1
|
Springer-Teumer S, Kreißig I, Krems JF. Anticipatory information makes the difference: Behavioral effects and user assessments of a cyclist warning system to enhance cyclists' situation awareness. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2023; 87:266-284. [PMID: 38081700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2023.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM Increasing numbers of crashes involving pedelecs, and particularly older pedelec users, induce a need to enhance cycling safety. We evaluated a prototype cyclist warning system (CWS) that aims to increase situation awareness (SA) by alerting to safety critical events (SCE) with trimodal (auditory, visual, tactile). METHOD To investigate the effects of CWS usage, we conducted a 2x2 mixed design bicycle simulator study with factors (1) CWS usage (within: rides WITH vs. WITHOUT CWS) and (2) age group (between: younger vs. older cyclists) on braking reaction time, gaze behavior, mental workload, and perceived safety. In sum, N = 64 participants (n = 32 younger, 18-40 years; n = 32 older, ≥ 55 years) took part in the study and experienced two balanced blocks of short rides including SCE of particular relevance for cycling safety. RESULTS CWS usage resulted in earlier braking reactions to all investigated SCE and partly earlier fixation on the critical interaction partners (CIP) indicating increased cyclists' SA. Consistently to behavioral measures, participants' assessments regarding perceived safety further supported the safety improvements derived from CWS independently of age group. Moreover, CWS usage did not add to mental workload ratings. Age effects were selectively found for gaze data showing that across all SCE, older adults fixated longer and more frequently on street alignment, and less frequently on other road users. DISCUSSION Taken together, the CWS evaluation showed promising results indicating the potential of the tested CWS to increase SA and enhance cyclists' safety both on a behavioral level and regarding subjective assessments. Further research should address the systems' safety potential under real-world conditions and for situations of higher complexity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Understanding the potential impact of road safety measures such as CWS is important to contribute effectively to reducing SCE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Springer-Teumer
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Research Group Cognitive and Engineering Psychology, Germany.
| | - Isabel Kreißig
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Research Group Cognitive and Engineering Psychology, Germany
| | - Josef F Krems
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Research Group Cognitive and Engineering Psychology, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Othman W, Hamoud B, Kashevnik A, Shilov N, Ali A. A Machine Learning-Based Correlation Analysis between Driver Behaviour and Vital Signs: Approach and Case Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7387. [PMID: 37687842 PMCID: PMC10490726 DOI: 10.3390/s23177387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Driving behaviour analysis has drawn much attention in recent years due to the dramatic increase in the number of traffic accidents and casualties, and based on many studies, there is a relationship between the driving environment or behaviour and the driver's state. To the best of our knowledge, these studies mostly investigate relationships between one vital sign and the driving circumstances either inside or outside the cabin. Hence, our paper provides an analysis of the correlation between the driver state (vital signs, eye state, and head pose) and both the vehicle maneuver actions (caused by the driver) and external events (carried out by other vehicles or pedestrians), including the proximity to other vehicles. Our methodology employs several models developed in our previous work to estimate respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, head pose, eye state from in-cabin videos, and the distance to the nearest vehicle from out-cabin videos. Additionally, new models have been developed using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) to classify the external events from out-cabin videos, as well as a Decision Tree classifier to detect the driver's maneuver using accelerometer and gyroscope sensor data. The dataset used includes synchronized in-cabin/out-cabin videos and sensor data, allowing for the estimation of the driver state, proximity to other vehicles and detection of external events, and driver maneuvers. Therefore, the correlation matrix was calculated between all variables to be analysed. The results indicate that there is a weak correlation connecting both the maneuver action and the overtaking external event on one side and the heart rate and the blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) on the other side. In addition, the findings suggest a correlation between the yaw angle of the head and the overtaking event and a negative correlation between the systolic blood pressure and the distance to the nearest vehicle. Our findings align with our initial hypotheses, particularly concerning the impact of performing a maneuver or experiencing a cautious event, such as overtaking, on heart rate and blood pressure due to the agitation and tension resulting from such events. These results can be the key to implementing a sophisticated safety system aimed at maintaining the driver's stable state when aggressive external events or maneuvers occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Othman
- Saint Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPC RAS), 199178 St. Petersburg, Russia; (W.O.); (B.H.); (N.S.)
