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Heshmati S, DavyRomano E, Chow C, Doan SN, Reynolds KD. Negative emodiversity is associated with emotional eating in adolescents: An examination of emotion dynamics in daily life. J Adolesc 2023; 95:115-130. [PMID: 36217272 PMCID: PMC9855302 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emotional eating is a mental health concern, common in adolescents, that develops as a result of their tendency to use high-energy food to regulate their fluctuating emotions. Due to their highly fluctuating emotional life, adolescents tend to have unique within-person profiles of emotional experiences that change across moments and days, often lost in global assessments of emotions. Hence, it is imperative to examine individual differences in dynamics of emotions, as experienced in daily life, in relation to emotional eating in adolescents. METHODS In an Ecological Momentary Assessment study, we examined individual differences in three within-person dynamic characteristics (baseline levels, intraindividual variability, and emodiversity) of emotions in 158 dominantly Hispanic adolescents in the United States, aged 14-17 years old, predicting trait-level emotional eating. RESULTS Results indicated that higher negative emodiversity, baselines, and variability in stress were predictive of emotional eating in adolescents. When all considered together, negative emodiversity (i.e., variety of the types of negative emotions experienced in one's daily life) remained the only significant predictor of emotional eating. CONCLUSIONS This study affirms the importance of diversity in emotional experiences in relation to emotional eating, particularly in daily contexts of adolescents' lives. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between diversity (i.e., variety in types) in positive versus negative emotional experiences with regard to emotional eating. By taking into account the ecological validity of adolescents' daily lives and individual differences in dynamical changes in emotions, we are taking a step forward by shedding light on how the dynamics of negative emotions-in terms of within-person baselines, variability, and diversity-might be related to general levels of emotional eating in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stacey N. Doan
- Department of Psychological Science, Claremont McKenna College
| | - Kim D. Reynolds
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University
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Naya CH, Chu D, Wang WL, Nicolo M, Dunton GF, Mason TB. Children's Daily Negative Affect Patterns and Food Consumption on Weekends: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 54:600-609. [PMID: 35644784 PMCID: PMC9276542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the association between children's daily negative affect (NA) trajectories and unhealthy food consumption during weekends using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). DESIGN Children answered mobile phone-based EMA surveys 7 times a day for 2 weekend days per wave, with each survey assessing current NA and past 2-hour consumption of fried foods (chips or fries), sweets (pastries or sweets), and sugary beverages (drank soda or energy drinks). SETTING Los Angeles, California. PARTICIPANTS The sample consisted of 195 children (51% female; mean age, 9.65 years; SD, 0.93) from the Mothers and Their Children's Health cohort study. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Negative affect trajectory (independent variable), unhealthy food consumption (dependent variable). ANALYSIS Latent growth mixture modeling classified NA trajectories across days and examined their association with unhealthy food consumption. RESULTS The latent growth mixture modeling identified 3 classes of daily NA trajectories: (1) stable low, (2) early increasing and late decreasing and (3) early decreasing and late increasing. Fried food consumption was higher on early increasing and late decreasing and early decreasing and late increasing NA trajectories than days with stable low NA. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS By better understanding day-to-day variability in children's affect and eating, we can individually tailor obesity interventions to account for the emotional contexts in which unhealthy eating occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Naya
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Daniel Chu
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Wei-Lin Wang
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michele Nicolo
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Tyler B Mason
