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Cathepsin D Plays a Vital Role in Macrobrachium nipponense of Ovary Maturation: Identification, Characterization, and Function Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081495. [PMID: 36011406 PMCID: PMC9408384 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense is an economically important aquacultural species. However, its aquaculture is negatively impacted by the rapid sexual maturation of female M. nipponense. The fast sexual maturation produces a large number of offspring which leads to a reduction in resilience, a low survival rate, and an increased risk of hypoxia, this in turn, seriously affects the economic benefits of prawn farming. Cathepsin D is a lysosomal protease involved in the ovarian maturation of M. nipponense. In the current study, the cDNA of the gene encoding cathepsin D (Mn-CTSD) was cloned from M. nipponense. The total length was 2391 bp and consisted of an open reading frame (ORF) of 1158 bp encoding 385 amino acids. Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of conserved N-glycosylation sites and characteristic sequences of nondigestive cathepsin D. The qPCR analysis indicated that Mn-CTSD was highly expressed in all tissues tested, most significantly in the ovaries, whereas in situ hybridization showed that expression occurred mainly in oocyte nuclei. Analysis of its expression during development showed that Mn-CTSD peaked during the O-IV stage of ovarian maturation. For the RNAi interference experiment, female M. nipponense specimens in the ovary stage I were selected. Injection of Mn-CTSD double-stranded (ds)RNA into female M. nipponense decreased the expression of Mn-CTSD in the ovaries, such that the Gonad Somatic Index (GSI) of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (1.79% versus 4.57%; p < 0.05). Ovary development reached the O-III stage in 80% of the control group, compared with 0% in the experimental group. These results suggest that Mn-CTSD dsRNA inhibits ovarian maturation in M. nipponense, highlighting its important role in ovarian maturation in this species and suggesting an approach to controlling ovarian maturation during M. nipponense aquaculture.
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Dettleff P, Rodríguez J, Patiño-García D, Orellana R, Castro R, Escobar-Aguirre S, Moreno RD, Palomino J. Molecular Characterization of Embryos with Different Buoyancy Levels in the Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060720. [PMID: 35327117 PMCID: PMC8944698 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Low survival of embryos in Seriola lalandi captivity farming has been attributed to low buoyancy. This process is the result of oocyte hydration, which depends on the osmotic force exerted by free amino acids (FAA) generate of cathepsin-mediated yolk proteins proteolysis. In order to understand the molecular bases of buoyancy acquisition process and its loosing throughout the development of S. lalandi, the aim of this study was to compare gene expression and activity of cathepsins, as well as the FAA content between floating and low-floating embryos. Eggs, morula, blastula, gastrula and 24 h embryos were the stages collected in this study. These assessments were supplemented with morphometric and functional characterization of the embryos, where no differences in embryo and oil drop diameter, and constitutive gene expression were detected between floating and low-floating embryos. Cathepsin B did not show differences in expression or activity related to buoyancy condition. Both expression and activity of cathepsin D were higher in some low-floating developmental stages. By contrast, cathepsin L showed higher expression and activity in some floating early embryos. Higher FAA content was observed in floating embryos at least until gastrula stage in comparison to low-floating ones. In summary, expression and activity of cathepsins and FAA content, revealed specific pattern throughout development or buoyancy conditions of the embryos. This study identifies molecular differences between floating and low floating embryos at specific developmental stages where cathepsins and FAA are promising markers to evaluate the embryo quality in the farming of this species. Abstract The buoyancy of eggs and embryos is associated with successful development in pelagic fish. Buoyancy is the result of oocyte hydration, which depends on the osmotic force exerted by free amino acids (FAA) generated by yolk proteolysis, and cathepsins are the main enzymes involved in this process. Seriola lalandi is a pelagic fish whose farming has been hampered by development failure that have been partially attributed to decreased buoyancy of embryos. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the mRNA expression and activity of cathepsins B, D, and L, as well as the FAA content in floating and low-floating embryos at different developmental stages. The chosen stages were eggs, morula, blastula, gastrula and 24 h embryos. Complementary assessments showed that there were no differences attributed to buoyancy status in embryo and oil droplet diameters, as well as the transcriptional status at any developmental stage. Cathepsin B did not show differences in mRNA expression or activity related to buoyancy at any stage. Cathepsin D displayed higher transcript and activity levels only in low-floating eggs compared with those floating. Cathepsin L showed higher expression in floating eggs and 24 h embryos compared with that of low-floating, but the activity of this enzyme was higher in floating eggs and morula. Total FAA content constantly decreased throughout development in floating embryos, but it was always higher than low-floating embryos until gastrula stage. In 24 h embryos floating and low-floating embryos share similar quantities of FAA. In summary, differences in the expression and activity of cathepsins between floating and low-floating embryos could be revealed at specific embryonic stages, suggesting different functions of these enzymes throughout development. Besides 24 h embryos, FAA content seems to be a decisive factor for buoyancy of embryos during early development of S. lalandi. Overall, considering the main role of cathepsins and FAA in buoyancy acquisition process and therefore in both embryo quality and viability, our study identifies good marker candidates to evaluate embryo quality in the farming of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Dettleff