| | - Batol Hamoud
- Saint Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPC RAS), 199178 St. Petersburg, Russia; (W.O.); (B.H.); (N.S.)
| | - Alexey Kashevnik
- Saint Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPC RAS), 199178 St. Petersburg, Russia; (W.O.); (B.H.); (N.S.)
- Institute of Mathematics and Information Technologies, Perozavodsk State University (PetrSU), 185035 Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay Shilov
- Saint Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPC RAS), 199178 St. Petersburg, Russia; (W.O.); (B.H.); (N.S.)
| | - Ammar Ali
- Information Technology and Programming Faculty, ITMO University, 191002 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Piranveyseh P, Kazemi R, Soltanzadeh A, Smith A. A field study of mental workload: conventional bus drivers versus bus rapid transit drivers. ERGONOMICS 2022; 65:804-814. [PMID: 34633912 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.1992021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Road traffic accidents are increasing worldwide and cause a high number of fatalities and injuries. Mental Work Load (MWL) is a contributing factor in road safety. The primary aim of this work was to study important MWL factors and then compare conventional and BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) drivers' MWL. This study evaluated bus drivers' MWL using the Driving Activity Load Index (DALI) questionnaire conducted with 123 bus drivers in Tehran. The results revealed significant differences between conventional and BRT drivers' mental workload. Moreover, data modelling showed that some organisational and environmental factors such as bus type, working hours per day, road maze, and route traffic volume contribute to drivers' mental workload. These findings suggest some essential customised factors that may help measure and offer practical solutions for decreasing the level of bus drivers' MWL in real-world road driving. Practitioner summaryMental workload is affected by several contributing factors. Depending on the working context, some of these contributing factors have a more significant influence on the level of the experienced MWL. Therefore, the main factors influencing the MWL of BRT and conventional bus drivers were assessed in their real-life environment.Abbreviations: MWL: mental work load; BRT: bus rapid transit; CB: conventional bus; DALI: driving activity load index; NASA-TLX: NASA task load index; SWAT: subjective workload assessment technique; EEG: electroencephalography electrocardiogram; fNIRS: functional magnetic resonance imaging; ITS: intelligent transportation systems; AVL: automated vehicle location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Kazemi
- Ergonomics Department, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Soltanzadeh
- Department of Occupational Safety & Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Andrew Smith
- School of Psychology, Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Métayer N, Coeugnet S. Improving the experience in the pedestrian's interaction with an autonomous vehicle: An ergonomic comparison of external HMI. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 96:103478. [PMID: 34116413 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The number of studies on autonomous vehicles has increased over recent years. Many of these studies have indicated the importance of an external Human-Machine Interface of communication (eHMI) on autonomous vehicles to indicate their intentions to other road users. Using an experimental design, we compared three eHMIs coupled to three road infrastructures to observe pedestrians' crossing behavior and collect their feelings about different vehicle types. Our results showed that the eHMIs influence the pedestrians' decision to cross the street, confirming the importance of setting up eHMIs. The proportion of pedestrians who crossed in front of the autonomous vehicles was more significant for vehicles equipped with an eHMI than vehicles without an eHMI. In 10% of cases, pedestrians used circumvention strategies rather than crossing in front of a vehicle without an eHMI. This behavior was more often observed when there was no protected infrastructure. Finally, while our objective data failed to indicate whether a specific eHMI is better accepted than another, the subjective data on the participants' preferences provided some promising ideas for further studies and the eHMI final implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Métayer
- VEDECOM Institute, MobiLAB, 23 bis Allée des Marronniers, 78000, Versailles, France.