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Taylor JC, Allman-Farinelli M, Chen J, Gauglitz JM, Hamideh D, Jankowska MM, Johnson AJ, Rangan A, Spruijt-Metz D, Yang JA, Hekler E. Perspective: A Framework for Addressing Dynamic Food Consumption Processes. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:992-1008. [PMID: 34999744 PMCID: PMC9340970 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of food consumption, diet, and related concepts is motivated by diverse goals, including understanding why food consumption impacts our health, and why we eat the foods we do. These varied motivations can make it challenging to define and measure consumption, as it can be specified across nearly infinite dimensions-from micronutrients to carbon footprint to food preparation. This challenge is amplified by the dynamic nature of food consumption processes, with the underlying phenomena of interest often based on the nature of repeated interactions with food occurring over time. This complexity underscores a need to not only improve how we measure food consumption but is also a call to support theoreticians in better specifying what, how, and why food consumption occurs as part of processes, as a prerequisite step to rigorous measurement. The purpose of this Perspective article is to offer a framework, the consumption process framework, as a tool that researchers in a theoretician role can use to support these more robust definitions of consumption processes. In doing so, the framework invites theoreticians to be a bridge between practitioners who wish to measure various aspects of food consumption and methodologists who can develop measurement protocols and technologies that can support measurement when consumption processes are clearly defined. In the paper we justify the need for such a framework, introduce the consumption process framework, illustrate the framework via a use case, and discuss existing technologies that enable the use of this framework and, by extension, more rigorous study of consumption. This consumption process framework demonstrates how theoreticians could fundamentally shift how food consumption is defined and measured towards more rigorous study of what, how, and why food is eaten as part of dynamic processes and a deeper understanding of linkages between behavior, food, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliana Chen
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julia M Gauglitz
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dina Hamideh
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marta M Jankowska
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Abigail J Johnson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anna Rangan
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Donna Spruijt-Metz
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiue-An Yang
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Eric Hekler
- The Design Lab, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Wolever TMS, Rahn M, Dioum EH, Jenkins AL, Ezatagha A, Campbell JE, Chu Y. Effect of Oat β-Glucan on Affective and Physical Feeling States in Healthy Adults: Evidence for Reduced Headache, Fatigue, Anxiety and Limb/Joint Pains. Nutrients 2021; 13:1534. [PMID: 34062937 PMCID: PMC8147290 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) side-effects of dietary fibers are recognized, but less is known about their effects on non-GI symptoms. We assessed non-GI symptoms in a trial of the LDL-cholesterol lowering effect of oat β-glucan (OBG). Participants (n = 207) with borderline high LDL-cholesterol were randomized to an OBG (1 g OBG, n = 104, n = 96 analyzed) or Control (n = 103, n = 95 analyzed) beverage 3-times daily for 4 weeks. At screening, baseline, 2 weeks and 4 weeks participants rated the severity of 16 non-GI symptoms as none, mild, moderate or severe. The occurrence and severity (more or less severe than pre-treatment) were compared using chi-squared and Fisher's exact test, respectively. During OBG treatment, the occurrence of exhaustion and fatigue decreased versus baseline (p < 0.05). The severity of headache (2 weeks, p = 0.032), anxiety (2 weeks p = 0.059) and feeling cold (4 weeks, p = 0.040) were less on OBG than Control. The severity of fatigue and hot flashes at 4 weeks, limb/joint pain at 2 weeks and difficulty concentrating at both times decreased on OBG versus baseline. High serum c-reactive-protein and changes in c-reactive-protein, oxidized-LDL, and GI-symptom severity were associated with the occurrence and severity of several non-GI symptoms. These data provide preliminary, hypothesis-generating evidence that OBG may reduce several non-GI symptoms in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. S. Wolever
- Formerly GI Labs, INQUIS Clinical Research, Ltd., Toronto, ON M5C 2N8, Canada; (A.L.J.); (A.E.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Maike Rahn
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo R&D Nutrition, Barrington, IL 60010, USA; (M.R.); (E.H.D.); (Y.C.)
| | - El Hadji Dioum
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo R&D Nutrition, Barrington, IL 60010, USA; (M.R.); (E.H.D.); (Y.C.)
| | - Alexandra L. Jenkins
- Formerly GI Labs, INQUIS Clinical Research, Ltd., Toronto, ON M5C 2N8, Canada; (A.L.J.); (A.E.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Adish Ezatagha
- Formerly GI Labs, INQUIS Clinical Research, Ltd., Toronto, ON M5C 2N8, Canada; (A.L.J.); (A.E.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Janice E. Campbell
- Formerly GI Labs, INQUIS Clinical Research, Ltd., Toronto, ON M5C 2N8, Canada; (A.L.J.); (A.E.); (J.E.C.)
| | - YiFang Chu
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo R&D Nutrition, Barrington, IL 60010, USA; (M.R.); (E.H.D.); (Y.C.)
