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Mekonnen BE, Kebede MA. The Validity of Clinical Scoring in the Diagnosis of Stroke Subtype: Validation Study. Patient Relat Outcome Meas 2022; 13:209-219. [PMID: 36285188 PMCID: PMC9588290 DOI: 10.2147/prom.s374473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gold standard for distinguishing stroke subtype is non-contrast CT. However, it's still prohibitively expensive and out of reach for the majority of recourse-constrained settings. Clinically, not all patients will have a definite diagnosis of hemorrhagic/ischemic stroke. To overcome these challenges and improve clinical bedside diagnosis, clinical stroke scores for stroke subtypes have been developed and recommended to be used in the absence of appropriate imaging modality. METHODS We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study among stroke patients to compare the accuracy of level of clinical stroke score methods in differentiating stroke type with CT. it was conducted on 140 people at MTU teaching hospital in Bench-Sheko Zone, South-west Ethiopia. Data were collected using check list. Analysis of the data was done using SPSS version 24. RESULTS Our result revealed an incidence of hemorrhagic stroke were 50%, ischemic stroke were 48.6% by CT evaluation. Specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and the overall accuracy of Siriraj stroke score for differentiation of hemorrhage from ischemic stroke were 68.6%, 83.9%, 74.6%, 79.5%, and 82% respectively, the Guys score were 89.7%, 47.8%, 73.3%, 74.5% and 74.5% respectively and while the Bensson score were 88.6%, 35.3%, 75%, 58.5%, and 62.3% respectively. CONCLUSION We conclude that Siriraj stroke score showed good sensitivity and fair overall accuracy for hemorrhagic stroke even if it had poor specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Molla Asnake Kebede
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
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Bhardwaj A, Srivastava MP, Wilson PV, Mehndiratta A, Vishnu VY, Garg R. Machine learning based reanalysis of clinical scores for distinguishing between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in low resource setting. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106638. [PMID: 35926404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes clinically may help in situations where neuroimaging is unavailable to provide primary-care prior to referring to stroke-ready facility. Stroke classification-based solely on clinical scores faces two unresolved issues. One pertains to overestimation of score performance, while other is biased performance due to class-imbalance inherent in stroke datasets. After correcting the issues using Machine Learning theory, we quantitatively compared existing scores to study the capabilities of clinical attributes for stroke classification. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, ERIC, ScienceDirect, and IEEE-Xplore from 2001 to 2021 for studies that validated the Siriraj, Guys Hospital/Allen, Greek, and Besson scores for stroke classification. From included studies we extracted the reported cross-tabulation to identify and correct the above listed issues for an accurate comparative analysis of the performance of clinical scores. RESULTS A total of 21 studies were included. Comparative analysis demonstrates Siriraj Score outperforms others. For Siriraj Score the reported sensitivity range (Ischemic Stroke-diagnosis) 43-97% (Median = 78% [IQR 65-88%]) is significantly higher than our calculated range 40-90% (Median = 70% [IQR 57-73%]), also the reported sensitivity range (Hemorrhagic Stroke-diagnosis) 50-95% (Median = 71% [IQR 64-82%]) is higher than our calculated range 34-86% (Median = 59% [IQR 50-79%]) which indicates overestimation of performance by the included studies. Guys Hospital/Allen and Greek Scores show similar trends. Recommended weighted-accuracy metric provides better estimate of the performance. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that clinical attributes have a potential for stroke classification, however the performance of all scores varies across demographics, indicating the need to fine-tune scores for different demographics. To improve this variability, we suggest creating global data pool with statistically significant attributes. Machine Learning classifiers trained over such dataset may perform better and generalise at scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Bhardwaj
- School of Information Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Room 409, SIT Building, IIT Delhi main road, Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Mv Padma Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, 7th Floor, CNC Building, Delhi 110029, India
| | - Pulikottil Vinny Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College Pune, Pune, Maharashtra 411040, India
| | - Amit Mehndiratta
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Block III, Room No: 298, IIT Delhi main road, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Venugopalan Y Vishnu
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, 7th Floor, CNC Building, Delhi 110029, India
| | - Rahul Garg
- Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Room 104, SIT Building, IIT Delhi main road, Delhi 110016, India
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Chowdhury S, Laux T, Morse M, Jenks A, Stonington S, Jain Y. Democratizing Evidence Production - A 51-Year-Old Man with Sudden Onset of Dense Hemiparesis. N Engl J Med 2019; 381:1501-1505. [PMID: 31618536 DOI: 10.1056/nejmp1907988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen Chowdhury
- From Jan Swasthya Sahyog (the People's Health Support Group), Ganiyari, Chhattisgarh, India (S.C., T.L., Y.J.); the HEAL Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, and Columbia University Medical Center, New York (T.L.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, and EqualHealth, Brookline (M.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the University of California, Irvine (A.J.); and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.)