| | - Stéphanie Coeugnet
- VEDECOM Institute, MobiLAB, 23 bis Allée des Marronniers, 78000, Versailles, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Assessment of Driving Proficiency When Drivers Utilize Assistance Systems—The Case of Adaptive Cruise Control. SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/safety7020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Driver assistance systems (ADAS), and especially those containing driving automation, change the role of drivers to supervisors who need to safeguard the system’s operation. Despite the aim to increase safety, the new tasks (supervision and intervention) may jeopardize safety. Consequently, safety officers address the need for specific training on ADAS. However, these tasks are not assessed in driver licensing today. Therefore, we developed a framework to assess in-practice driving proficiency when drivers utilize ADAS. This study evaluated whether the proposed framework is able to identify meaningful differences in driving proficiency between driving with and without assistance. We applied the framework to perform a qualitative assessment of driving proficiency with 12 novice drivers in a field experiment, comparable to a license test. The assistance system concerned Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC). The test showed that driving with ACC has a negative influence on self-initiated manoeuvres (especially lane changes) and sometimes led to improved adaptations to manoeuvres initiated by other road users (like merging in traffic). These results are in line with previous research and demonstrate the framework’s successfulness to assess novice drivers’ proficiency to utilize ADAS in road-traffic. Therewith, the proposed framework provides important means for driving instructors and examiners to address the safe operation of ADAS.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zoellick JC, Kuhlmey A, Schenk L, Blüher S. Method-oriented systematic review on the simple scale for acceptance measurement in advanced transport telematics. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248107. [PMID: 33764981 PMCID: PMC7993792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acceptance intuitively is a precondition for the adaptation and use of technology. In this systematic review, we examine academic literature on the “simple scale for acceptance measurement” provided by Van der Laan, Heino, and de Waard (1997). This measure is increasingly applied in research on mobility systems without having been thoroughly analysed. This article aims to provide such a critical analysis. We identified 437 unique references in three aggregated databases and included 128 articles (N = 6,058 participants) that empirically applied the scale in this review. The typical study focused on a mobility system using a within-subjects design in a driving simulator in Europe. Based on quality indicators of transparent study aim, group allocation procedure, variable definitions, sample characteristics, (statistical) control of confounders, reproducibility, and reporting of incomplete data and test performance, many of the 128 articles exhibited room for improvements (44% below.50; range 0 to 1). Twenty-eight studies (22%) reported reliability coefficients providing evidence that the scale and its sub-scales produce reliable results (median Cronbach’s α >.83). Missing data from the majority of studies limits this conclusion. Only 2 out of 10 factor analyses replicated the proposed two-dimensional structure questioning the use of these sub-scales. Correlation results provide evidence for convergent validity of acceptance, usefulness, and satisfying with limited confidence, since only 14 studies with a median sample size of N = 40 reported correlation coefficients. With these results, the scale might be a valuable addition for technology attitude research. Firstly, we recommend thorough testing for a better understanding of acceptance, usefulness, and satisfying. Secondly, we suggest to report scale results more transparently and rigorously to enable meta-analyses in the future. The study protocol is available at the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/j782c/).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan C. Zoellick
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Sociology and Rehabilitation Science, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Adelheid Kuhlmey
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Sociology and Rehabilitation Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Liane Schenk
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Sociology and Rehabilitation Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Blüher
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Sociology and Rehabilitation Science, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mourali H, Lakhal L. Mental workload measurement, the case of stock market traders. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2020.1818866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Héla Mourali
- High School of Technological Studies of Sousse (ISETSO), University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Grane C. Assessment selection in human-automation interaction studies: The Failure-GAM 2E and review of assessment methods for highly automated driving. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2018; 66:182-192. [PMID: 28865841 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly automated driving will change driver's behavioural patterns. Traditional methods used for assessing manual driving will only be applicable for the parts of human-automation interaction where the driver intervenes such as in hand-over and take-over situations. Therefore, driver behaviour assessment will need to adapt to the new driving scenarios. This paper aims at simplifying the process of selecting appropriate assessment methods. Thirty-five papers were reviewed to examine potential and relevant methods. The review showed that many studies still relies on traditional driving assessment methods. A new method, the Failure-GAM2E model, with purpose to aid assessment selection when planning a study, is proposed and exemplified in the paper. Failure-GAM2E includes a systematic step-by-step procedure defining the situation, failures (Failure), goals (G), actions (A), subjective methods (M), objective methods (M) and equipment (E). The use of Failure-GAM2E in a study example resulted in a well-reasoned assessment plan, a new way of measuring trust through feet movements and a proposed Optimal Risk Management Model. Failure-GAM2E and the Optimal Risk Management Model are believed to support the planning process for research studies in the field of human-automation interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Grane
