Investigation of oxidative stress in patients with chronic tonsillitis

Antioxidant Extracts of Three Russula Genus Species Express Diverse Biological Activity

This study explored the biological properties of three wild growing Russula species (R. integra, R. rosea, R. nigricans) from Serbia. Compositional features and antioxidant, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities were analyzed. The studied mushroom species were identified as being rich sources of carbohydrates and of low caloric value. Mannitol was the most abundant free sugar and quinic and malic acids the major organic acids detected. The four tocopherol isoforms were found, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were the predominant fat constituents. Regarding phenolic compounds, P-hydroxybenzoic and cinnamic acids were identified in the prepared methanolic and ethanolic extracts, which displayed antioxidant activity through the inhibition of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation and oxidative hemolysis; the highest activity was attributed to the R. nigricans ethanolic extract. This is the first report on the antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of the studied species, with the most promising activity observed towards Streptococcus spp. (0.20-0.78 mg/mL as the minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC). The most promising cytotoxic effect was caused by the R. integra methanolic extract on non-small cell lung cancer cells (NCI-H460). Therefore, due to the observed in vitro bioactive properties, the studied mushrooms arise as a source of functional ingredients with potential to be used in novel nutraceutical and drug formulations, which can be used in the treatment of various diseases and health conditions.

Assessment of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Sudden Hearing Loss: A Non-randomized Prospective Clinical Study

The etiology of sudden hearing loss (SHL) has not been fully elucidated. Previous studies claimed that different etiological factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of SHL. The aim of the present study is to investigate the presence of oxidative stress (OS) in SHL cases using thiol-disulfide balance. In addition, total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI) and lipid hydroperoxide levels (LOOH) were investigated. A total of 30 cases (15 female, 15 male, mean age 48.9 ± 8.1 years, age range: 36-68 years) were included in the study. Thiol and disulfide amounts, thiol/disulfide ratios, TOS, TAS, OSI and LOOH scores of the case group and control group were compared. Native thiol (SH) and total thiol (SH + SH) values were significantly lower in the SHL group than in the control group (p = 0.028 and p = 0.044, respectively). The LOOH value, TOS value and OSI value were significantly higher in the SHL group than in the control group (all p values < 0.05). The TAS value was significantly lower in the SHL group than in the control group (p = 0.0001). The present study has presented that the thiol-disulfide balance was impaired in SHL cases. OS may play a role in the development of SHL.

Glutathione S-transferase enzyme activity and protein expression in patients with recurrent tonsillitis and idiopathic tonsillar hypertrophy

OBJECTIVES

The palatine tonsil is a significant part of the secondary immune system. Tonsillitis and idiopathic tonsillar hypertrophy (ITH) are the most common pathologies of this component. Although there are studies on their pathogenesis, there is insufficient study of the role of antioxidant agents. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) isozymes contribute to the antioxidation reactions in the tissue via the glutathione pathway. The purpose in this study was to reveal the levels of the GST enzyme activity and protein expression of GSTP1 and GSTA1 isozymes in patients with tonsillitis and tonsil hypertrophy, and to investigate their role in the pathogenesis of these diseases.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixteen patients with recurrent tonsillitis and 5 patients with ITH and were included in the study. Cytosolic extracts were prepared from post-tonsillectomy tissues of both patient groups and GST enzyme activities were measured.

RESULTS

The expression of GSTP1 was found to be significantly higher than GSTA1 in tissue samples of patients with ITH and recurrent tonsillitis (P<0.001). Increased GST activity and GSTP1 isozyme expression were shown in patients with recurrent tonsillitis compared to the idiopathic tonsillar hypertrophy study group. There was a positive correlation between the expressions of GSTP1 (P=0.040; r=0.47).

CONCLUSION

Increased GST activity and GSTP1 isozymes were demonstrated histologically in the pathogenesis of ITH and recurrent tonsillitis. We believe that the data of changes in antioxidant capacity, obtained from studies with more extensive and larger samples, would support our findings.

A Taiwanese population-based study on the association between chronic tonsillitis and tonsil cancer

Although it is known that inflammatory processes elevate the risk of cancer, to date the association between chronic tonsillitis and tonsil cancer remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the association of chronic tonsillitis with tonsil cancer based on a population-based database in Taiwan. We retrieved data for this study from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005. This case-control study included 489 patients with tonsil cancer and 2445 matched controls. We used conditional logistic regression analyses to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for having been previously diagnosed with chronic tonsillitis between patients with tonsil cancer and the controls. We found that of the 2934 sampled patients, 22 (0.75%) had received a diagnosis of chronic tonsillitis. A Chi-squared test further revealed that there was a significant difference in the prevalences of prior chronic tonsillitis between tonsil cancer patients and controls (2.45% vs. 0.41%, p<0.001). The conditional logistic regression suggested that after adjusting for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, tobacco use disorder, and alcohol abuse/alcohol dependency syndrome, the OR of having previously been diagnosed with chronic tonsillitis for patients with tonsil cancer was 8.07 (95% CI: 3.32∼19.64; p<0.001) compared to controls. It is also noteworthy that alcohol abuse/alcohol dependency syndrome was significantly associated with TC (adjusted OR=9.88). We demonstrated that patients with chronic tonsillitis were more likely to have tonsil cancer, and our findings support tonsillitis as a possible risk factor for tonsil cancer.

