Perceived barriers to providing spiritual care among psychiatric mental health nurses

The Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutics Scale and Patient Beliefs in Indonesia: A Developmental Psychometric Study

Across the globe, spiritual care provided by nurses is recognised as an integral component of patient care. The decision to administer this scale test was driven by the observation that the instruments employed by nurses, which are designed to be more straightforward, accessible and culturally aligned with Indonesian contexts, were not adequately addressing spiritual needs. The present study sought to assess the reliability and validity of the Indonesian version of the Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutics Scale (NSCTS-I). The study comprised 147 participants in a pilot test and 343 participants divided into two sub-samples. Sub-sample one was used for exploratory factor analysis (EFA; 189), and sub-sample two for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; 154) of nurses working in four public hospitals who served in inpatient wards such as internal medicine wards, surgical wards, mother and child care wards, dedicated units for treating patients with COVD-19, or other treatment rooms. Construct validity was established using content validity indexing, EFA, goodness-of-fit model of a CFA which exhibited the highest comparative fit index (CFI .957), the lowest of root-mean-square-error of approximation (RMSEA .039), and standardised root-mean-square residual (SRMR .022). The analysis results indicate that the model is a well-fitted model with acceptable error margins. Correlational analysis with internal reliability of the NSCTS-I was further substantiated by a Cronbach's alpha of 0.963, thereby affirming its excellent reliability. The content validity indexing process indicated a scale CVI (S-CVI/Ave and I-CVI) of .97, an S-CVI/UA of .87, and an ICC of .927. The NSCTS-I has been developed as a tool to assess and evaluate the frequency with which Indonesian nurses provide spiritual care, with the objective of ensuring that patients' spiritual needs are met in the future.

Health Professionals' Attitudes Towards Traditional Healing for Mental Illness: A Systematic Review

Combining modern treatments with traditional healing approaches has been proposed as one way to address mental health problems, especially in low-income countries where the costs of pharmaceuticals often prevent or reduce their use. Despite health professionals' involvement being crucial for the integration of this approach, their involvement has been limited to date. This systematic review is designed to explore the attitudes of health professionals towards traditional healing practices for mental illness. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines were followed. The studies were identified from Scopus, EMBASE, PubMed, PsycINFO, and the Web of Sciences. The qualities of the included articles were assessed using the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool (MMAT) Version 2018, and mixed-method synthesis was used to narrate the results. Of the 2115 identified articles, 36 were included in the data synthesis. From the extracted data, health professionals had negative, mixed, and positive views towards traditional healing approaches for mental illness. Their negative attitude towards traditional healing approaches were due to their concerns that traditional healing may cause harm to service users, and they have no trust in the scientific basis, education, or practices of healers. Despite the fact that it is crucial for healthcare professionals to comprehend the cultural backgrounds of those receiving mental health services in order to offer care appropriately, health professionals' negative and mixed attitudinal expressions towards traditional healing approaches limit their involvement. This might be improved by identifying barriers from the perspective of practitioners and creating culturally appropriate guidelines for communication and referral between traditional healing approaches and biomedical care.

Moral distress effects on spirituality determinants in nurses

BACKGROUND

Moral distress in nurses is a widespread issue with lasting consequences. Understanding the relationship between spiritual factors, like spiritual sensitivity, workplace spirituality, and moral distress, is important due to the significant role of spirituality in nursing ethics. This study explores the connections between these three phenomena, focusing on the psychological, spiritual, and ethical dimensions of nursing.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study involved 120 nurses from hospitals affiliated with Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, selected randomly using a number table. Inclusion criteria were having at least a bachelor's degree in nursing, at least 6 months of work experience, and no history of mental health issues or medication use. Participants completed questionnaires on moral distress (Hamrick et al.), workplace spirituality, and spiritual sensitivity. Descriptive tests were used to determine the frequency distribution of demographic variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-tests were used to compare the mean scores of variables across different groups of nurses based on demographic factors. Pearson's correlation coefficient and linear regression were used to determine relationships between the variables. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23, with a significance level set at 0.05.

RESULTS

In determining the relationship between moral distress and the study variables, demographic and occupational variables (i.e., gender, age, and type of department and moral distress) were significantly related. Similarly, it shows that gender, level of education, and the organization's type of department significantly impact spiritual sensitivity. Conversely, there is a significant relationship between age, the organization's department type, and workplace spirituality. Workplace spirituality and spiritual sensitivity displayed substantial negative correlations with moral distress.

