetal survival and development during early and middle pregnancy in Large White and Meishan gilts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:152-159. [PMID: 29767162 PMCID: PMC5945974 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was designed to determine the effects of variations in dietary energy intake on reproductive performance and gene expression of luteal and endometrium tissues in Large White (LW) and Meishan (MS) gilts during early and middle pregnancy. After insemination, 32 LW gilts were assigned to high and low (HEL and LEL, 14.23 and 12.56 MJ DE/kg, respectively) diet treatment groups, while 32 MS gilts were allocated to HEM and LEM (12.56 and 10.88 MJ DE/kg) groups. Gilts were slaughtered on days 35, 55 and 90 of gestation. The fetal survival and luteal progesterone (P4) concentration in the HEL group were higher on day 35 but lower on day 90 of gestation compared with the LEL group (P < 0.05) for LW gilts. However, fetal survival and luteal P4 concentration on day 35 of gestation were greater (P < 0.05) in the LEM group than in the HEM group for MS gilts, but no significant difference in mid-gestation was showed. The fetal weights of both breeds were higher for the high energy diets compared with the respective control group on day 90 of gestation (P < 0.05). In addition, the mRNA levels of P4 synthesis-related proteins had correlated with luteal P4 concentration in both breeds. Further, endometrial levels of uteroferrin (ACP5), retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) mRNA were upregulated in the HEL group on day 35 of gestation but ACP5 and SPP1 were downregulated on day 55 of gestation compared with the LEL group (P < 0.05) for LW gilts. In MS gilts, diet only affected the expression of SPP1 (P < 0.05). Our results revealed the differential sensitivity of LW and MS breeds to variations in dietary energy intake. For LW gilts, the HEL group improved fetal survival on day 35 but a sustained high energy diet decreased fetal survival on day 90 of gestation. The differences in dietary energy intake did not influence fetal survival on day 90 of gestation but the higher energy diet did increase fetal weight in the MS breed compared with the lower energy intake diet. These results may be due to differential luteal secretion activity and endometrium gene expression in these two breeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Che
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya׳an, 625014, PR China
| | - Zhenguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya׳an, 625014, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya׳an, 625014, PR China
| | - Ziyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya׳an, 625014, PR China
| | - Peilin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya׳an, 625014, PR China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya׳an, 625014, PR China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya׳an, 625014, PR China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya׳an, 625014, PR China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya׳an, 625014, PR China
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya׳an, 625014, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya׳an, 625014, PR China
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya׳an, 625014, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sørensen G. Effect of different feed density during gestation for group housed and fed sows on litter size and farrowing rate. Anim Prod Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/anv55n12ab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
Condous PC, Kirkwood RN, van Wettere WHEJ. The effect of pre- and post-mating dietary restriction on embryonic survival in gilts. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 148:130-6. [PMID: 24974187 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine if pre- and post-mating feeding levels interact to affect embryonic survival, and to determine whether feeding to the maintenance requirement would impair embryo survival. Gilts were allocated to a pre-mating treatment of 1 or 0.8× energy maintenance from day 1 to 14 of their oestrous cycle prior to mating. From day 15 to mating all gilts were group housed and fed ad lib. Gilts were artificially inseminated at their third oestrus. The day after mating, gilts were group housed and allocated to post-mating treatments of 1.5 or 1× maintenance. Gilts were slaughtered day 25.5±0.2 post-insemination and reproductive tracts collected. Gilts fed the restricted pre-mating diet lost significantly more weight than gilts fed the increased pre-mating diet (6.7±0.8 versus 3.7±0.7kg). From mating to slaughter, gilts fed the restricted post-mating diet lost 0.5±1.02kg liveweight, while gilts fed the increased post-mating diet gained 5.7±0.90kg liveweight (P<0.05). The pre-mating dietary treatment had no effect on any reproductive measure. Embryonic survival was greater (P<0.05) in gilts fed the high post-mating diet compared with gilts fed the low post-mating diet (88.4±2.5 versus 77.8±4.0%), resulting in more (P<0.05) conceptuses present (14.0±0.6 versus 11.7±0.7). There was no interaction between pre-mating and post-mating feed intake on any reproductive measure. These data demonstrated that reducing post-mating feed intakes to maintenance levels impaired embryo survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P C Condous
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia.