- Luleå University of Technology, Division of Human Work Science, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang P, Fang W, Guo B. A colored petri nets based workload evaluation model and its validation through Multi-Attribute Task Battery-II. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2017; 60:260-274. [PMID: 28166885 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposed a colored petri nets based workload evaluation model. A formal interpretation of workload was firstly introduced based on the process that reflection of petri nets components to task. A petri net based description of Multiple Resources theory was given by comprehending it from a new angle. A new application of VACP rating scales named V/A-C-P unit, and the definition of colored transitions were proposed to build a model of task process. The calculation of workload mainly has the following four steps: determine token's initial position and values; calculate the weight of directed arcs on the basis of the rules proposed; calculate workload from different transitions, and correct the influence of repetitive behaviors. Verify experiments were carried out based on Multi-Attribute Task Battery-II software. Our results show that there is a strong correlation between the model values and NASA -Task Load Index scores (r=0.9513). In addition, this method can also distinguish behavior characteristics between different people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shang Yuan Cun, Haidian District, 100044 Beijing, China.
| | - Weining Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shang Yuan Cun, Haidian District, 100044 Beijing, China.
| | - Beiyuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shang Yuan Cun, Haidian District, 100044 Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kyriakidis M, de Winter JCF, Stanton N, Bellet T, van Arem B, Brookhuis K, Martens MH, Bengler K, Andersson J, Merat N, Reed N, Flament M, Hagenzieker M, Happee R. A human factors perspective on automated driving. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2017.1293187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kyriakidis
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
- ETH Zurich, Future Resilient Systems, Singapore – ETH Centre, Singapore
| | - J. C. F. de Winter
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - N. Stanton
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment Department, Transportation Research Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - T. Bellet
- Ergonomics and Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, The French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks, Bron, France
| | - B. van Arem
- Transport & Planning Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - K. Brookhuis
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M. H. Martens
- Centre for Transport Studies, University of Twente, Twente, the Netherlands
- TNO Human Factors, TNO, Soesterberg, the Netherlands
| | - K. Bengler
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Ergonomics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J. Andersson
- VTI, Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Linköping, Sweden
| | - N. Merat
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - N. Reed
- Human Factors and Simulation Group, Transport Research Laboratory, Wokingham, UK
| | | | - M. Hagenzieker
- Transport & Planning Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
- SWOV, Institute for Road Safety Research, the Hague, the Netherlands
| | - R. Happee
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
- Transport & Planning Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
van den Beukel AP, van der Voort MC. How to assess driver's interaction with partially automated driving systems - A framework for early concept assessment. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2017; 59:302-312. [PMID: 27890141 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of partially automated driving systems changes the driving task into supervising the automation with an occasional need to intervene. To develop interface solutions that adequately support drivers in this new role, this study proposes and evaluates an assessment framework that allows designers to evaluate driver-support within relevant real-world scenarios. Aspects identified as requiring assessment in terms of driver-support within the proposed framework are Accident Avoidance, gained Situation Awareness (SA) and Concept Acceptance. Measurement techniques selected to operationalise these aspects and the associated framework are pilot-tested with twenty-four participants in a driving simulator experiment. The objective of the test is to determine the reliability of the applied measurements for the assessment of the framework and whether the proposed framework is effective in predicting the level of support offered by the concepts. Based on the congruency between measurement scores produced in the test and scores with predefined differences in concept-support, this study demonstrates the framework's reliability. A remaining concern is the framework's weak sensitivity to small differences in offered support. The article concludes that applying the framework is especially advantageous for evaluating early design phases and can successfully contribute to the efficient development of driver's in-control and safe means of operating partially automated vehicles.