CONCLUSION

According to this study, positive environmental and individual spiritual factors significantly influenced and reduced moral distress in nurses. The findings highlight the significance of spiritual education for nurses to strengthen spiritual awareness and environmental strategies to promote a spiritual environment in healthcare settings. More studies are suggested in this field.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER

Not applicable.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Cross-Validation of the Italian Version of the EPICC Spiritual Care Competency Self-Assessment Tool for Clinical Nurses

AIM

To cross-culturally adapt and psychometrically test the Italian version of the EPICC Spiritual Care Competency Self-Assessment Tool for clinical nurses (EPICC Tool-It).

DESIGN

Multicentre, cross-sectional validation study.

METHODS

The 28-item EPICC Tool was translated into Italian and culturally adapted following a rigorous methodology. A nationwide survey was conducted. Psychometric evaluation included content validity, structural validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses), construct validity (known group analysis) and reliability using Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega and factor score determinacy.

RESULTS

The sample included 725 clinical nurses (76% female, 80% hospital-based), on average 38.7 years old (SD 11.33), with 14.6 years (SD 11.03) of experience. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a four-factor model (Knowledge of spirituality, Attitudes towards spirituality and spiritual care, Knowledge of spiritual care and Skills in spiritual care), with a second-order factor for the EPICC Tool-It. Construct validity was supported through known group analysis, showing score variation based on nurses' experience, education and religiosity. Internal consistency was excellent across all factors and the overall scale.

CONCLUSION

A valid, multidimensional instrument is provided to assess spiritual care competencies in Italian-speaking nurses. The EPICC Tool-It is suitable for research and practice, facilitating evaluation of self-perceived competencies and educational effectiveness.

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE

The use of the EPICC Tool-It by nursing managers, educators and clinicians is recommended in both clinical and research settings to support education on spiritual care competencies.

IMPACT

The EPICC Tool-It sets reliable measurement standards for spiritual care competencies, enhancing holistic care and comprehensive understanding of competencies globally.

REPORTING

This study adheres to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines.

PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION

Patients, service users, caregivers, or the public were not involved in the study. However, nurses as target users of the tool participated in the cultural adaptation and validation process.

Professional Competence and Spiritual Care Provision Among Zambian Maternal Healthcare Providers: Through the Lens of Watson's Theory of Human Caring

Purpose: Spiritual care is a multifaceted and integral part of holistic health within the medical standard of care, and it is a crucial component of healthcare providers' (HCPs) job descriptions. This study aimed to investigate Zambian HCPs' professional competence and practice of spiritual care in maternal healthcare settings, with a comparative focus on nurses. Methods: A cross-sectional design was applied among 311 maternal HCPs using an online survey with two validated instruments: Professional Competence in Spiritual Care (PCSC) and the Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutics Scale (NSCTS). Results: Most participants were females (63.0%) and nurses or midwives (25.1% each). The mean PCSC score was 135.4 (SD = 26.5), indicating excellent competence in spiritual care. The mean NSCTS score was 24.5 (SD = 14.2), indicating that HCPs seldom provide spiritual care. No significant differences were found in PCSC scores across different HCPs (p = 0.065). However, midwives and medical practitioners scored significantly higher on NSCTS compared to nurses (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Zambian HCPs demonstrate excellent competence in spiritual care but seldom provide it. Nurses appear to provide inadequate spiritual care compared to other HCPs. These findings highlight the need for further investigation to identify barriers preventing nurses from delivering comprehensive spiritual care.

Spiritual care for clients with mental illness from an Islamic background: Nursing students' perspectives

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Spirituality is an important aspect for clients with mental illness. Spirituality is essential to holistic care in mental health nursing. Nurses found an apparent disconnection between the theory and practice of spiritual care.

WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE

Nurses acknowledged that attitudes that allocate blame towards clients with mental illness have the most negative impact on clients' spiritual wellbeing. The conflicting worldviews between spiritual healing and a biomedical approach impact the provision of care as relationships among the mental health team are disrupted. The non-assessment of the client's spirituality hindered nurses from providing spiritual care. Language differences between nurses and clients impede nurses from providing spiritual care. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: The use of spiritual therapy as an element of nursing care works if clients and nurses are both aware of the importance of spirituality. Nursing staff must also be aware of several issues that may make it difficult for nurses to provide such therapy, including specific symptoms of mental illness. Nurses can apply spiritual care effectively when they have significant spirituality. Nurses with good competency in mental health nursing skills are more likely to provide efficient spiritual care as part of holistic care.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Spiritual care is essential to clients with mental illness.