| | - R N Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - W H E J van Wettere
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Quesnel H, Quiniou N, Roy H, Lottin A, Boulot S, Gondret F. Supplying dextrose before insemination and L-arginine during the last third of pregnancy in sow diets: Effects on within-litter variation of piglet birth weight1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1445-50. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Quesnel
- INRA, UMR1348 PEGASE, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 PEGASE, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - N. Quiniou
- IFIP-Institut du Porc, Pôle Techniques d'Elevage, BP 35104, F-35651 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - H. Roy
- Chambre d'Agriculture de Bretagne, Pôle Recherche Appliquée, Technopôle Atalante Champeaux, CS 74223, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - A. Lottin
- IFIP-Institut du Porc, Pôle Techniques d'Elevage, BP 35104, F-35651 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - S. Boulot
- IFIP-Institut du Porc, Pôle Techniques d'Elevage, BP 35104, F-35651 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - F. Gondret
- INRA, UMR1348 PEGASE, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 PEGASE, F-35000 Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Athorn RZ, Stott P, Bouwman EG, Edwards AC, Blackberry MA, Martin GB, Langendijk P. Feeding level and dietary energy source have no effect on embryo survival in gilts, despite changes in systemic progesterone levels. Anim Prod Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/an12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the effect of feeding level and dietary energy source on luteal function, systemic progesterone concentration and embryo survival in gilts during early gestation. At Day 0 of pregnancy, 104 gilts were allocated to one of four experimental diets (LStarch: 1.2 × maintenance requirement (M) Starch diet (43.3% starch), n = 31; HStarch: 2.4 × M Starch diet (43.3% starch), n = 21; HFat: 2.4 × M Fat diet (13.5% fat), n = 23; and HFibre: 2.4 × M Fibre diet (7.2% fibre), n = 23). On Day 5 of gestation, no significant difference in circulating concentration of systemic progesterone was seen among the treatments. However, on Day 15 of pregnancy, gilts on the HStarch diet had a significantly lower concentration of systemic progesterone than did gilts on both the LStarch and HFat diets (P < 0.05; 24.8 ± 2.4 v. 32.7 ± 2.4 and 36.1 ± 2.1 ng/mL, respectively). At Day 35 of gestation, there was also a tendency for gilts on the HStarch and HFat diets to have a higher total luteal weight than for gilts on the LStarch diets (7.2 ± 0.2 and 7.1 ± 0.2 v. 6.7 ± 0.2 g (P < 0.05)). No difference in embryo survival was seen among the treatments. From the present study, we can conclude that altering feeding level and dietary energy source did not affect embryo survival, despite the fact that systemic progesterone concentrations were affected on Day 15 of gestation. Also, luteal weight was greater for those gilts on the high feeding level than for those on the low feeding level when fed the same energy source.