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Mason TB, Naya CH, Schembre SM, Smith KE, Dunton GF. Internalizing symptoms modulate real-world affective response to sweet food and drinks in children. Behav Res Ther 2020; 135:103753. [PMID: 33049549 PMCID: PMC7793613 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to examine affective response to sweet foods and drinks as a function of children's internalizing symptoms using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). A sample of 192 8-12-year-old children completed a self-report measure of internalizing symptoms and EMA prompts of affect and food intake for eight days, excluding time at school. There was an interaction between sweet food intake and internalizing symptoms for positive affect and for sweet drink intake and internalizing symptoms for negative affect. Those low in internalizing symptoms had significantly lower positive affect after consumption of sweet foods compared to when they did not consume sweet foods whereas those higher in internalizing symptoms had slightly, but not significantly, higher positive affect after consumption of sweet foods. Those low in internalizing symptoms had significantly higher negtive affect after consumption of sweet drinks compared to when they did not consume sweet drinks whereas those higher in internalizing symptoms had slightly, but not significantly, lower negative affect after consumption of sweet drinks. Findings highlight the ways in which internalizing symptoms may modulate affective response to sweet foods and drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B Mason
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Christine H Naya
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susan M Schembre
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kathryn E Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Mason TB, Do B, Wang S, Dunton GF. Ecological momentary assessment of eating and dietary intake behaviors in children and adolescents: A systematic review of the literature. Appetite 2019; 144:104465. [PMID: 31541670 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this review was to summarize associations between ecological momentary assessment (EMA)-measured contextual factors and eating and dietary intake behaviors in children and adolescents. The inclusion criteria were availability of the study in English and use of EMA to study eating and dietary intake behaviors among children and/or adolescents (ages<18). Literature searches were conducted in PsycInfo and PubMed databases across all dates until December 2018. A modified Checklist for Reporting EMA Studies was used to assess quality of studies. Eighteen articles from 15 independent studies were included in the systematic review. Contextual factors examined in relation to children's eating in studies included affect and stress; cognitive factors; social and environment factors; behavioral factors; and caregiver-related factors. Studies suggested there is strong evidence that cognitive and social factors have an effect on eating and dietary intake behaviors while the association between affect and eating and dietary intake behaviors remains mixed. Future studies should consider timing of effects, measure choice, individual difference and contextual factors, and developmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B Mason
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, USA.
| | - Bridgette Do
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Shirlene Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
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Mason TB, O’Connor SG, Schembre SM, Huh J, Chu D, Dunton GF. Momentary affect, stress coping, and food intake in mother-child dyads. Health Psychol 2019; 38:238-247. [PMID: 30762403 PMCID: PMC6436946 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Momentary affect and stress in mothers and their children may be an important predictor of food intake in the natural environment. This study hypothesized that there would be parallel actor and partner effects such that mothers' and children's negative affect (NA), positive affect (PA), and ability to cope with stress would be associated with their own and the other dyad member's unhealthy and healthy food intake in a similar pattern. METHOD Participants included 202 mother-child dyads (child age range = 8-12 years) who responded to randomly prompted ecological momentary assessment surveys via smartphone up to 7 times per day over 8 days, excluding time at school. At each prompt, mothers and children reported on their current NA, PA, and ability to cope with stress and foods consumed in the past 2 hr. RESULTS Mothers' momentary ability to cope with stress predicted their own and their child's pastries/sweets intake and their own fries/chips intake, and children's momentary ability to cope with stress predicted their own pastries/sweets intake. Mothers and children who reported higher NA on average consumed more pastries/sweets, and children with higher NA on average consumed more fast food. Finally, mothers' momentary PA predicted their own fruit/vegetable consumption. CONCLUSIONS Findings provided evidence that the affect and ability to cope with stress of children and mothers predicted subsequent food intake. Given both actor and partner effects, the results show that targeting momentary mothers' and children's ability to cope with stress may have the greatest effect on reducing unhealthy food intake. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B. Mason
- Deparment of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sydney G. O’Connor
- Deparment of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA
| | - Susan M. Schembre
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jimi Huh
- Deparment of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA
| | - Daniel Chu
- Deparment of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA
| | - Genevieve F. Dunton