AIM

To explore mental health nursing students' perspectives on spirituality and spiritual care and how this impacts clients with mental illness in an Islamic context (Saudi Arabia).

METHOD

Thematic analysis is used to analyse data from two focus groups of mental health nursing students (one comprising eight, the other six).

RESULTS

Six themes emerged: factors affecting spirituality in mental illness, the impact of mental illness on spirituality, the use of spiritual healing in mental illness, nurses' use of spiritual healing; challenges in providing spiritual care and recommendations for improving spiritual care.

DISCUSSION

Clients being blamed for having mental illness by health professionals and the community harmed their spirituality. The religious support of peers was a practical approach to spiritual therapy, asserted as a beneficial element of nursing care. However, nurses found providing such therapy challenging because of the language barrier and the lack of any assessment of clients' spirituality. It was also challenging when dealing with specific symptoms of mental illness.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

The study asserts that spiritual therapy in nursing care will work if the client knows its importance. Nurses who have significant spirituality can apply it effectively.

Religiosity & mental health seeking behaviors among U.S. adults

OBJECTIVES

The association between religiosity and secular mental health utilization is unclear. Evidence suggests that religious and spiritual leaders (R/S leaders) may be more trusted than secular mental health therapists (SMHTs) and are often the first point of contact for individuals with mental health problems who identify as religious.

METHODS

Generalized equation estimate (GEE) analyses were used to examine the association between religiosity and mental health seeking behaviours in 2,107 participants using t Midlife in the United States Study (MIDUS) data collected between 1995 and 2014.

RESULTS

The final model indicated that after adjusting for covariates, higher levels of baseline religious identification and baseline spirituality (assessed in 1995) predicted an increase in visits to R/S leaders from 1995 to 2014 by a factor of 1.08 (95% CI=1.01-1.16) and 1.89 (95% CI=1.56-2.28), respectively. Higher levels of baseline religious identification reduced SMHTs visits by a factor of 0.94 (95% CI=0.90-0.98), whereas higher levels of baseline spirituality increased SMHTs visits by a factor of 1.13 (95% CI=1.00-1.27) during the same timeframe.

CONCLUSION

Higher levels of spirituality and religious identification increased the frequency over time of seeking mental health support from R/S leaders relative to SMHTs. Individuals with mental illness may seek support from religious resources, mental health professionals, or both, underscoring the importance of collaboration between R/S leaders and SMHTs. Mental health training for R/S leaders and collaboration with SMHTs may help alleviate mental health burden, especially among those who highly value their religious and spiritual beliefs.

Finding the Hidden Professional Culture of Mental Health Nursing-Spiritual Care for Individuals with a Co-morbid Life-Limiting Illness

People with severe mental illness are dying up to thirty years earlier than the general population. The limited literature on their experience of dying indicates that they often suffer from inequities in their access to healthcare services, and further, what care they do receive is frequently poor. Living with both a mental illness and facing death can engender spiritual concerns and dying at a younger age is a risk factor for spiritual despair. Hence, addressing spiritual concerns can be an important dimension of mental health nursing care. The aim of this ethnographic study of 11 senior and experienced mental health nurses was to determine if the culture of the mental health service impacted their spiritual care for those patients who were facing death. The data highlighted that the nurses felt comfortable in providing spiritual care when the person was suffering from psychosis. Yet, the results also revealed that nurses felt disempowered by the dominance of the biomedical culture, in which they felt unable to articulate their care. However, it was identified that their spiritual care was inherent within the professional values, knowledge, and skills of mental health nursing and framed through their therapeutic relationships. Therefore, strategies need to be used by the organization to assist nurses to reclaim their power and assist the mental health service to further develop and engage in spiritual care practices.

Strengths and challenges with spiritual care: Student feedback from the EPICC Spiritual Care Self-Assessment Tool

AIM

To explore qualitative data from students' self-reported competencies in spiritual care gathered during testing of a student self-assessment tool based on the EPICC Spiritual Care Education Standard.

DESIGN

Reflexive thematic analysis of qualitative data from a multinational study on validating a new self-assessment tool.

METHODS

The EPICC Spiritual Care Education Standard for competency in spiritual care was developed to enhance nurses' and midwives' ability to provide spiritual care by creating a baccalaureate education standard for spiritual care competencies. Spiritual care researchers then developed a self-assessment tool to raise student awareness of spirituality and track personal and professional growth in spiritual care competency. The EPICC Spiritual Care Competency Self-Assessment Tool, tested at eight universities in five countries, provided many opportunities for student comments, resulting in rich qualitative data presented here.