| | - Timothy Laux
- From Jan Swasthya Sahyog (the People's Health Support Group), Ganiyari, Chhattisgarh, India (S.C., T.L., Y.J.); the HEAL Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, and Columbia University Medical Center, New York (T.L.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, and EqualHealth, Brookline (M.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the University of California, Irvine (A.J.); and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.)
| | - Michelle Morse
- From Jan Swasthya Sahyog (the People's Health Support Group), Ganiyari, Chhattisgarh, India (S.C., T.L., Y.J.); the HEAL Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, and Columbia University Medical Center, New York (T.L.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, and EqualHealth, Brookline (M.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the University of California, Irvine (A.J.); and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.)
| | - Angela Jenks
- From Jan Swasthya Sahyog (the People's Health Support Group), Ganiyari, Chhattisgarh, India (S.C., T.L., Y.J.); the HEAL Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, and Columbia University Medical Center, New York (T.L.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, and EqualHealth, Brookline (M.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the University of California, Irvine (A.J.); and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.)
| | - Scott Stonington
- From Jan Swasthya Sahyog (the People's Health Support Group), Ganiyari, Chhattisgarh, India (S.C., T.L., Y.J.); the HEAL Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, and Columbia University Medical Center, New York (T.L.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, and EqualHealth, Brookline (M.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the University of California, Irvine (A.J.); and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.)
| | - Yogesh Jain
- From Jan Swasthya Sahyog (the People's Health Support Group), Ganiyari, Chhattisgarh, India (S.C., T.L., Y.J.); the HEAL Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, and Columbia University Medical Center, New York (T.L.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, and EqualHealth, Brookline (M.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the University of California, Irvine (A.J.); and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.)
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Hwong WY, Bots ML, Selvarajah S, Kappelle LJ, Abdul Aziz Z, Sidek NN, Vaartjes I. Use of a Diagnostic Score to Prioritize Computed Tomographic (CT) Imaging for Patients Suspected of Ischemic Stroke Who May Benefit from Thrombolytic Therapy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165330. [PMID: 27768752 PMCID: PMC5074585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A shortage of computed tomographic (CT) machines in low and middle income countries often results in delayed CT imaging for patients suspected of a stroke. Yet, time constraint is one of the most important aspects for patients with an ischemic stroke to benefit from thrombolytic therapy. We set out to assess whether application of the Siriraj Stroke Score is able to assist physicians in prioritizing patients with a high probability of having an ischemic stroke for urgent CT imaging. Methods From the Malaysian National Neurology Registry, we selected patients aged 18 years and over with clinical features suggesting of a stroke, who arrived in the hospital 4.5 hours or less from ictus. The prioritization of receiving CT imaging was left to the discretion of the treating physician. We applied the Siriraj Stroke Score to all patients, refitted the score and defined a cut-off value to best distinguish an ischemic stroke from a hemorrhagic stroke. Results Of the 2176 patients included, 73% had an ischemic stroke. Only 33% of the ischemic stroke patients had CT imaging within 4.5 hours. The median door-to-scan time for these patients was 4 hours (IQR: 1;16). With the recalibrated score, it would have been possible to prioritize 95% (95% CI: 94%–96%) of patients with an ischemic stroke for urgent CT imaging. Conclusions In settings where CT imaging capacity is limited, we propose the use of the Siriraj Stroke Score to prioritize patients with a probable ischemic stroke for urgent CT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yea Hwong
- National Clinical Research Centre, Kuala Lumpur General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel L. Bots
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sharmini Selvarajah
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L. Jaap Kappelle
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Zariah Abdul Aziz
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | | | - Ilonca Vaartjes
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Mwita CC, Kajia D, Gwer S, Etyang A, Newton CR. Accuracy of clinical stroke scores for distinguishing stroke subtypes in resource poor settings: A systematic review of diagnostic test accuracy. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2014; 5:330-9. [PMID: 25288833 PMCID: PMC4173228 DOI: 10.4103/0976-3147.139966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Stroke is the second leading cause of death globally. Computerized tomography is used to distinguish between ischemic and hemorrhagic subtypes, but it is expensive and unavailable in low and middle income countries. Clinical stroke scores are proposed to differentiate between stroke subtypes but their reliability is unknown. Materials and Methods: We searched online databases for studies written in English and identified articles using predefined criteria. We considered studies in which the Siriraj, Guy's Hospital, Besson and Greek stroke scores were compared to computerized tomography as the reference standard. We calculated the pooled sensitivity and specificity of the clinical stroke scores using a bivariate mixed effects binomial regression model. Results: In meta-analysis, sensitivity and specificity for the Siriraj stroke score, were 0.69 (95% CI 0.62-0.75) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.75-0.88) for ischemic stroke and 0.65 (95% CI 0.56-0.73) and 0.88 (95% CI 0.83-0.91) for hemorrhagic stroke. For the Guy's hospital stroke score overall sensitivity and specificity were 0.70 (95% CI 0.53-0.83) and 0.79 (95% CI 0.68-0.87) for ischemic stroke and 0.54 (95% CI 0.42-0.66) and 0.89 (95% CI 0.83-0.94) for hemorrhagic stroke. Conclusions: Clinical stroke scores are not accurate enough for use in clinical or epidemiological settings. Computerized tomography is recommended for differentiating stroke subtypes. Larger studies using different patient populations are required for validation of clinical stroke scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford C Mwita
- Department of Surgery, Thika Level 5 Hospital, Thika, South Africa ; Evidence Synthesis and Translation Unit, Afya Research Africa, A Joanna Briggs Institute Affiliate Center, South Africa
| | - Duncan Kajia
- Department of Neurology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Samson Gwer
- Evidence Synthesis and Translation Unit, Afya Research Africa, A Joanna Briggs Institute Affiliate Center, South Africa ; Department of Medical Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anthony Etyang
- Department of Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya
| | - Charles R Newton
- Department of Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya ; Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurologic disorders represent a major burden of disease globally and the spectrum ranges from noncommunicable disorders like stroke and neurodegenerative disorders to central nervous system infections. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study is to assess the burden of neurological diseases in a tropical environment. METHODS A one year retrospective survey of neurological diseases seen at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, was evaluated using patients' medical record. RESULTS Neurological diseases constituted 24.2% of all medical conditions seen over a one year period. Stroke was found to be the commonest cause of admissions accounting for 42.1% of the cases followed by peripheral neuropathy (13.8%) and meningoencephalitis (7.2%). The immediate case fatality rate was 33.6%. Fifty two percent were discharged home with various levels of recovery while 12.5% left against medical advice. About 2% were referred to other tertiary health institutions. CONCLUSION The pattern of neurologic diseases in the local medical wards was not remarkably different from those observed in Nigeria and elsewhere. Stroke remains the most frequent cause of neurologic admissions and mortality in this region is same as observed elsewhere.
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Maino A, Algra A, Koudstaal PJ, van Zwet EW, Ferrari MD, Wermer MJ. Concomitant Headache Influences Long-term Prognosis After Acute Cerebral Ischemia of Noncardioembolic Origin. Stroke 2013; 44:2446-50. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.002217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Maino
- From the Unit of Internal Medicine 2, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.M.); Departments of Clinical Epidemiology (A.M., A.A.), Biostatistics (E.W.v.Z.), and Neurology (M.D.F., M.J.H.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; UMC Utrecht Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.A.) and Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary
| | - Ale Algra
- From the Unit of Internal Medicine 2, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.M.); Departments of Clinical Epidemiology (A.M., A.A.), Biostatistics (E.W.v.Z.), and Neurology (M.D.F., M.J.H.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; UMC Utrecht Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.A.) and Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary
| | - Peter J. Koudstaal
- From the Unit of Internal Medicine 2, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.M.); Departments of Clinical Epidemiology (A.M., A.A.), Biostatistics (E.W.v.Z.), and Neurology (M.D.F., M.J.H.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; UMC Utrecht Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.A.) and Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary
| | - Erik W. van Zwet
- From the Unit of Internal Medicine 2, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.M.); Departments of Clinical Epidemiology (A.M., A.A.), Biostatistics (E.W.v.Z.), and Neurology (M.D.F., M.J.H.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; UMC Utrecht Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.A.) and Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary
| | - Michel D. Ferrari
- From the Unit of Internal Medicine 2, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.M.); Departments of Clinical Epidemiology (A.M., A.A.), Biostatistics (E.W.v.Z.), and Neurology (M.D.F., M.J.H.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; UMC Utrecht Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.A.) and Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary
| | - Marieke J.H. Wermer
- From the Unit of Internal Medicine 2, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.M.); Departments of Clinical Epidemiology (A.M., A.A.), Biostatistics (E.W.v.Z.), and Neurology (M.D.F., M.J.H.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; UMC Utrecht Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.A.) and Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary
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