- Deparment of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA
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Moreno-Agostino D, Caballero FF, Martín-María N, Tyrovolas S, López-García P, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Haro JM, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Miret M. Mediterranean diet and wellbeing: evidence from a nationwide survey. Psychol Health 2018; 34:321-335. [PMID: 30320519 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2018.1525492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although there is some evidence of the association between specific food groups, such as plant foods, and subjective wellbeing, this is the first study to assess the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern and subjective wellbeing. DESIGN Data were collected in 2014-2015, within the Edad con Salud project, a follow-up study of a multistage clustered survey on a representative sample of the population of Spain. The final sample comprised 2397 individuals with ages ranging from 21 to 101 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Experienced wellbeing (positive and negative affect) was measured using the Day Reconstruction Method, and evaluative wellbeing was assessed with the Cantril Self-Anchoring Striving Scale. RESULTS A higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet showed a small but statistically significant inverse relationship with negative affect (β = -0.076, p=.001), and direct with evaluative wellbeing (β = 0.053, p=.015), whereas it was not related to positive affect. Several components of the Mediterranean diet were independently associated with wellbeing. CONCLUSION The results suggest that adherence to a dietary pattern such as the Mediterranean diet, and not only the isolated consumption of its components, is associated with a better subjective wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Moreno-Agostino
- a Department of Psychiatry , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.,b Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) , Madrid , Spain.,c Department of Psychiatry , Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (ISS-Princesa) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Francisco Félix Caballero
- a Department of Psychiatry , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.,b Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) , Madrid , Spain.,c Department of Psychiatry , Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (ISS-Princesa) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Natalia Martín-María
- a Department of Psychiatry , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.,b Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) , Madrid , Spain.,c Department of Psychiatry , Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (ISS-Princesa) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Stefanos Tyrovolas
- b Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) , Madrid , Spain.,d Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Pilar López-García
- a Department of Psychiatry , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.,b Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) , Madrid , Spain.,c Department of Psychiatry , Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (ISS-Princesa) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo
- e Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IdiPAZ , Madrid , Spain.,f Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- b Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) , Madrid , Spain.,d Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu , Barcelona , Spain.,g Facultat de Medicina , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - José Luis Ayuso-Mateos
- a Department of Psychiatry , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.,b Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) , Madrid , Spain.,c Department of Psychiatry , Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (ISS-Princesa) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Marta Miret
- a Department of Psychiatry , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.,b Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) , Madrid , Spain.,c Department of Psychiatry , Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (ISS-Princesa) , Madrid , Spain
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Heron KE, Everhart RS, McHale SM, Smyth JM. Using Mobile-Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) Methods With Youth: A Systematic Review and Recommendations. J Pediatr Psychol 2017; 42:1087-1107. [PMID: 28475765 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsx078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methods are increasingly used in social and health sciences, but the feasibility and best practices for using EMA with youth are not yet clear. We conducted a systematic review of studies that used self-report EMA methods with youth; the goal was to identify common approaches and challenges to implementation and develop recommendations for future research. We examined 54 peer-reviewed papers that reported on 24 unique studies. Papers were evaluated using a standardized, three-dimensional coding scheme focused on the following: (1) sample characteristics; (2) EMA data collection methods (sampling duration, frequency, hardware/software); (3) study implementation methods (technical/logistical challenges, training participants, compliance). Overall, the research suggests EMA can be successfully implemented with youth (age ∼ ≥7) from diverse backgrounds, but protocol adaptations may be necessary for younger children. Study design and implementation challenges and recommendations for research on youth are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Heron
- Old Dominion University
- Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, Norfolk, VA, USA
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