RESULTS

Themes related to strengths, weaknesses and areas for improvement. Identified strengths were similar across countries: caring attitudes, general knowledge of caring and compassion and good communication skills. Weaknesses/challenges touched on spirituality as overlooked in some cultures but part of life for others, complex questions were hard to understand, and self-assessment tools are common for some and rare for others. Areas for improvement included need for knowledge of religious and other deeply held beliefs and for greater spiritual assessment skills. Similarities across countries related to basic training in communication and compassionate care for nurses globally. Differences lay in the challenges and/or barriers for spiritual care and may relate to cultures within countries and/or university test sites.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

The Tool raises awareness of spirituality among students and working nurses, providing an accessible way to self-check personal and professional growth in spiritual care competencies, which increases student and nurse capacity to become more knowledgeable and skilled in facilitating spiritual care, thus be role models for students at the intersection of spirituality and health.

Spiritual coping behaviors among injured urban black men in Philadelphia

PURPOSE

High rates of firearm injury among urban Black men in the US can lead to long physical and psychological recovery times, worsened by limited access to mental health services. Spirituality can propel positive thoughts, actions, perceptions and behaviors about self and others yet how it is used among Black men recovering from firearm injury is underexplored. This study examined the role of spirituality in the recovery of Black male survivors of firearm injury.

METHOD

Ten injured urban Black men in Philadelphia were interviewed using descriptive phenomenology. A subset of participants from the Emotional Responses and Recovery from Injury in Urban Black Men study who agreed to be recontacted for future studies were enrolled. Informed consent was obtained, semi-structured interviews were conducted via phone and were audiotaped, transcribed, and de-identified. Thematic content analysis was used to understand perceptions of spirituality and to identify spiritual coping behavior themes.

RESULTS

Findings suggest that injured urban Black men engaged in theistic and non-theistic spiritual activities that resulted in positive character development, reduced risk of re-injury, hope, improved mental health and social bonds.

CONCLUSION

Spirituality may serve as a protective factor against firearm re-injury or retaliation by promoting desired behaviors and mental health among injured urban Black men. Combining culturally sensitive spiritual resources and psychotherapy may lead to effective trauma-informed care in addressing spiritual and existential challenges of injured urban Black men who may find spirituality important.

Religious Practices and Spiritual Well-Being of Schizophrenia: Muslim Perspective

Purpose

To explore religious activities and its functions on the spiritual wellbeing of Muslim patients with schizophrenia.

Patients and Methods

Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted in six schizophrenia inpatients and two female nurses. Document analysis of the standard operating procedure related to patients' spiritual needs fulfilment and patients' medical records were also undertaken in order to triangulate data and to get insights about patient spiritual and religious activity. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data.

Results

Five themes and 12 sub themes were revealed from the study data. The five themes elicited from the study namely frequency, timing, barriers to perform religious activities, impact on health status and negative effects if not performing the religious activities. Religious activities such as salat and dhikr for schizophrenia inpatients are still performed five times a day and when they are not getting period. Feeling upset, restless, happy, grateful, and when they are missing their family was the common reason why patients perform the religious activities. The main barriers to performing salat and dhikr for example: insufficient prayer tools and Al-Qur'an, as well as patients' physical conditions. Religious activities such as salat and dhikr positively impact patients' physical and mental health status, mindfulness, and concentration. Negative impacts physical and emotional are released when patients did not perform salat and dhikr.

Conclusion

The findings show that salat and dhikr which perform on time and regularly have a positive impact on the physical and mental health of schizophrenia inpatients. The author might recommend the mental health hospital provide adequate worship or prayer equipment (gown and Al-Qur`an) for patients.

What Benefits Might a Family Expect From Using Spiritual Coping Mechanisms When Providing Care for People With Schizophrenia? Literature Review

Introduction

Caring for people with schizophrenia has consequences, one of which is stressors during care. Families as caregivers often using coping strategies that involve relationships with self, others, or the transcendent/God or nature and also may include religious/spiritual practices.

Objectives

This literature review aims to identify the benefit of using spiritual coping as used by a family schizophrenia caregiver. The variable is spiritual coping.

Methods

This literature review method used PRISMA methodology for systematic reviews. Search was conducted in March 2017, updated in August 2022 and submitted in April 2023 for the publication process, limited to English by using electronic databases: Scopus, ScienceDirect, Sage, ProQuest, and PubMed.