Collapse
|
12
|
Knaepen K, Marusic U, Crea S, Rodríguez Guerrero CD, Vitiello N, Pattyn N, Mairesse O, Lefeber D, Meeusen R. Psychophysiological response to cognitive workload during symmetrical, asymmetrical and dual-task walking. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 40:248-63. [PMID: 25617994 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Walking with a lower limb prosthesis comes at a high cognitive workload for amputees, possibly affecting their mobility, safety and independency. A biocooperative prosthesis which is able to reduce the cognitive workload of walking could offer a solution. Therefore, we wanted to investigate whether different levels of cognitive workload can be assessed during symmetrical, asymmetrical and dual-task walking and to identify which parameters are the most sensitive. Twenty-four healthy subjects participated in this study. Cognitive workload was assessed through psychophysiological responses, physical and cognitive performance and subjective ratings. The results showed that breathing frequency and heart rate significantly increased, and heart rate variability significantly decreased with increasing cognitive workload during walking (p<.05). Performance measures (e.g., cadence) only changed under high cognitive workload. As a result, psychophysiological measures are the most sensitive to identify changes in cognitive workload during walking. These parameters reflect the cognitive effort necessary to maintain performance during complex walking and can easily be assessed regardless of the task. This makes them excellent candidates to feed to the control loop of a biocooperative prosthesis in order to detect the cognitive workload. This information can then be used to adapt the robotic assistance to the patient's cognitive abilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Knaepen
- Department of Human Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Advanced Rehabilitation Technology and Science Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Uros Marusic
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre of Koper, University of Primorska, Titovtrg 4, 6000 Koper, Slovenia.
| | - Simona Crea
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56026 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Carlos D Rodríguez Guerrero
- Advanced Rehabilitation Technology and Science Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Robotics and Multibody Mechanics Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nicola Vitiello
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56026 Pisa, Italy; Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Via Di Scandicci 269, 50143 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Nathalie Pattyn
- Department of Human Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Vital Signs and Performance Monitoring Research Group, Belgian Royal Military Academy, Hobbemastraat 8, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Mairesse
- Vital Signs and Performance Monitoring Research Group, Belgian Royal Military Academy, Hobbemastraat 8, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Dirk Lefeber
- Advanced Rehabilitation Technology and Science Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Robotics and Multibody Mechanics Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Department of Human Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Advanced Rehabilitation Technology and Science Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Deng M, Chan AHS, Wu F, Wang J. Effects of racing games on risky driving behaviour, and the significance of personality and physiological data. Inj Prev 2014; 21:238-44. [PMID: 25540062 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2014-041328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racing games have emerged as top-selling products in the video and computer game industry. The effect of playing racing games on the inclination of gamers to take risks has been investigated. METHOD Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, the impact of personality traits on the effects of playing racing games on risk-taking inclination was examined. The Vienna Test System, which includes the Eysenck Personality Profile Test and the Vienna Risk-Taking Test, was used to measure risk-taking inclination and risk-taking while driving. Experiment 2 was designed and conducted to analyse the effects of different intensity levels of car racing games on risk-taking inclination, and to study the relationship between physiological data and risk-taking inclination. Physiological data on skin conductance, heart rate and blood pressure were measured with the NeuroDyne System. RESULTS Participants playing a racing game were more inclined to take risks in critical road traffic situations than those playing a neutral game. The adventurousness dimension of the Eysenck Personality Profile Test correlated significantly positively with risk-taking inclination. More importantly, the effect of the intensity level of a racing game on risk-taking inclination was significant. The higher the intensity level of the racing game, the higher the risk-taking inclination while driving. The effect of intensity level of the racing game on skin conductance was significantly positive. Skin conductance correlated significantly positively with risk-taking inclination. CONCLUSIONS The effect of playing racing games on risk-taking inclination is linked to personality and physiological data. Some recommendations are proposed as a result of this study for racing game management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Deng
- School of Management, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Alan H S Chan
- Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management, City University of Hong Kong, KowloonTong, Hong Kong