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
van Wettere W, Herde P, Hughes P. Supplementing sow gestation diets with betaine during summer increases litter size of sows with greater numbers of parities. Anim Reprod Sci 2012; 132:44-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
16
|
Hoving L, Soede N, Feitsma H, Kemp B. Embryo survival, progesterone profiles and metabolic responses to an increased feeding level during second gestation in sows. Theriogenology 2012; 77:1557-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
17
|
Campos P, Silva B, Donzele J, Oliveira R, Knol E. Effects of sow nutrition during gestation on within-litter birth weight variation: a review. Animal 2012; 6:797-806. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111002242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
18
|
Fleming TP, Lucas ES, Watkins AJ, Eckert JJ. Adaptive responses of the embryo to maternal diet and consequences for post-implantation development. Reprod Fertil Dev 2012; 24:35-44. [DOI: 10.1071/rd11905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal periconceptional (PC) nutrition, coupled with maternal physiological condition, can impact on reproductive performance and potential across mammalian species. Oocyte quality and embryo development are affected adversely by either nutrient restriction or excess. Moreover, the quality of maternal PC nutrition can have lasting effects through fetal development and postnatally into adulthood. Chronic disease, notably cardiovascular and metabolic disease, and abnormal behaviour have been identified in adult offspring in small and large animal models of PC nutrient restriction. These long-term effects associate with compensatory responses that begin from the time of early embryo development. This review assesses the field of PC nutrition in vivo on short- and long-term developmental consequences in rodent and ruminant models and considers the implications for human health.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hoving LL, Soede NM, van der Peet-Schwering CMC, Graat EAM, Feitsma H, Kemp B. An increased feed intake during early pregnancy improves sow body weight recovery and increases litter size in young sows1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3542-50. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-3954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
20
|
Hoving L, Soede N, Graat E, Feitsma H, Kemp B. Reproductive performance of second parity sows: Relations with subsequent reproduction. Livest Sci 2011; 140:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
21
|
Smits RJ, Luxford BG, Mitchell M, Nottle MB. Sow litter size is increased in the subsequent parity when lactating sows are fed diets containing n-3 fatty acids from fish oil. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:2731-8. [PMID: 21610255 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementing diets with n-3 fatty acids from fish oil has been shown to improve reproductive performance in dairy cattle and sheep, but there is little published literature on its effects in sows. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of sows fed fish oil as a source of n-3 PUFA prefarrowing and during lactation. From d 107.7 ± 0.1 of pregnancy, 328 sows ranging in parity from 0 to 7 (parity 1.95 ± 0.09, mean ± SE) were fed either a diet containing tallow (control) or an isocaloric diet containing 3 g of fish oil/kg of diet (n-3). Diets were formulated to contain the same amount of DE (13.9 MJ/kg), crude fat (54 g/kg), and CP (174 g/kg). Sows were fed their treatment diet at 3 kg daily for 8 d before farrowing and continued on treatment diets ad libitum until weaning at 18.7 ± 0.1 d of lactation. After weaning, all sows were fed a gestation diet without fish oil until their subsequent farrowing. There was no effect (P > 0.310) of feeding n-3 diets prefarrowing on piglet birth weight, preweaning growth rate, piglet weaning weight, or sow feed intake. However, n-3 sows had a larger subsequent litter size (10.7 ± 0.3 vs. 9.7 ± 0.3 total born; 10.2 ± 0.3 vs. 9.3 ± 0.3 born live; P < 0.05). In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that feeding sows a diet containing n-3 PUFA from fish oil fed before farrowing and during lactation increased litter size in the subsequent parity independent of energy intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Smits
- Rivalea Australia Pty Ltd., Corowa, New South Wales, 2646 Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Athorn RZ, Stott P, Bouwman EG, Ashman R, O'Leary S, Nottle M, Langendijk P. Direct ovarian - uterine transfer of progesterone increases embryo survival in gilts. Reprod Fertil Dev 2011; 23:921-8. [DOI: 10.1071/rd10333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study employed a unilateral ovariectomy model to investigate the relevance of the local supply of progesterone (ovary) compared with the systemic supply of progesterone, in terms of embryo survival in the ipsilateral uterine horn as opposed to the contralateral uterine horn. Thirty gilts were unilaterally ovariectomised (ULO) during the luteal stage of their first oestrous cycle. Half of the ULO gilts were fed at 1.2 maintenance requirement (M), while the other half were fed at 2.4 M. Across ULO gilts 0.8 more embryos survived in the ipsilateral horn compared with the contralateral horn at Day 35 of gestation (P < 0.05). In ULO gilts on the 2.4 M feed level the difference (+1.3; P < 0.05) between the ipsi- and contralateral horn was more pronounced than on the 1.2 M feed level (+0.4; NS). The higher feed level reduced circulating levels of systemic progesterone on Day 5 of pregnancy but not embryo survival at Day 35. However, post-implantation embryo survival was lower on the low feed level. In conclusion, these data indicate that local progesterone supply from the ovaries to the uterus contributes to the probability of embryo survival.
Collapse
|