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8940000, Chile;
| | - Javiera Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago 8820000, Chile;
| | - Daniel Patiño-García
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, General Gana 1702, Santiago 8370854, Chile;
| | - Renan Orellana
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, General Gana 1702, Santiago 8370854, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Castro
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Sebastián Escobar-Aguirre
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, San Joaquín, Santiago 8940000, Chile;
| | - Ricardo Daniel Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
- Correspondence: to: (R.D.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Jaime Palomino
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Correspondence: to: (R.D.M.); (J.P.)
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Palomino J, Gómez C, Otarola MT, Dettleff P, Patiño-García D, Orellana R, Moreno RD. Embryo Buoyancy and Cell Death Gene Expression During Embryogenesis of Yellow-Tail Kingfish Seriola lalandi. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:630947. [PMID: 33816479 PMCID: PMC8012911 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.630947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In pelagic fish, embryo buoyancy is a noteworthy aspect of the reproductive strategy, and is associated with overall quality, survival, and further developmental success. In captivity, the loss of buoyancy of early embryos correlates with high mortality that might be related to massive cell death. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate under captivity conditions the expression of genes related to the apoptosis process during the early embryonic development of the pelagic fish Seriola lalandi, and its relationship to the buoyancy of embryos. The relative expression of bcl2, bax-like, casp9, casp8, and casp3 was evaluated by RT-qPCR and FasL/Fas protein levels by western blot in five development stages of embryos sorted as floating or low-floating. All genes examined were expressed in both floating and low-floating embryos up to 24 h of development. Expression of the pro-apoptotic factors bax, casp9, casp8, and casp3 was higher in low-floating as compared with floating embryos in a developmental stage-specific manner. In contrast, there was no difference in expression of bcl2 between floating and low-floating embryos. Fas protein was detected as a single band in floating embryos without changes in expression throughout development; however, in low-floating embryos, three higher intensity reactive bands were detected in the 24-h embryos. Interestingly, FasL was only detected at 24-h in floating embryos, whereas in low-floating samples this ligand was present at all stages, with a sharp increase as development progressed. Cell death, as evaluated by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay, was highly increased in low-floating embryos as compared to floating embryos throughout all developmental stages, with the highest levels observed during the gastrula stage and at 24 h. The results of this study suggest that an increase in cell death, probably associated with the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways, is present in low-floating embryos that might explain their lower developmental potential under captivity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Palomino
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Gómez
- Laboratorio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Teresa Otarola
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Phillip Dettleff
- Laboratorio FAVET-INBIOGEN, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Sede La Florida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Patiño-García
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Quiímicas y Biológicas, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renan Orellana
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Quiímicas y Biológicas, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo D Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Myers JN, Dyce PW, Chatakondi NG, Gorman SA, Quiniou SM, Su B, Peatman E, Dunham RA, Butts IA. Analysis of specific mRNA gene expression profiles as markers of egg and embryo quality for hybrid catfish aquaculture. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 243:110675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Tang Q, Wang W, Zhang L, Liu Y. Cloning, purification and biochemical characterization of recombinant Cathepsin L from Takifugu rubripes and its role in taste formation. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Qiu ZX, Li Y, Li MM, Wang WY, Zhang TT, Liu JZ. Investigation of three enzymes and their roles in the embryonic development of parthenogenetic Haemaphysalis longicornis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:46. [PMID: 32005284 PMCID: PMC6995198 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tick Haemaphysalis longicornis exhibits two separate reproductive populations: bisexual and parthenogenetic, which have diploid and triploid karyotypes, respectively. The parthenogenetic population can undergo engorgement without copulation and produce viable female-only offspring with a longer incubation period than the bisexual population. Three enzymes, cathepsin B, cathepsin D and acid phosphatase, were found to be involved in vitellin degradation during the embryonic development of bisexual H. longicornis. However, the expression and activity profiles of these enzymes during the embryonic development of parthenogenetic ticks remain unknown. In the present study, the transcriptional expression profile, enzyme activity and roles in embryogenesis of the three enzymes during the embryonic development of parthenogenetic H. longicornis were investigated. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and fluorescence detection were used to analyze the dynamic changes in the three enzymes during embryogenesis. The roles of the three enzymes during embryogenesis were also explored using RNA interference (RNAi). RESULTS The three enzymes were all expressed during embryonic development in parthenogenetic H. longicornis. The expression of cathepsin B was highest on day 15, whereas that of cathepsin D was highest on day 3 and the peak of acid phosphatase expression occurred on day 9. The activity of cathepsin B was highest on day 3 and lowest on day 5, then gradually increased and remained stable. Cathepsin D activity was highest on day 1 and showed a gradually decreasing trend, whereas acid phosphatase showed the opposite trend and reached a peak on day 23. RNA interference experiments in engorged female ticks revealed that there was no significant difference in the number of eggs laid, but the hatching rate of the eggs was significantly decreased. CONCLUSION The three enzymes all play important roles in embryonic development of H. longicornis, but the expression patterns and changes in the activity of the enzymes in the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations are different. The results will help a better understanding of the similarities and differences underlying embryonic development in the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations and contribute to the future exploration of the development of the parthenogenetic population of H. longicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Xi Qiu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Meng-Meng Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Jing-Ze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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Zhang TT, Qiu ZX, Li Y, Wang WY, Li MM, Guo P, Liu JZ. The mRNA expression and enzymatic activity of three enzymes during embryonic development of the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:96. [PMID: 30867025 PMCID: PMC6416942 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three main enzymes including cathepsin B, cathepsin D and acid phosphatase are involved in vitellin degradation, which is a major biochemical event of the embryonic development and can provide nutrients and metabolites for tick embryos. In the present study, the mRNA expression profiles and enzymatic activity of cathepsin B, cathepsin D and acid phosphatase were investigated during embryonic development in the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Results The results revealed that all three enzymes were expressed throughout embryonic development. Both cathepsin B and acid phosphatase transcripts were accumulated during the first four days. Cathepsin B reached its highest expression on day 5, whereas the peak expression of acid phosphatase and cathepsin D occurred on day 11. The highest activity of cathepsin B was observed on the first day of egg development, whereas cathepsin D reached its highest activity on day 13. Acid phosphatase activity increased gradually during the first five days and then remained stable until the end of egg development. Conclusions Three enzymes were expressed and activated in eggs, and also presented different dynamic changes with the development of embryos. The profiles of both mRNA expression and enzymatic activity of these enzymes indicate that they are controlled orderly and play multiple roles during embryonic development in ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Zhao-Xi Qiu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Meng-Meng Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Pei Guo
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Jing-Ze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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Oh HJ, Kim JH, Mun SH, Kim JH, Kim DJ, Kwon JY. Expression of Yolk Processing Enzyme Genes in Fertilized Eggs from Artificially Matured Female Eel, Anguilla japonica. Dev Reprod 2018; 22:289-295. [PMID: 30324166 PMCID: PMC6182232 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2018.22.3.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Large quantity of eggs fail to be fertilized and many of fertilized eggs are
unable to hatch in the eel, Anguilla japonica. Larvae of eel
absorb egg yolk up to 8 days after hatching but the majority of hatched larvae
die before they reach the stage of first feeding in this species. Genes of key
enzymes for yolk processing (cathepsin B, D, L and lipoprotein lipase -
abbreviated as ctsb, ctsd, ctsl and lpl,
respectively) could be associated with egg quality. In this study, we
investigated differences in the expression of these genes between floating eggs
and sinking eggs, and also the relationship between the gene expressions of the
enzymes and fertilization rates in the fertilized eggs obtained from
artificially matured female eels. Expressions of yolk processing enzyme genes
did not show significant difference between floating and sinking egg groups.