Results

Fifteen studies were included in this review. Two synthesized findings emerged: spiritual coping strategies used by family caregivers give positive effects for family.

Conclusion

When the stress or crisis phase is experienced while caring for people with schizophrenia, the family who acts as a caregiver reveals the meaning of life they have and that they feel hopelessness and helplessness. In an effort to overcome the family's burden as caregivers, they often use spiritual coping, which is important to increase the caregiver's wellbeing.

Factors influencing nurse spiritual care practices at the end of life: A systematic review

OBJECTIVES

The aim was to identify determinants of nurse spiritual/existential care practices toward end-of-life patients. Nurses can play a significant role in providing spiritual/existential care, but they actually provide this care less frequently than desired by patients.

METHODS

A systematic search was performed for peer-reviewed articles that reported factors that influenced nurses' spiritual/existential care practices toward adult end-of-life patients.

RESULTS

The review identified 42 studies and included the views of 4,712 nurses across a range of hospital and community settings. The most frequently reported factors/domains that influenced nurse practice were patient-related social influence, skills, social/professional role and identity, intentions and goals, and environmental context and resources.

SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS

A range of personal, organizational, and patient-related factors influence nurse provision of spiritual/existential care to end-of-life patients. This complete list of factors can be used to gauge a unit's conduciveness to nurse provision of spiritual/existential care and can be used as inputs to nurse competency frameworks.

Student nurses' spiritual care competence and attitude: An online survey

AIMS

This study aimed to assess student nurses' competence and attitude toward spiritual care and analysed the associated factors.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study using an online survey.

METHODS

From April 14 to June 14, 2018, a convenience sample of 938 student nurses were recruited from six schools of Nursing in Hunan Province, China. Data were collected by using the Chinese versions of the Spiritual Care Competence Scale (C-SCCS) and the Spiritual Care Attitude Scale (C-SCAS).

RESULTS

The average total score on the C-SCCS was 21.42 (±4.27) out of 30 and the C-SCAS was 58.03 (±9.90) out of 75. Factors such as liking the nursing profession, attending a spiritual care course, participation in classroom learning or expert lecture, and supporting continuous and systematic training were the strongest predictors of higher spiritual care competence and attitude. A better attitude about spiritual care was a relatively moderate and significant predictor of higher spiritual care competence.

Application Research of Humanistic Care and Situational Integration in Nursing of Schizophrenia in Recovery Period

Objective

To formulate corresponding nursing humanistic care measures according to the needs of patients, evaluate the intervention effect of patients, and provide reference for nursing staff to better provide nursing humanistic care for patients with schizophrenia in convalescence.

Methods

Using the random number table method, 110 inpatients with convalescent schizophrenia were randomly divided into the control group (n = 55) and the experimental group (n = 55). The sample t-test was used to compare the changes of patient insight, treatment attitude, rehabilitation efficacy, and negative emotion score before and after nursing humanistic nursing intervention, and analyze the effect of nursing humanistic care intervention.

Results

Nursing satisfaction: the nursing satisfaction of the experimental group increased from 84.6% to 96.2%, after intervention, satisfaction of the experimental group was 96.2% higher than that of 86.5% of the control group.

Conclusion

Nursing intervention measures based on needs of nursing humanistic care can improve nursing satisfaction, insight and treatment attitude of patients, enhance recovery effect of patients, reduce negative emotions of patients, and benefit recovery of patients' conditions.

Spirituality and Religious Diversity in Nursing: A Scoping Review

Spirituality is a common theme in the field of healthcare research. This study aimed to examine nurses' perceptions of spirituality in the context of the religious diversity of patients in pluri-religious settings. We performed a scoping review following the methodology on studies conducted between 2010 and 2020. We searched the following databases: CINAHL Plus, PubMed, and PsycINFO. For the identification of grey literature, the OpenGrey database was used. In total, 789 articles were reviewed. Of these, 16 met predetermined inclusion criteria. Two main overarching themes emerged from our inductive analysis: (a) the intertwining of spirituality and spiritual care in diverse religious landscapes and (b) obstacles impeding the inclusion of spiritual care in pluri-religious settings. According to our results, nurses consider that spirituality is interconnected with spiritual care for individuals from different religious backgrounds. Interpretations of spirituality in nursing practice vary widely, with spirituality and religiosity often shaped and influenced by culture and the experience of the professionals. Nurses attribute various meanings to spiritual care, most of which center on respecting personal, interpersonal, and relational aspects of religious and cultural beliefs and practices. Lack of education and specific skills, insufficient time, role ambiguity, and different religious beliefs were identified as hurdles to spiritual care. A poor work environment, a lack of patient privacy, including personal space, and a lack of compassion were also reported as deterrents to spiritual healing. More knowledge and training on different religions and spirituality are required to meet patients' spiritual needs to better overcome these hurdles.