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Management, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Information, Xi'an University of Finance and Economics, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Paxion J, Galy E, Berthelon C. Mental workload and driving. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1344. [PMID: 25520678 PMCID: PMC4251303 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to identify the most representative measures of subjective and objective mental workload in driving, and to understand how the subjective and objective levels of mental workload influence the performance as a function of situation complexity and driving experience, i.e., to verify whether the increase of situation complexity and the lack of experience increase the subjective and physiological levels of mental workload and lead to driving performance impairments. This review will be useful to both researchers designing an experimental study of mental workload and to designers of drivers’ training content. In the first part, we will broach the theoretical approach with two factors of mental workload and performance, i.e., situation complexity and driving experience. Indeed, a low complex situation (e.g., highways), or conversely a high complex situation (e.g., town) can provoke an overload. Additionally, performing the driving tasks implies producing a high effort for novice drivers who have not totally automated the driving activity. In the second part, we will focus on subjective measures of mental workload. A comparison of questionnaires usually used in driving will allow identifying the most appropriate ones as a function of different criteria. Moreover, we will review the empirical studies to verify if the subjective level of mental workload is high in simple and very complex situations, especially for novice drivers compared to the experienced ones. In the third part, we will focus on physiological measures. A comparison of physiological indicators will be realized in order to identify the most correlated to mental workload. An empirical review will also take the effect of situation complexity and experience on these physiological indicators into consideration. Finally, a more nuanced comparison between subjective and physiological measures will be established from the impact on situation complexity and experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Paxion
- Laboratory of Accident Mechanism Analysis, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport Salon-de-Provence, France ; Research Center in the Psychology of Cognition, Language and Emotion, Aix-Marseille University Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Edith Galy
- Research Center in the Psychology of Cognition, Language and Emotion, Aix-Marseille University Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Catherine Berthelon
- Laboratory of Accident Mechanism Analysis, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport Salon-de-Provence, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Mental workload (MWL) is one of the most widely used concepts in ergonomics and human factors and represents a topic of increasing importance. Since modern technology in many working environments imposes ever more cognitive demands upon operators while physical demands diminish, understanding how MWL impinges on performance is increasingly critical. Yet, MWL is also one of the most nebulous concepts, with numerous definitions and dimensions associated with it. Moreover, MWL research has had a tendency to focus on complex, often safety-critical systems (e.g. transport, process control). Here we provide a general overview of the current state of affairs regarding the understanding, measurement and application of MWL in the design of complex systems over the last three decades. We conclude by discussing contemporary challenges for applied research, such as the interaction between cognitive workload and physical workload, and the quantification of workload 'redlines' which specify when operators are approaching or exceeding their performance tolerances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Young
- a School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University , Uxbridge , UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Werneke J, Kleen A, Vollrath M. Perfect timing: urgency, not driving situations, influence the best timing to activate warnings. HUMAN FACTORS 2014; 56:249-259. [PMID: 24689246 DOI: 10.1177/0018720813490728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of different driving scenarios (urban, rural, highway) on the timing required by drivers from a two-stage warning system, based on car-to-car communication. BACKGROUND Car-to-car communication systems are designed to inform drivers of potential hazards at an early stage, before they are visible to them. Here, questions arise as to how drivers acknowledge early warnings and when they should be informed (first stage) and warned (second stage). Hence, optimum timing for presenting the information was tested. METHOD A psychophysical method was used to establish the optimum timing in three driving scenarios at different speed limits (urban: 50 km/h, rural: 100 km/h, highway: 130 km/h). A total of 24 participants (11 female, 13 male; M = 29.1 years, SD = 11.6 years) participated in the study. RESULTS The results showed that the optimum timing did not differ among the three scenarios.The first and second stages should ultimately be presented at different timings at each speed limit (first stage: 26.5 s, second stage: 12.1 s before a potential hazard). CONCLUSION The results showed that well-selected timing for activating information and warning is crucial for the acceptance of these systems. Appropriate timing for presenting the information and warning can be derived for these systems. APPLICATION The findings will be integrated in further development of assistance systems based on car-to-x technology within the Car2X-Safety project of the Niedersächsisches Forschungszentrum Fahrzeugtechnik in Germany.This study was also supported by Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden.