Advanced oxidation protein product levels as a marker of oxidative stress in paediatric patients with chronic tonsillitis

We aimed to determine whether advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) levels can serve as a marker of oxidative stress in paediatric patients with chronic tonsillitis. Thirty children with chronic tonsillitis and 30 healthy children (control group) were recruited from the Otorhinolaryngology (ORL) and Paediatric Surgery departments, respectively, of Dumlupinar University Hospital. In the patient group, blood samples were collected before tonsillectomy, and tonsil tissue was sampled during the operation. Blood samples were also obtained from the control subjects. AOPP levels in the serum and tonsil tissue were measured by the spectrophotometric method. Serum AOPP levels were significantly higher in the patient group (13.1 ± 3.3 ng/ml) than in the control group (11.6 ± 2.3 ng/ml; P < 0.05). In addition, the mean AOPP level (41.9 ± 13.5 ng/mg protein) in the tonsil tissue in the patient group was significantly higher than the mean serum AOPP levels in the control and patient groups (P < 0.05). AOPP levels are elevated in the tonsil tissue and serum of patients with chronic tonsillitis compared to the serum AOPP levels in healthy controls. AOPPs may represent a novel class of pro-inflammatory molecules that are involved in oxidative stress in chronic tonsillitis. AOPPs may be used as a marker of oxidative stress in paediatric patients with chronic tonsillitis.

Reduction in oxidative stress biomarkers after adenotonsillectomy

OBJECTIVES

A number of otolaryngic conditions such as chronic tonsillitis, adenoid hypertrophy, and obstructive sleep apnea are associated with oxidative stress and elevated levels of serum oxidants. The objective of this study is to measure changes in urine biomarkers of oxidative stress in children after adenotonsillectomy.

METHODS

Twenty-two children with sleep disordered breathing (SDB) with tonsil and adenoid hypertrophy were enrolled prior to adenotonsillectomy. Controls consisted of 20 healthy children. Urine samples were collected from all patients. Levels of three urinary biomarkers for oxidative status, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OxodG), F(2)-isoprostane, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured using high performance liquid chromatography. For the study group, urine samples were repeated 3 weeks after surgery.

RESULTS

In the study group, preoperative urinary levels of 8-OxodG were higher than in controls (p=0.015). Levels decreased after surgery compared to preoperative levels (p=0.002), and reached control levels (p=0.167) at 3 weeks. Levels of urinary F(2)-isoprostane were similar in both groups (p=0.252), but decreased significantly after surgery (p=0.020).

CONCLUSIONS

Children with SDB have elevated levels of urinary 8-OxodG, a marker of oxidative stress. Adenotonsillectomy results in decreased 8-OxodG and F(2)-isoprostane. These findings suggest that urine analysis may represent a valuable tool for the measurement of oxidative stress.

Manganese-superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase 1 polymorphisms in recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillar hypertrophy

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the association of manganese-superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase 1 polymorphisms with susceptibility to recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillar hypertrophy.

METHODS

The study consisted of 103 patients with recurrent tonsillitis, 105 patients with tonsillar hypertrophy and 106 control subjects with similar age and sex. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocytes of whole blood which were obtained from all patients and control subjects. Genotyping was performed to identify MnSOD Ala-9Val and GPx1 Pro198Leu polymorphisms by a method based on PCR amplification and detection of polymorphisms with hybridization probes labeled with fluorescent dyes. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between patients with recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillar hypertrophy and 106 healthy control subjects.

RESULTS

The genotype distribution of the MnSOD Ala-9Val single nucleotide polymorphism was significantly different for the controls and the recurrent tonsillitis patients (P=0.009). Whereas, no significant difference was found between the patients with tonsillar hypertrophy and the control group (P=0.369). The frequency of the MnSOD CC genotype was lower, and that of the T allele was significantly higher, in recurrent tonsillitis patients than in control subjects. In addition, the frequency of tonsillitis was significantly higher in recurrent tonsillitis patients with the MnSOD Ala-9Val polymorphism than the patients with wild-type (P=0.008). Also, no significant difference was found between patient groups and control subjects in the distribution of the genotype and allele frequency of the GPx1 Pro198Leu single nucleotide polymorphism.

CONCLUSIONS

The MnSOD Ala-9Val polymorphism causes susceptibility to recurrent tonsillitis in Turkish children. And we suggest that there may be a possible relation between local and recurrent infections or inflammation of the tonsillar tissue and the MnSOD Ala-9Val single nucleotide polymorphism in pediatric patients with RT.