Mental Health Staff Perspectives on Spiritual Care Competencies in Norway: A Pilot Study

Spirituality and spiritual care have long been kept separate from patient care in mental health, primarily because it has been associated with psycho-pathology. Nursing has provided limited spiritual care competency training for staff in mental health due to fears that psychoses may be activated or exacerbated if religion and spirituality are addressed. However, spirituality is broader than simply religion, including more existential issues such as providing non-judgmental presence, attentive listening, respect, and kindness (International Council of Nursing [ICN], 2012). Unfortunately, healthcare personnel working in mental health institutions are not well prepared to address spiritual concerns or resources of their patients (Cone and Giske, 2018). Therefore, a mixed-method pilot study was conducted using a self-assessment survey tool to examine spiritual care competencies of mental health staff in Norway and to understand the perspectives of mental health staff in the Scandinavian context (Stockman, 2018). Five questions and comments related to survey items provided rich qualitative data. While only a small pilot with 24 participants, this study revealed a need for spiritual care educational materials targeted specifically for those who work in mental health, materials that address the approach of improving attitudes, enhancing skills, and increasing knowledge related to spirituality and spiritual care of patients.

Using AI chatbots to provide self-help depression interventions for university students: A randomized trial of effectiveness

BACKGROUND

Depression impacts the lives of a large number of university students. Mobile-based therapy chatbots are increasingly being used to help young adults who suffer from depression. However, previous trials have short follow-up periods. Evidence of effectiveness in pragmatic conditions are still in lack.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to compare chatbot therapy to bibliotherapy, which is a widely accepted and proven-useful self-help psychological intervention. The main objective of this study is to add to the evidence of effectiveness for chatbot therapy as a convenient, affordable, interactive self-help intervention for depression.

METHODS

An unblinded randomized controlled trial with 83 university students was conducted. The participants were randomly assigned to either a chatbot test group (n = 41) to receive a newly developed chatbot-delivered intervention, or a bibliotherapy control group (n = 42) to receive a minimal level of bibliotherapy. A set of questionnaires was implemented as measurements of clinical variables at baseline and every 4 weeks for a period of 16 weeks, which included the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). The Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 (CSQ-8) and the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised (WAI-SR) were used to measure satisfaction and therapeutic alliance after the intervention. Participants' self-reported adherence and feedback on the therapy chatbot were also collected.

RESULTS

Participants were all university students (undergraduate students (n = 31), postgraduate students (n = 52)). They were between 19 and 28 years old (mean = 23.08, standard deviation (SD) = 1.76) and 55.42% (46/83) female. 24.07% (20/83) participants were lost to follow-up. No significant group difference was found at baseline. In the intention-to-treat analysis, individuals in the chatbot test group showed a significant reduction in the PHQ-9 scores (F = 22.89; P < 0.01) and the GAD-7 scores (F = 5.37; P = 0.02). Follow-up analysis of completers suggested that the reduction of anxiety was significant only in the first 4 weeks. The WAI-SR scores in the chatbot group were higher compared to the bibliotherapy group (t = 7.29; P < 0.01). User feedback showed that process factors were more influential than the content factors.

CONCLUSIONS

The chatbot-delivered self-help depression intervention was proven to be superior to the minimal level of bibliotherapy in terms of reduction on depression, anxiety, and therapeutic alliance achieved with participants.

Healing Communication: A Precision Instrument for Spiritual Care

OBJECTIVE

To describe holistic, empathic, and person-centered approaches to communication and apply these to the context of oncology nurse-provided responses to patients' expressions of spiritual concern.

DATA SOURCES

Conceptual, empirical, and practice literature about communication, primarily from the disciplines of psychology and communication sciences, is resourced to inform this practice-oriented discussion.

CONCLUSION

Holistic, empathetic, and person-centered models for communication are complementary, and although there is overlap, there is also distinct value added from each.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE

Each model offers excellent guidance for nurses seeking to provide a therapeutic verbal response during spiritual care for people affected by cancer.