Expression of ctsb decreased when fertilization rate was high.
Expression of ctsd, ctsl and lpl, however, did
not show any significant differences. These results suggest that
ctsb expression could be an indicator of egg quality, and
that some proteins prone to be digested by ctsb could be very
important in the process of fertilization and normal cleavage in this species.
Further study should identify these critical proteins to improve our
understanding on the quality of fish eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Ji Oh
- Dept. of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan 31460, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Aquaculture Research Team, NFRDI, Busan 46083, Korea.,Dept. of Future Culture Center, NFRDI, Jeju 63610, Korea
| | - Seong Hee Mun
- Dept. of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan 31460, Korea
| | - Jin Hui Kim
- Dept. of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan 31460, Korea
| | - Dae-Jung Kim
- Aquaculture Research Team, NFRDI, Busan 46083, Korea.,Dept. of Future Culture Center, NFRDI, Jeju 63610, Korea
| | - Joon Yeong Kwon
- Dept. of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan 31460, Korea
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Gwon SH, Kim HK, Baek HJ, Lee YD, Kwon JY. Cathepsin B & D and the Survival of Early Embryos in Red Spotted Grouper, Ephinephelus akaara. Dev Reprod 2017; 21:457-466. [PMID: 29354791 PMCID: PMC5769140 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2017.21.4.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Survival of embryos largely depends on yolk processing during early development. Proteolytic enzymes, cathepsin B & D (ctsb & ctsd) are known to have some important roles in yolk processing of various fish species. Mature female red spotted groupers were injected with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to induce ovulation. The fertilized eggs and embryos were sampled at 0, 4 and 24 HPF (hours post fertilization). Survivals of each groups of embryos were checked at 24 and 48 HPH (hours post hatching). Transcripts of ctsb & ctsd showed the highest level at 0 HPF and relatively high at 4 HPF, but greatly decreased at 24 HPF. In bad egg quality group (BE, embryos survived until 24 HPH), transcript level of ctsb at 4 HPF were significantly lower than the transcript level at the same stage in good egg quality group (GE, embryos survived until 48 HPH) while no significant change of ctsb transcript level was observed at 0 or 24 HPF between BE and GE. Transcript level of ctsd was decreased at 24 HPF, but the difference was not as strong as the case of ctsb transcript. These results suggest that maternal ctsb transcript rather than ctsd transcript is likely to be involved in egg quality resulting in the difference of survival rate of embryos at early developmental period in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Hui Gwon
- Dept. of Aquatic Life Medical Science, Sunmoon University, Asan 31460, Korea
| | - Hyun Kyu Kim
- Dept. of Aquatic Life Medical Science, Sunmoon University, Asan 31460, Korea
| | - Hea Ja Baek
- Dept. of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Young-Don Lee
- Dept. of Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63333, Korea
| | - Joon Yeong Kwon
- Dept. of Aquatic Life Medical Science, Sunmoon University, Asan 31460, Korea
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