Collapse
|
18
|
Wong TY, Shih DH, Tsai SY, Lee CY. DIFFERENTIATING PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MIDTERM BREAK IN A PROLONGED ONLINE GAME PLAYING. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: APPLICATIONS, BASIS AND COMMUNICATIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.4015/s1016237213500579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
With the development of widespread Internet access, online game playing has become a popular event. As a result, more attention is being paid to the potentially negative physical and psychological effects on prolonged computer worker or online game player. To date, related physical problems that have been identified include fatigue, physical pain, insomnia, epileptic seizures, and even sudden death. Therefore, midterm break may be necessary for an online game player. This study tries to differentiate the physiological effects of two groups, with and without a midterm break, during a prolonged online game playing. Our experimental results showed that sympathetic system is overwhelming the parasympathetic nervous system significantly in group B without break, while it remains unchanged in group A. Due to the fight or flight response of the sympathetic system, participants with midterm break wanted to play more after event. Participants without break did not feel stressed after a continuous two hours' online game playing. These interesting findings may need further investigation in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tak-Yee Wong
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Martin De Porres Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Information Management, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 640, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Her Shih
- Department of Information Management, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 640, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Yi Tsai
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Martin De Porres Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yi Lee
- Ministry of National Defense, 164 Boai Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei 100, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schoenenberger S, Moulin P, Brangier E. Les déterminants de la charge de travail perçue dans deux services d’urgence hospitaliers en France. PSYCHOLOGIE DU TRAVAIL ET DES ORGANISATIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1420-2530(16)30061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
20
|
Cottrell ND, Barton BK. The role of automation in reducing stress and negative affect while driving. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/1464536x.2011.573011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
21
|
Cottrell ND, Barton BK. The impact of artificial vehicle sounds for pedestrians on driver stress. ERGONOMICS 2012; 55:1476-1486. [PMID: 23039324 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2012.724452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Electrically based vehicles have produced some concern over their lack of sound, but the impact of artificial sounds now being implemented have not been examined in respect to their effects upon the driver. The impact of two different implementations of vehicle sound on driver stress in electric vehicles was examined. A Nissan HEV running in electric vehicle mode was driven by participants in an area of congestion using three sound implementations: (1) no artificial sounds, (2) manually engaged sounds and (3) automatically engaged sounds. Physiological and self-report questionnaire measures were collected to determine stress and acceptance of the automated sound protocol. Driver stress was significantly higher in the manually activated warning condition, compared to both no artificial sounds and automatically engaged sounds. Implications for automation usage and measurement methods are discussed and future research directions suggested. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY The advent of hybrid- and all-electric vehicles has created a need for artificial warning signals for pedestrian safety that place task demands on drivers. We investigated drivers' stress differences in response to varying conditions of warning signals for pedestrians. Driver stress was lower when noises were automated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Cottrell
- Department of Psychology and Communication Studies, University of Idaho, PO Box 443043, Moscow, ID, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Di Stasi LL, Antolí A, Cañas JJ. Main sequence: an index for detecting mental workload variation in complex tasks. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2011; 42:807-813. [PMID: 21316645 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to validate the saccadic main sequence, in particular the peak velocity [PV], as an alternative psychophysiological measure of Mental Workload [MW]. Taking the Wickens' multiple resource model as the theoretical framework of reference, an experiment was conducted using the Firechief® microworld. MW was manipulated by changing the task complexity (between groups) and the amount of training (within groups). There were significant effects on PV from both factors. These results provide additional empirical support for the sensitivity of PV to discriminate MW variation on visual-dynamic complex tasks. These findings and other recent results on PV could provide important information for the development of a new vigilance screening tool for the prevention of accidents in several fields of applied ergonomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Luigi Di Stasi
- Cognitive Ergonomics Group, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Young MS, Birrell SA, Stanton NA. Safe driving in a green world: a review of driver performance benchmarks and technologies to support 'smart' driving. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2011; 42:533-539. [PMID: 20863480 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Road transport is a significant source of both safety and environmental concerns. With climate change and fuel prices increasingly prominent on social and political agendas, many drivers are turning their thoughts to fuel efficient or 'green' (i.e., environmentally friendly) driving practices. Many vehicle manufacturers are satisfying this demand by offering green driving feedback or advice tools. However, there is a legitimate concern regarding the effects of such devices on road safety--both from the point of view of change in driving styles, as well as potential distraction caused by the in-vehicle feedback. In this paper, we appraise the benchmarks for safe and green driving, concluding that whilst they largely overlap, there are some specific circumstances in which the goals are in conflict. We go on to review current and emerging in-vehicle information systems which purport to affect safe and/or green driving, and discuss some fundamental ergonomics principles for the design of such devices. The results of the review are being used in the Foot-LITE project, aimed at developing a system to encourage 'smart'--that is safe and green--driving.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Young
- Ergonomics Research Group, School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Stanton NA, Salmon PM. Planes, trains and automobiles: contemporary ergonomics research in transportation safety. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2011; 42:529-532. [PMID: 21122831 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
|
25
|
Stanton NA, Dunoyer A, Leatherland A. Detection of new in-path targets by drivers using Stop & Go Adaptive Cruise Control. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2011; 42:592-601. [PMID: 20870216 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the design and evaluation of in-car displays used to support Stop & Go Adaptive Cruise Control. Stop & Go Adaptive Cruise Control is an extension of Adaptive Cruise Control, as it is able to bring the vehicle to a complete stop. Previous versions of Adaptive Cruise Control have only operated above 26 kph. The greatest concern for these technologies is the appropriateness of the driver's response in any given scenario. Three different driver interfaces were proposed to support the detection of modal, spatial and temporal changes of the system: an iconic display, a flashing iconic display, and a representation of the radar. The results show that drivers correctly identified more changes detected by the system with the radar display than with the other displays, but higher levels of workload accompanied this increased detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neville A Stanton
- Transportation Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Salmon PM, Young KL, Regan MA. Distraction 'on the buses': a novel framework of ergonomics methods for identifying sources and effects of bus driver distraction. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2011; 42:602-610. [PMID: 20883979 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Driver distraction represents a significant problem in the public transport sector. Various methods exist for investigating distraction; however, the majority are difficult to apply within the context of naturalistic bus driving. This article investigates the nature of bus driver distraction at a major Australian public transport company, including the sources of distraction present, and their effects on driver performance, through the application of a novel framework of ergonomics methods. The framework represents a novel approach for assessing distraction in a real world context. The findings suggest that there are a number of sources of distraction that could potentially distract bus drivers while driving, including those that derive from the driving task itself, and those that derive from the additional requirements associated with bus operation, such as passenger and ticketing-related distractions. A taxonomy of the sources of bus driver distraction identified is presented, along with a discussion of proposed countermeasures designed to remove the sources identified or mitigate their effects on driver performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Salmon
- Human Factors Group, Monash University Accident Research Centre, Clayton Campus, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Psychological elements in car-following models: Mental workload in case of incidents in the other driving lane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|